Kibakwe weather in August
In August, Kibakwe sees average daytime highs of 27°C and overnight lows near 14°C, with 0 mm of rain across 0 wet days and about 11.8 hours of daylight. It is the 10th-warmest and 12th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 27°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 47% of the time in August, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 11 h 42 min at the start of August to 11 h 54 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, August is Kibakwe's 3rd-clearest and 3rd-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Kibakwe's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 27°
- 10th warmest
- Overnight low
- 14°
- 3rd coldest
- Rainfall
- 0 mm
- 0 wet days
- Daylight
- 11 h 48 min
- 6:45 AM – 6:32 PM
- Cloud cover
- 42%
- 3rd clearest
- Wind
- 9 km/h
- 3rd windiest
- Solar energy
- 5.72 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 8.4
- out of 10
Kibakwe is Administrative ward in Tanzania.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in August
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 27°C through the month.
A typical August day in Kibakwe reaches about 27°C in the afternoon and slips back to 14°C overnight — a 13°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 25°C and 28°C. Set against its neighbours, August runs about 1°C warmer than July and about 2°C cooler than September.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 |
| Avg low (°C) | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 26 | 13 |
| 2 | 26 | 13 |
| 3 | 26 | 13 |
| 4 | 26 | 13 |
| 5 | 26 | 13 |
| 6 | 26 | 13 |
| 7 | 26 | 13 |
| 8 | 26 | 13 |
| 9 | 26 | 14 |
| 10 | 26 | 14 |
| 11 | 26 | 14 |
| 12 | 26 | 14 |
| 13 | 26 | 14 |
| 14 | 26 | 14 |
| 15 | 27 | 14 |
| 16 | 27 | 14 |
| 17 | 27 | 14 |
| 18 | 27 | 14 |
| 19 | 27 | 14 |
| 20 | 27 | 14 |
| 21 | 27 | 14 |
| 22 | 27 | 14 |
| 23 | 27 | 14 |
| 24 | 27 | 14 |
| 25 | 27 | 14 |
| 26 | 27 | 14 |
| 27 | 27 | 14 |
| 28 | 27 | 14 |
| 29 | 27 | 14 |
| 30 | 27 | 14 |
| 31 | 27 | 14 |
Kibakwe weather by month
How August compares with the rest of the year at a glance. August is the 10th-warmest and 12th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 28° / 19° | 140 | 19.4 | 12.3 | 4.8 |
| Feb | 28° / 19° | 107 | 16.1 | 12.2 | 4.9 |
| Mar | 28° / 19° | 132 | 18.6 | 12 | 5.0 |
| Apr | 27° / 18° | 70 | 11.8 | 11.9 | 6.1 |
| May | 27° / 16° | 9 | 1.8 | 11.7 | 7.8 |
| Jun | 26° / 14° | 1 | 0.1 | 11.6 | 8.4 |
| Jul | 26° / 13° | 0 | 0.1 | 11.6 | 8.6 |
| Aug | 27° / 14° | 0 | 0 | 11.8 | 8.4 |
| Sep | 28° / 15° | 0 | 0 | 12 | 7.7 |
| Oct | 30° / 17° | 6 | 1 | 12.1 | 6.5 |
| Nov | 30° / 19° | 34 | 4.8 | 12.3 | 5.5 |
| Dec | 29° / 19° | 100 | 13 | 12.4 | 4.9 |
Cloud cover in August
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 47% of the time in August.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 26% of August, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 27%. Skies tend to open up as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 69 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 67 | 67 | 68 | 68 | 69 | 69 | 70 | 71 | 71 | 72 | 73 | 73 | 74 | 74 | 75 | 75 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 77 | 77 | 77 |
| Cloudier (%) | 31 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 33 | 33 | 32 | 32 | 31 | 31 | 30 | 29 | 29 | 28 | 27 | 27 | 26 | 26 | 25 | 25 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 23 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 69 | 31 |
| 2 | 68 | 32 |
| 3 | 68 | 32 |
| 4 | 68 | 32 |
| 5 | 67 | 33 |
| 6 | 67 | 33 |
| 7 | 68 | 32 |
| 8 | 68 | 32 |
| 9 | 69 | 31 |
| 10 | 69 | 31 |
| 11 | 70 | 30 |
| 12 | 71 | 29 |
| 13 | 71 | 29 |
| 14 | 72 | 28 |
| 15 | 73 | 27 |
| 16 | 73 | 27 |
| 17 | 74 | 26 |
| 18 | 74 | 26 |
| 19 | 75 | 25 |
| 20 | 75 | 25 |
| 21 | 76 | 24 |
| 22 | 76 | 24 |
| 23 | 76 | 24 |
| 24 | 76 | 24 |
| 25 | 76 | 24 |
| 26 | 76 | 24 |
| 27 | 76 | 24 |
| 28 | 76 | 24 |
| 29 | 77 | 23 |
| 30 | 77 | 23 |
| 31 | 77 | 23 |
Chance of precipitation in August
Kibakwe gets around 0 mm of rain over 0 wet days in August, the driest month. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 0% and peaks near 0% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 0 |
| 2 | 0 |
| 3 | 0 |
| 4 | 0 |
| 5 | 0 |
| 6 | 0 |
| 7 | 0 |
| 8 | 0 |
| 9 | 0 |
| 10 | 0 |
| 11 | 0 |
| 12 | 0 |
| 13 | 0 |
| 14 | 0 |
| 15 | 0 |
| 16 | 0 |
| 17 | 0 |
| 18 | 0 |
| 19 | 0 |
| 20 | 0 |
| 21 | 0 |
| 22 | 0 |
| 23 | 0 |
| 24 | 0 |
| 25 | 0 |
| 26 | 0 |
| 27 | 0 |
| 28 | 0 |
| 29 | 0 |
| 30 | 0 |
| 31 | 0 |
Humidity in August
Most of August feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, August lands in the dry band about 89% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 89 | 89 | 88 | 87 | 87 | 86 |
| Comfortable (%) | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 14 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 88 | 12 |
| 2 | 88 | 12 |
| 3 | 88 | 12 |
| 4 | 88 | 12 |
| 5 | 88 | 12 |
| 6 | 88 | 12 |
| 7 | 89 | 11 |
| 8 | 89 | 11 |
| 9 | 89 | 11 |
| 10 | 90 | 10 |
| 11 | 90 | 10 |
| 12 | 90 | 10 |
| 13 | 90 | 10 |
| 14 | 90 | 10 |
| 15 | 90 | 10 |
| 16 | 90 | 10 |
| 17 | 90 | 10 |
| 18 | 91 | 9 |
| 19 | 91 | 9 |
| 20 | 91 | 9 |
| 21 | 91 | 9 |
| 22 | 91 | 9 |
| 23 | 90 | 10 |
| 24 | 90 | 10 |
| 25 | 90 | 10 |
| 26 | 89 | 11 |
| 27 | 89 | 11 |
| 28 | 88 | 12 |
| 29 | 87 | 13 |
| 30 | 87 | 13 |
| 31 | 86 | 14 |
Wind in August
Winds average 9 km/h in August.
Across August, daily wind ranges from about 9 km/h on the calmest days to 9 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 9 | calm |
| 2 | 9 | calm |
| 3 | 9 | calm |
| 4 | 9 | calm |
| 5 | 9 | calm |
| 6 | 9 | calm |
| 7 | 9 | calm |
| 8 | 9 | calm |
| 9 | 9 | calm |
| 10 | 9 | calm |
| 11 | 9 | calm |
| 12 | 9 | calm |
| 13 | 9 | calm |
| 14 | 9 | calm |
| 15 | 9 | calm |
| 16 | 9 | calm |
| 17 | 9 | calm |
| 18 | 9 | calm |
| 19 | 9 | calm |
| 20 | 9 | calm |
| 21 | 9 | calm |
| 22 | 9 | calm |
| 23 | 9 | calm |
| 24 | 9 | calm |
| 25 | 9 | calm |
| 26 | 9 | calm |
| 27 | 9 | calm |
| 28 | 9 | calm |
| 29 | 9 | calm |
| 30 | 9 | calm |
| 31 | 9 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in August
Daylight runs from about 11 h 42 min at the start of August to 11 h 54 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 12 minutes over August. Sunrise moves from 6:49 AM to 6:39 AM, and sunset from 6:32 PM to 6:31 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:49 | 6:49 | 6:49 | 6:49 | 6:49 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:47 | 6:47 | 6:47 | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:45 | 6:45 | 6:45 | 6:44 | 6:44 | 6:43 | 6:43 | 6:42 | 6:42 | 6:42 | 6:41 | 6:41 | 6:40 | 6:40 | 6:39 | 6:39 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:32 | 6:32 | 6:32 | 6:32 | 6:32 | 6:32 | 6:32 | 6:32 | 6:32 | 6:32 | 6:32 | 6:32 | 6:32 | 6:32 | 6:32 | 6:32 | 6:32 | 6:32 | 6:32 | 6:32 | 6:32 | 6:32 | 6:31 | 6:31 | 6:31 | 6:31 | 6:31 | 6:31 | 6:31 | 6:31 | 6:31 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11.7 | 6:49 | 6:32 |
| 2 | 11.7 | 6:49 | 6:32 |
| 3 | 11.7 | 6:49 | 6:32 |
| 4 | 11.7 | 6:49 | 6:32 |
| 5 | 11.7 | 6:49 | 6:32 |
| 6 | 11.7 | 6:48 | 6:32 |
| 7 | 11.7 | 6:48 | 6:32 |
| 8 | 11.7 | 6:48 | 6:32 |
| 9 | 11.7 | 6:48 | 6:32 |
| 10 | 11.7 | 6:47 | 6:32 |
| 11 | 11.8 | 6:47 | 6:32 |
| 12 | 11.8 | 6:47 | 6:32 |
| 13 | 11.8 | 6:46 | 6:32 |
| 14 | 11.8 | 6:46 | 6:32 |
| 15 | 11.8 | 6:46 | 6:32 |
| 16 | 11.8 | 6:45 | 6:32 |
| 17 | 11.8 | 6:45 | 6:32 |
| 18 | 11.8 | 6:45 | 6:32 |
| 19 | 11.8 | 6:44 | 6:32 |
| 20 | 11.8 | 6:44 | 6:32 |
| 21 | 11.8 | 6:43 | 6:32 |
| 22 | 11.8 | 6:43 | 6:32 |
| 23 | 11.8 | 6:42 | 6:31 |
| 24 | 11.8 | 6:42 | 6:31 |
| 25 | 11.8 | 6:42 | 6:31 |
| 26 | 11.8 | 6:41 | 6:31 |
| 27 | 11.8 | 6:41 | 6:31 |
| 28 | 11.8 | 6:40 | 6:31 |
| 29 | 11.9 | 6:40 | 6:31 |
| 30 | 11.9 | 6:39 | 6:31 |
| 31 | 11.9 | 6:39 | 6:31 |
Solar energy in August
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in August, about 5.72 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 5.2 kWh/m² to a high of 6.93 kWh/m² in October across the year — August's 5.72 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.1 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 2 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 3 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 4 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 5 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 6 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 7 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 9 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 10 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 11 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 12 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 13 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 14 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 15 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 16 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 17 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 18 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 19 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 20 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 21 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 24 | 6.0 | Bright |
| 25 | 6.0 | Bright |
| 26 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 27 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 28 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 29 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 30 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 31 | 6.1 | Intense |
Hazard calendar for Kibakwe
None of Kibakwe's seasonal hazards are active in August. The full-year calendar below shows when the rainy season, cyclone risk and dust haze do peak.
Kibakwe's rainy season runs December–April, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is August a good time to visit Kibakwe?
Our two travel scores rate August for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
August is one of the better times to visit Kibakwe for general sightseeing. The water and warmth also suit a beach or pool day.
What to pack for Kibakwe in August
From August's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In August, Kibakwe sees daytime highs around 27°C and nights near 14°C. Worth packing: light clothes and sun protection.
UV index in Kibakwe in August
Clear-sky midday UV in August peaks around 11 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Kibakwe peaks around March 13 at about 16 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 17 at about 10 (extreme).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 14 | 15 | 16 | 14 | 11 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 13 | 14 | 13 | 13 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 14 | Extreme |
| Feb | 15 | Extreme |
| Mar | 16 | Extreme |
| Apr | 14 | Extreme |
| May | 11 | Extreme |
| Jun | 10 | Extreme |
| Jul | 11 | Extreme |
| Aug | 11 | Extreme |
| Sep | 13 | Extreme |
| Oct | 14 | Extreme |
| Nov | 13 | Extreme |
| Dec | 13 | Extreme |
Where is Kibakwe?
Kibakwe sits at 6.7°S, 36.4°E, 1,133 m above sea level, in Tanzania. The nearest listed city is Mpwapwa, 43 km away.
Topography around Kibakwe
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Kibakwe.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Kibakwe has large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 680 m around an average of 1,252 m above sea level; within 16 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,435 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,897 m.
The land around Kibakwe is covered by shrubs (51%) and cropland (22%) within 3 km, shrubs (37%) and cropland (34%) within 16 km, and shrubs (33%), trees (22%) and grassland (21%) within 80 km.
Tanzania travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 3
- Reconsider Travel
- Power plugs
- Type D / G
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 29% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $1,319
- 2025
- Happiness
- 3.9 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 31%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 3.7
- per 100k, 2020
- Road deaths
- 31.1
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Lower middle
- World Bank
- English
- Low
- EF EPI 479
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Kibakwe (-6.7167°, 36.3667°, elevation 1,133 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).