Kiratu weather in July
In July, Kiratu sees average daytime highs of 19°C and overnight lows near 10°C, with 23 mm of rain across 6 wet days and about 11.8 hours of daylight. It is the 12th-warmest and 10th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 19°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 13% of the time in July, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 11 h 48 min at the start of July to 11 h 54 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, July is Kiratu's 9th-clearest and 4th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Kiratu's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 19°
- 12th warmest
- Overnight low
- 10°
- 1st coldest
- Rainfall
- 23 mm
- 6 wet days
- Daylight
- 11 h 48 min
- 6:48 AM – 6:38 PM
- Cloud cover
- 69%
- 9th clearest
- Wind
- 8 km/h
- 4th windiest
- Solar energy
- 5.09 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 6.5
- out of 10
Temperature in July
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 19°C through the month.
A typical July day in Kiratu reaches about 19°C in the afternoon and slips back to 10°C overnight — a 9°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 17°C and 21°C. Set against its neighbours, July runs on par with June and about 1°C cooler than August.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 |
| Avg low (°C) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 19 | 10 |
| 2 | 19 | 10 |
| 3 | 19 | 10 |
| 4 | 19 | 10 |
| 5 | 19 | 10 |
| 6 | 19 | 10 |
| 7 | 19 | 10 |
| 8 | 19 | 10 |
| 9 | 19 | 10 |
| 10 | 19 | 10 |
| 11 | 19 | 10 |
| 12 | 19 | 10 |
| 13 | 19 | 10 |
| 14 | 19 | 10 |
| 15 | 19 | 10 |
| 16 | 19 | 10 |
| 17 | 19 | 10 |
| 18 | 19 | 10 |
| 19 | 19 | 10 |
| 20 | 19 | 10 |
| 21 | 19 | 10 |
| 22 | 19 | 10 |
| 23 | 19 | 10 |
| 24 | 19 | 10 |
| 25 | 19 | 10 |
| 26 | 19 | 10 |
| 27 | 19 | 10 |
| 28 | 20 | 10 |
| 29 | 20 | 10 |
| 30 | 20 | 10 |
| 31 | 20 | 10 |
Kiratu weather by month
How July compares with the rest of the year at a glance. July is the 12th-warmest and 10th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 24° / 14° | 305 | 14.4 | 12.2 | 6.2 |
| Feb | 25° / 14° | 200 | 11.5 | 12.1 | 6.4 |
| Mar | 24° / 14° | 245 | 16.8 | 12 | 5.8 |
| Apr | 22° / 14° | 217 | 25.7 | 11.9 | 4.2 |
| May | 21° / 13° | 132 | 19.4 | 11.9 | 5.0 |
| Jun | 20° / 11° | 35 | 9 | 11.8 | 6.1 |
| Jul | 19° / 10° | 23 | 6 | 11.8 | 6.5 |
| Aug | 20° / 10° | 22 | 6.4 | 11.9 | 6.7 |
| Sep | 22° / 11° | 16 | 4.1 | 12 | 7.6 |
| Oct | 23° / 12° | 48 | 10 | 12.1 | 6.9 |
| Nov | 24° / 14° | 129 | 16.4 | 12.2 | 5.8 |
| Dec | 24° / 14° | 248 | 17.3 | 12.2 | 5.8 |
Cloud cover in July
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 13% of the time in July.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 16% of July, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 70%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 25 | 26 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 29 | 30 | 30 | 29 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 31 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 32 | 32 |
| Cloudier (%) | 75 | 74 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 71 | 71 | 71 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 71 | 70 | 70 | 71 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 69 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 69 | 68 | 68 | 68 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 25 | 75 |
| 2 | 26 | 74 |
| 3 | 27 | 73 |
| 4 | 27 | 73 |
| 5 | 27 | 73 |
| 6 | 27 | 73 |
| 7 | 29 | 71 |
| 8 | 29 | 71 |
| 9 | 29 | 71 |
| 10 | 30 | 70 |
| 11 | 30 | 70 |
| 12 | 30 | 70 |
| 13 | 30 | 70 |
| 14 | 29 | 71 |
| 15 | 30 | 70 |
| 16 | 30 | 70 |
| 17 | 29 | 71 |
| 18 | 30 | 70 |
| 19 | 30 | 70 |
| 20 | 30 | 70 |
| 21 | 31 | 69 |
| 22 | 30 | 70 |
| 23 | 30 | 70 |
| 24 | 30 | 70 |
| 25 | 30 | 70 |
| 26 | 30 | 70 |
| 27 | 30 | 70 |
| 28 | 31 | 69 |
| 29 | 32 | 68 |
| 30 | 32 | 68 |
| 31 | 32 | 68 |
Chance of precipitation in July
Kiratu gets around 23 mm of rain over 6 wet days in July. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 20% and peaks near 24% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 24 | 23 | 22 | 22 | 21 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 22 | 22 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 24 |
| 2 | 23 |
| 3 | 22 |
| 4 | 22 |
| 5 | 21 |
| 6 | 20 |
| 7 | 20 |
| 8 | 20 |
| 9 | 19 |
| 10 | 19 |
| 11 | 19 |
| 12 | 19 |
| 13 | 19 |
| 14 | 19 |
| 15 | 19 |
| 16 | 18 |
| 17 | 18 |
| 18 | 18 |
| 19 | 18 |
| 20 | 18 |
| 21 | 18 |
| 22 | 19 |
| 23 | 19 |
| 24 | 19 |
| 25 | 20 |
| 26 | 20 |
| 27 | 21 |
| 28 | 21 |
| 29 | 21 |
| 30 | 22 |
| 31 | 22 |
Humidity in July
Most of July feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, July lands in the dry band about 99% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 97 | 97 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 |
| Comfortable (%) | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 97 | 3 |
| 2 | 97 | 3 |
| 3 | 98 | 2 |
| 4 | 98 | 2 |
| 5 | 98 | 2 |
| 6 | 99 | 1 |
| 7 | 99 | 1 |
| 8 | 99 | 1 |
| 9 | 99 | 1 |
| 10 | 99 | 1 |
| 11 | 99 | 1 |
| 12 | 99 | 1 |
| 13 | 99 | 1 |
| 14 | 99 | 1 |
| 15 | 100 | 0 |
| 16 | 100 | 0 |
| 17 | 100 | 0 |
| 18 | 100 | 0 |
| 19 | 100 | 0 |
| 20 | 100 | 0 |
| 21 | 100 | 0 |
| 22 | 100 | 0 |
| 23 | 99 | 1 |
| 24 | 99 | 1 |
| 25 | 99 | 1 |
| 26 | 99 | 1 |
| 27 | 99 | 1 |
| 28 | 99 | 1 |
| 29 | 99 | 1 |
| 30 | 99 | 1 |
| 31 | 99 | 1 |
Wind in July
Winds average 8 km/h in July.
Across July, daily wind ranges from about 8 km/h on the calmest days to 8 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8 | calm |
| 2 | 8 | calm |
| 3 | 8 | calm |
| 4 | 8 | calm |
| 5 | 8 | calm |
| 6 | 8 | calm |
| 7 | 8 | calm |
| 8 | 8 | calm |
| 9 | 8 | calm |
| 10 | 8 | calm |
| 11 | 8 | calm |
| 12 | 8 | calm |
| 13 | 8 | calm |
| 14 | 8 | calm |
| 15 | 8 | calm |
| 16 | 8 | calm |
| 17 | 8 | calm |
| 18 | 8 | calm |
| 19 | 8 | calm |
| 20 | 8 | calm |
| 21 | 8 | calm |
| 22 | 8 | calm |
| 23 | 8 | calm |
| 24 | 8 | calm |
| 25 | 8 | calm |
| 26 | 8 | calm |
| 27 | 8 | calm |
| 28 | 8 | calm |
| 29 | 8 | calm |
| 30 | 8 | calm |
| 31 | 8 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in July
Daylight runs from about 11 h 48 min at the start of July to 11 h 54 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 6 minutes over July. Sunrise moves from 6:46 AM to 6:48 AM, and sunset from 6:35 PM to 6:39 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.9 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:46 | 6:47 | 6:47 | 6:47 | 6:47 | 6:47 | 6:47 | 6:47 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:35 | 6:35 | 6:35 | 6:36 | 6:36 | 6:36 | 6:36 | 6:36 | 6:37 | 6:37 | 6:37 | 6:37 | 6:37 | 6:37 | 6:38 | 6:38 | 6:38 | 6:38 | 6:38 | 6:38 | 6:38 | 6:38 | 6:39 | 6:39 | 6:39 | 6:39 | 6:39 | 6:39 | 6:39 | 6:39 | 6:39 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11.8 | 6:46 | 6:35 |
| 2 | 11.8 | 6:47 | 6:35 |
| 3 | 11.8 | 6:47 | 6:35 |
| 4 | 11.8 | 6:47 | 6:36 |
| 5 | 11.8 | 6:47 | 6:36 |
| 6 | 11.8 | 6:47 | 6:36 |
| 7 | 11.8 | 6:47 | 6:36 |
| 8 | 11.8 | 6:47 | 6:36 |
| 9 | 11.8 | 6:48 | 6:37 |
| 10 | 11.8 | 6:48 | 6:37 |
| 11 | 11.8 | 6:48 | 6:37 |
| 12 | 11.8 | 6:48 | 6:37 |
| 13 | 11.8 | 6:48 | 6:37 |
| 14 | 11.8 | 6:48 | 6:37 |
| 15 | 11.8 | 6:48 | 6:38 |
| 16 | 11.8 | 6:48 | 6:38 |
| 17 | 11.8 | 6:48 | 6:38 |
| 18 | 11.8 | 6:48 | 6:38 |
| 19 | 11.8 | 6:48 | 6:38 |
| 20 | 11.8 | 6:48 | 6:38 |
| 21 | 11.8 | 6:48 | 6:38 |
| 22 | 11.8 | 6:48 | 6:38 |
| 23 | 11.8 | 6:48 | 6:39 |
| 24 | 11.8 | 6:48 | 6:39 |
| 25 | 11.8 | 6:48 | 6:39 |
| 26 | 11.8 | 6:48 | 6:39 |
| 27 | 11.8 | 6:48 | 6:39 |
| 28 | 11.8 | 6:48 | 6:39 |
| 29 | 11.8 | 6:48 | 6:39 |
| 30 | 11.8 | 6:48 | 6:39 |
| 31 | 11.9 | 6:48 | 6:39 |
Solar energy in July
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in July, about 5.09 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.88 kWh/m² to a high of 6.59 kWh/m² in February across the year — July's 5.09 kWh/m² sits near the bottom.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 4.9 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 2 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 3 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 4 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 5 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 6 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 7 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 9 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 10 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 11 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 12 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 13 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 14 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 15 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 16 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 17 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 18 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 19 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 20 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 21 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 24 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 25 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 26 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 27 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 28 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 29 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 30 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 31 | 5.2 | Bright |
Hazard calendar for Kiratu
None of Kiratu's seasonal hazards are active in July. The full-year calendar below shows when the rainy season, cyclone risk and dust haze do peak.
Kiratu's monsoon runs December–April, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is July a good time to visit Kiratu?
Our two travel scores rate July for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
July is a reasonable time to visit Kiratu for sightseeing.
What to pack for Kiratu in July
From July's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In July, Kiratu sees daytime highs around 19°C and nights near 10°C. Worth packing: sun protection. About 6 days see rain.
UV index in Kiratu in July
Clear-sky midday UV in July peaks around 11 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Kiratu peaks around March 13 at about 16 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 18 at about 10 (extreme).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 15 | 16 | 17 | 15 | 12 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 14 | 15 | 14 | 13 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 15 | Extreme |
| Feb | 16 | Extreme |
| Mar | 17 | Extreme |
| Apr | 15 | Extreme |
| May | 12 | Extreme |
| Jun | 10 | Extreme |
| Jul | 11 | Extreme |
| Aug | 12 | Extreme |
| Sep | 14 | Extreme |
| Oct | 15 | Extreme |
| Nov | 14 | Extreme |
| Dec | 13 | Extreme |
Where is Kiratu?
Kiratu sits at 3.3°S, 35.7°E, 1,541 m above sea level, in Tanzania. The nearest listed city is Mto wa Mbu, 20 km away.
Topography around Kiratu
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Kiratu.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Kiratu has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 181 m around an average of 1,536 m above sea level; within 16 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,370 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,981 m.
The land around Kiratu is covered by trees (35%) and cropland (28%) within 3 km, trees (41%) and cropland (27%) within 16 km, and grassland (47%) and shrubs (25%) within 80 km.
Tanzania travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 3
- Reconsider Travel
- Power plugs
- Type D / G
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 29% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $1,319
- 2025
- Happiness
- 3.9 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 31%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 3.7
- per 100k, 2020
- Road deaths
- 31.1
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Lower middle
- World Bank
- English
- Low
- EF EPI 479
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Kiratu (-3.3333°, 35.6667°, elevation 1,541 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).