Kondoa weather in July
In July, Kondoa sees average daytime highs of 26°C and overnight lows near 12°C, with 1 mm of rain across 0.2 wet days and about 11.7 hours of daylight. It is the 12th-warmest and 10th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 26°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 28% of the time in July, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 11 h 42 min at the start of July to 11 h 48 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, July is Kondoa's 4th-clearest and 6th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Kondoa's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 26°
- 12th warmest
- Overnight low
- 12°
- 1st coldest
- Rainfall
- 1 mm
- 0.2 wet days
- Daylight
- 11 h 42 min
- 6:50 AM – 6:35 PM
- Cloud cover
- 59%
- 4th clearest
- Wind
- 11 km/h
- 6th windiest
- Solar energy
- 5.3 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 8.2
- out of 10
Temperature in July
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 26°C through the month.
A typical July day in Kondoa reaches about 26°C in the afternoon and slips back to 12°C overnight — a 13°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 23°C and 27°C. Set against its neighbours, July runs on par with June and about 1°C cooler than August.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 |
| Avg low (°C) | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 25 | 13 |
| 2 | 25 | 13 |
| 3 | 25 | 13 |
| 4 | 25 | 13 |
| 5 | 25 | 12 |
| 6 | 25 | 12 |
| 7 | 25 | 12 |
| 8 | 25 | 12 |
| 9 | 25 | 12 |
| 10 | 25 | 12 |
| 11 | 25 | 12 |
| 12 | 25 | 12 |
| 13 | 25 | 12 |
| 14 | 25 | 12 |
| 15 | 25 | 12 |
| 16 | 25 | 12 |
| 17 | 25 | 12 |
| 18 | 26 | 12 |
| 19 | 26 | 12 |
| 20 | 26 | 12 |
| 21 | 26 | 12 |
| 22 | 26 | 12 |
| 23 | 26 | 12 |
| 24 | 26 | 12 |
| 25 | 26 | 13 |
| 26 | 26 | 13 |
| 27 | 26 | 13 |
| 28 | 26 | 13 |
| 29 | 26 | 13 |
| 30 | 26 | 13 |
| 31 | 26 | 13 |
Kondoa weather by month
How July compares with the rest of the year at a glance. July is the 12th-warmest and 10th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 28° / 17° | 101 | 13.3 | 12.3 | 5.8 |
| Feb | 28° / 17° | 81 | 11.3 | 12.2 | 5.5 |
| Mar | 28° / 18° | 108 | 13.3 | 12 | 5.7 |
| Apr | 27° / 18° | 79 | 13.7 | 11.9 | 5.8 |
| May | 26° / 16° | 27 | 5.9 | 11.8 | 7.1 |
| Jun | 26° / 13° | 2 | 0.3 | 11.7 | 8.0 |
| Jul | 26° / 12° | 1 | 0.2 | 11.7 | 8.2 |
| Aug | 26° / 13° | 1 | 0.2 | 11.8 | 8.0 |
| Sep | 28° / 14° | 1 | 0.2 | 12 | 7.5 |
| Oct | 29° / 16° | 8 | 1.7 | 12.1 | 6.4 |
| Nov | 29° / 17° | 41 | 5 | 12.2 | 5.9 |
| Dec | 28° / 18° | 81 | 11.3 | 12.3 | 5.7 |
Cloud cover in July
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 28% of the time in July.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 17% of July, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 55%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 42 | 43 | 44 | 44 | 45 | 46 | 47 | 46 | 46 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 46 | 46 | 45 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 45 | 45 | 44 | 43 | 43 | 42 | 41 | 41 | 41 |
| Cloudier (%) | 58 | 57 | 56 | 56 | 55 | 54 | 53 | 54 | 54 | 53 | 53 | 53 | 54 | 54 | 55 | 53 | 53 | 53 | 53 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 55 | 55 | 56 | 57 | 57 | 58 | 59 | 59 | 59 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 42 | 58 |
| 2 | 43 | 57 |
| 3 | 44 | 56 |
| 4 | 44 | 56 |
| 5 | 45 | 55 |
| 6 | 46 | 54 |
| 7 | 47 | 53 |
| 8 | 46 | 54 |
| 9 | 46 | 54 |
| 10 | 47 | 53 |
| 11 | 47 | 53 |
| 12 | 47 | 53 |
| 13 | 46 | 54 |
| 14 | 46 | 54 |
| 15 | 45 | 55 |
| 16 | 47 | 53 |
| 17 | 47 | 53 |
| 18 | 47 | 53 |
| 19 | 47 | 53 |
| 20 | 46 | 54 |
| 21 | 46 | 54 |
| 22 | 46 | 54 |
| 23 | 45 | 55 |
| 24 | 45 | 55 |
| 25 | 44 | 56 |
| 26 | 43 | 57 |
| 27 | 43 | 57 |
| 28 | 42 | 58 |
| 29 | 41 | 59 |
| 30 | 41 | 59 |
| 31 | 41 | 59 |
Chance of precipitation in July
Kondoa gets around 1 mm of rain over 0.2 wet days in July. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 1% and peaks near 1% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 1 |
| 2 | 1 |
| 3 | 1 |
| 4 | 1 |
| 5 | 1 |
| 6 | 1 |
| 7 | 1 |
| 8 | 1 |
| 9 | 1 |
| 10 | 1 |
| 11 | 1 |
| 12 | 1 |
| 13 | 1 |
| 14 | 1 |
| 15 | 1 |
| 16 | 1 |
| 17 | 1 |
| 18 | 1 |
| 19 | 1 |
| 20 | 0 |
| 21 | 0 |
| 22 | 0 |
| 23 | 0 |
| 24 | 0 |
| 25 | 0 |
| 26 | 0 |
| 27 | 0 |
| 28 | 0 |
| 29 | 0 |
| 30 | 0 |
| 31 | 0 |
Humidity in July
Most of July feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, July lands in the dry band about 96% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 91 | 92 | 92 | 93 | 93 | 94 | 94 | 95 | 95 | 96 | 96 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 98 | 98 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 |
| Comfortable (%) | 9 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 91 | 9 |
| 2 | 92 | 8 |
| 3 | 92 | 8 |
| 4 | 93 | 7 |
| 5 | 93 | 7 |
| 6 | 94 | 6 |
| 7 | 94 | 6 |
| 8 | 95 | 5 |
| 9 | 95 | 5 |
| 10 | 96 | 4 |
| 11 | 96 | 4 |
| 12 | 97 | 3 |
| 13 | 97 | 3 |
| 14 | 97 | 3 |
| 15 | 98 | 2 |
| 16 | 98 | 2 |
| 17 | 99 | 1 |
| 18 | 99 | 1 |
| 19 | 99 | 1 |
| 20 | 99 | 1 |
| 21 | 99 | 1 |
| 22 | 99 | 1 |
| 23 | 98 | 2 |
| 24 | 98 | 2 |
| 25 | 98 | 2 |
| 26 | 97 | 3 |
| 27 | 97 | 3 |
| 28 | 97 | 3 |
| 29 | 97 | 3 |
| 30 | 97 | 3 |
| 31 | 97 | 3 |
Wind in July
Winds average 11 km/h in July.
Across July, daily wind ranges from about 10 km/h on the calmest days to 11 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10 | calm |
| 2 | 10 | calm |
| 3 | 10 | calm |
| 4 | 10 | calm |
| 5 | 10 | calm |
| 6 | 10 | calm |
| 7 | 10 | calm |
| 8 | 10 | calm |
| 9 | 10 | calm |
| 10 | 10 | calm |
| 11 | 10 | calm |
| 12 | 10 | calm |
| 13 | 10 | calm |
| 14 | 10 | calm |
| 15 | 10 | calm |
| 16 | 10 | calm |
| 17 | 11 | calm |
| 18 | 11 | calm |
| 19 | 11 | calm |
| 20 | 11 | calm |
| 21 | 11 | calm |
| 22 | 11 | calm |
| 23 | 11 | calm |
| 24 | 11 | calm |
| 25 | 11 | calm |
| 26 | 11 | calm |
| 27 | 11 | calm |
| 28 | 11 | calm |
| 29 | 11 | calm |
| 30 | 11 | calm |
| 31 | 11 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in July
Daylight runs from about 11 h 42 min at the start of July to 11 h 48 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 6 minutes over July. Sunrise moves from 6:49 AM to 6:50 AM, and sunset from 6:32 PM to 6:36 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:49 | 6:49 | 6:49 | 6:49 | 6:49 | 6:49 | 6:50 | 6:50 | 6:50 | 6:50 | 6:50 | 6:50 | 6:50 | 6:50 | 6:50 | 6:50 | 6:50 | 6:50 | 6:50 | 6:50 | 6:50 | 6:50 | 6:50 | 6:50 | 6:50 | 6:50 | 6:50 | 6:50 | 6:50 | 6:50 | 6:50 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:32 | 6:32 | 6:32 | 6:32 | 6:33 | 6:33 | 6:33 | 6:33 | 6:33 | 6:34 | 6:34 | 6:34 | 6:34 | 6:34 | 6:35 | 6:35 | 6:35 | 6:35 | 6:35 | 6:35 | 6:35 | 6:36 | 6:36 | 6:36 | 6:36 | 6:36 | 6:36 | 6:36 | 6:36 | 6:36 | 6:36 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11.7 | 6:49 | 6:32 |
| 2 | 11.7 | 6:49 | 6:32 |
| 3 | 11.7 | 6:49 | 6:32 |
| 4 | 11.7 | 6:49 | 6:32 |
| 5 | 11.7 | 6:49 | 6:33 |
| 6 | 11.7 | 6:49 | 6:33 |
| 7 | 11.7 | 6:50 | 6:33 |
| 8 | 11.7 | 6:50 | 6:33 |
| 9 | 11.7 | 6:50 | 6:33 |
| 10 | 11.7 | 6:50 | 6:34 |
| 11 | 11.7 | 6:50 | 6:34 |
| 12 | 11.7 | 6:50 | 6:34 |
| 13 | 11.7 | 6:50 | 6:34 |
| 14 | 11.7 | 6:50 | 6:34 |
| 15 | 11.7 | 6:50 | 6:35 |
| 16 | 11.7 | 6:50 | 6:35 |
| 17 | 11.7 | 6:50 | 6:35 |
| 18 | 11.7 | 6:50 | 6:35 |
| 19 | 11.7 | 6:50 | 6:35 |
| 20 | 11.8 | 6:50 | 6:35 |
| 21 | 11.8 | 6:50 | 6:35 |
| 22 | 11.8 | 6:50 | 6:36 |
| 23 | 11.8 | 6:50 | 6:36 |
| 24 | 11.8 | 6:50 | 6:36 |
| 25 | 11.8 | 6:50 | 6:36 |
| 26 | 11.8 | 6:50 | 6:36 |
| 27 | 11.8 | 6:50 | 6:36 |
| 28 | 11.8 | 6:50 | 6:36 |
| 29 | 11.8 | 6:50 | 6:36 |
| 30 | 11.8 | 6:50 | 6:36 |
| 31 | 11.8 | 6:50 | 6:36 |
Solar energy in July
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in July, about 5.3 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.78 kWh/m² to a high of 6.77 kWh/m² in October across the year — July's 5.3 kWh/m² sits near the bottom.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 2 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 3 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 4 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 5 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 6 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 7 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 9 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 10 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 11 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 12 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 13 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 14 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 15 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 16 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 17 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 18 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 19 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 20 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 21 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 24 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 25 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 26 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 27 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 28 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 29 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 30 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 31 | 5.3 | Bright |
Hazard calendar for Kondoa
None of Kondoa's seasonal hazards are active in July. The full-year calendar below shows when the rainy season, cyclone risk and dust haze do peak.
Kondoa's rainy season runs December–April, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is July a good time to visit Kondoa?
Our two travel scores rate July for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
July is one of the better times to visit Kondoa for general sightseeing. The water and warmth also suit a beach or pool day.
What to pack for Kondoa in July
From July's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In July, Kondoa sees daytime highs around 26°C and nights near 12°C. Worth packing: light clothes and sun protection.
UV index in Kondoa in July
Clear-sky midday UV in July peaks around 11 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Kondoa peaks around March 13 at about 16 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 17 at about 10 (extreme).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 14 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 12 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 13 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 14 | Extreme |
| Feb | 16 | Extreme |
| Mar | 16 | Extreme |
| Apr | 15 | Extreme |
| May | 12 | Extreme |
| Jun | 10 | Extreme |
| Jul | 11 | Extreme |
| Aug | 11 | Extreme |
| Sep | 14 | Extreme |
| Oct | 14 | Extreme |
| Nov | 14 | Extreme |
| Dec | 13 | Extreme |
Where is Kondoa?
Kondoa sits at 4.9°S, 35.8°E, 1,378 m above sea level, in Tanzania. The nearest listed city is Nangwa, 61 km away.
Topography around Kondoa
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Kondoa.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Kondoa has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 240 m around an average of 1,389 m above sea level; within 16 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 704 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,446 m.
The land around Kondoa is covered by shrubs (50%) within 3 km, shrubs (62%) within 16 km, and shrubs (42%) and cropland (31%) within 80 km.
Tanzania travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 3
- Reconsider Travel
- Power plugs
- Type D / G
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 29% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $1,319
- 2025
- Happiness
- 3.9 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 31%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 3.7
- per 100k, 2020
- Road deaths
- 31.1
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Lower middle
- World Bank
- English
- Low
- EF EPI 479
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Kondoa (-4.9°, 35.7833°, elevation 1,378 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).