Mbinga weather in February
In February, Mbinga sees average daytime highs of 25°C and overnight lows near 18°C, with 333 mm of rain across 25.9 wet days and about 12.4 hours of daylight. It is the 5th-warmest and 2nd-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 25°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 3% of the time in February, and the air most often feels muggy.
Daylight stretches from about 12 h 30 min at the start of February to 12 h 12 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Mbinga's 11th-clearest and 12th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Mbinga's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 25°
- 5th warmest
- Overnight low
- 18°
- 9th coldest
- Rainfall
- 333 mm
- 25.9 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 h 24 min
- 6:44 AM – 7:05 PM
- Cloud cover
- 87%
- 11th clearest
- Wind
- 4 km/h
- 12th windiest
- Solar energy
- 5.32 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 3.7
- out of 10
Mbinga is town and ward in Ruvuma Region, Tanzania.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 25°C through the month.
A typical February day in Mbinga reaches about 25°C in the afternoon and slips back to 18°C overnight — a 7°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 23°C and 27°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs on par with January and on par with March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 |
| Avg low (°C) | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 25 | 18 |
| 2 | 25 | 18 |
| 3 | 25 | 18 |
| 4 | 25 | 18 |
| 5 | 25 | 18 |
| 6 | 25 | 18 |
| 7 | 25 | 18 |
| 8 | 25 | 18 |
| 9 | 25 | 18 |
| 10 | 25 | 18 |
| 11 | 25 | 18 |
| 12 | 25 | 18 |
| 13 | 25 | 18 |
| 14 | 25 | 18 |
| 15 | 25 | 18 |
| 16 | 25 | 18 |
| 17 | 25 | 18 |
| 18 | 25 | 18 |
| 19 | 25 | 18 |
| 20 | 25 | 18 |
| 21 | 25 | 18 |
| 22 | 25 | 18 |
| 23 | 25 | 18 |
| 24 | 25 | 18 |
| 25 | 25 | 18 |
| 26 | 25 | 18 |
| 27 | 25 | 18 |
| 28 | 25 | 18 |
Mbinga weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 5th-warmest and 2nd-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 25° / 18° | 413 | 29.3 | 12.6 | 3.7 |
| Feb | 25° / 18° | 333 | 25.9 | 12.4 | 3.7 |
| Mar | 25° / 18° | 318 | 29.3 | 12.1 | 3.7 |
| Apr | 24° / 17° | 140 | 24.1 | 11.8 | 4.6 |
| May | 23° / 14° | 40 | 11.1 | 11.5 | 6.7 |
| Jun | 22° / 12° | 16 | 5.5 | 11.4 | 7.4 |
| Jul | 21° / 12° | 17 | 6 | 11.4 | 7.4 |
| Aug | 23° / 13° | 10 | 3.5 | 11.6 | 8.3 |
| Sep | 26° / 15° | 7 | 2 | 11.9 | 8.3 |
| Oct | 28° / 17° | 27 | 6.3 | 12.2 | 7.0 |
| Nov | 28° / 18° | 104 | 12.1 | 12.5 | 5.7 |
| Dec | 26° / 18° | 309 | 25.4 | 12.6 | 4.3 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 3% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 6% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 91%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| Cloudier (%) | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 91 | 91 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8 | 92 |
| 2 | 8 | 92 |
| 3 | 8 | 92 |
| 4 | 8 | 92 |
| 5 | 8 | 92 |
| 6 | 8 | 92 |
| 7 | 8 | 92 |
| 8 | 9 | 91 |
| 9 | 9 | 91 |
| 10 | 10 | 90 |
| 11 | 10 | 90 |
| 12 | 10 | 90 |
| 13 | 10 | 90 |
| 14 | 10 | 90 |
| 15 | 10 | 90 |
| 16 | 10 | 90 |
| 17 | 10 | 90 |
| 18 | 10 | 90 |
| 19 | 10 | 90 |
| 20 | 9 | 91 |
| 21 | 9 | 91 |
| 22 | 9 | 91 |
| 23 | 9 | 91 |
| 24 | 9 | 91 |
| 25 | 10 | 90 |
| 26 | 10 | 90 |
| 27 | 10 | 90 |
| 28 | 10 | 90 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Mbinga gets around 333 mm of rain over 25.9 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 93% and peaks near 94% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 94 |
| 2 | 94 |
| 3 | 94 |
| 4 | 94 |
| 5 | 93 |
| 6 | 93 |
| 7 | 93 |
| 8 | 93 |
| 9 | 92 |
| 10 | 92 |
| 11 | 92 |
| 12 | 92 |
| 13 | 92 |
| 14 | 93 |
| 15 | 93 |
| 16 | 93 |
| 17 | 92 |
| 18 | 92 |
| 19 | 92 |
| 20 | 92 |
| 21 | 92 |
| 22 | 92 |
| 23 | 92 |
| 24 | 92 |
| 25 | 92 |
| 26 | 92 |
| 27 | 92 |
| 28 | 92 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels muggy — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the muggy band about 71% of days. Sticky, muggy-or-worse air turns up on roughly 71% of them.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Humid (%) | 25 | 25 | 25 | 26 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 29 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 |
| Muggy (%) | 75 | 75 | 75 | 74 | 74 | 73 | 72 | 71 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 71 | 71 | 71 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 71 | 71 | 70 | 69 | 68 |
| Humid (%) | Muggy (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 25 | 75 |
| 2 | 25 | 75 |
| 3 | 25 | 75 |
| 4 | 26 | 74 |
| 5 | 26 | 74 |
| 6 | 27 | 73 |
| 7 | 28 | 72 |
| 8 | 29 | 71 |
| 9 | 30 | 70 |
| 10 | 30 | 70 |
| 11 | 30 | 70 |
| 12 | 30 | 70 |
| 13 | 30 | 70 |
| 14 | 30 | 70 |
| 15 | 30 | 70 |
| 16 | 30 | 70 |
| 17 | 29 | 71 |
| 18 | 29 | 71 |
| 19 | 29 | 71 |
| 20 | 28 | 72 |
| 21 | 28 | 72 |
| 22 | 28 | 72 |
| 23 | 28 | 72 |
| 24 | 29 | 71 |
| 25 | 29 | 71 |
| 26 | 30 | 70 |
| 27 | 31 | 69 |
| 28 | 32 | 68 |
Wind in February
Winds average 4 km/h in February, the calmest month.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 4 km/h on the calmest days to 4 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4 | calm |
| 2 | 4 | calm |
| 3 | 4 | calm |
| 4 | 4 | calm |
| 5 | 4 | calm |
| 6 | 4 | calm |
| 7 | 4 | calm |
| 8 | 4 | calm |
| 9 | 4 | calm |
| 10 | 4 | calm |
| 11 | 4 | calm |
| 12 | 4 | calm |
| 13 | 4 | calm |
| 14 | 4 | calm |
| 15 | 4 | calm |
| 16 | 4 | calm |
| 17 | 4 | calm |
| 18 | 4 | calm |
| 19 | 4 | calm |
| 20 | 4 | calm |
| 21 | 4 | calm |
| 22 | 4 | calm |
| 23 | 4 | calm |
| 24 | 4 | calm |
| 25 | 4 | calm |
| 26 | 4 | calm |
| 27 | 4 | calm |
| 28 | 4 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 12 h 30 min at the start of February to 12 h 12 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 18 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 6:39 AM to 6:46 AM, and sunset from 7:08 PM to 7:00 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.2 | 12.2 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:39 | 6:40 | 6:40 | 6:40 | 6:41 | 6:41 | 6:41 | 6:42 | 6:42 | 6:42 | 6:43 | 6:43 | 6:43 | 6:43 | 6:44 | 6:44 | 6:44 | 6:44 | 6:45 | 6:45 | 6:45 | 6:45 | 6:45 | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:46 |
| Sunset (PM) | 7:08 | 7:08 | 7:08 | 7:07 | 7:07 | 7:07 | 7:07 | 7:07 | 7:07 | 7:07 | 7:06 | 7:06 | 7:06 | 7:06 | 7:05 | 7:05 | 7:05 | 7:04 | 7:04 | 7:04 | 7:03 | 7:03 | 7:03 | 7:02 | 7:02 | 7:01 | 7:01 | 7:00 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12.5 | 6:39 | 7:08 |
| 2 | 12.5 | 6:40 | 7:08 |
| 3 | 12.5 | 6:40 | 7:08 |
| 4 | 12.5 | 6:40 | 7:07 |
| 5 | 12.4 | 6:41 | 7:07 |
| 6 | 12.4 | 6:41 | 7:07 |
| 7 | 12.4 | 6:41 | 7:07 |
| 8 | 12.4 | 6:42 | 7:07 |
| 9 | 12.4 | 6:42 | 7:07 |
| 10 | 12.4 | 6:42 | 7:07 |
| 11 | 12.4 | 6:43 | 7:06 |
| 12 | 12.4 | 6:43 | 7:06 |
| 13 | 12.4 | 6:43 | 7:06 |
| 14 | 12.4 | 6:43 | 7:06 |
| 15 | 12.4 | 6:44 | 7:05 |
| 16 | 12.4 | 6:44 | 7:05 |
| 17 | 12.3 | 6:44 | 7:05 |
| 18 | 12.3 | 6:44 | 7:04 |
| 19 | 12.3 | 6:45 | 7:04 |
| 20 | 12.3 | 6:45 | 7:04 |
| 21 | 12.3 | 6:45 | 7:03 |
| 22 | 12.3 | 6:45 | 7:03 |
| 23 | 12.3 | 6:45 | 7:03 |
| 24 | 12.3 | 6:46 | 7:02 |
| 25 | 12.3 | 6:46 | 7:02 |
| 26 | 12.3 | 6:46 | 7:01 |
| 27 | 12.2 | 6:46 | 7:01 |
| 28 | 12.2 | 6:46 | 7:00 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 5.32 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.8 kWh/m² to a high of 6.81 kWh/m² in October across the year — February's 5.32 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 5.2 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 2 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 3 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 4 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 5 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 6 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 7 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 9 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 10 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 11 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 12 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 13 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 14 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 15 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 16 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 17 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 18 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 19 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 20 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 21 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 24 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 25 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 26 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 27 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 28 | 5.2 | Bright |
Hazard calendar for Mbinga
In February, Mbinga sits inside its cyclone and monsoon season. The full year is below, with each hazard's peak months called out.
Mbinga sits in the South Indian Ocean cyclone belt; the season peaks January–March.
Mbinga's monsoon runs December–March, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is February a good time to visit Mbinga?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Mbinga.
What to pack for Mbinga in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Mbinga sees daytime highs around 25°C and nights near 18°C. Pack rain gear. Worth having: light clothes and sun protection. About 26 days see rain.
UV index in Mbinga in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 16 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Mbinga peaks around February 15 at about 16 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 17 at about 10 (very high).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 16 | 16 | 16 | 13 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 14 | 14 | 14 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 16 | Extreme |
| Feb | 16 | Extreme |
| Mar | 16 | Extreme |
| Apr | 13 | Extreme |
| May | 10 | Extreme |
| Jun | 10 | Very high |
| Jul | 10 | Very high |
| Aug | 11 | Extreme |
| Sep | 12 | Extreme |
| Oct | 14 | Extreme |
| Nov | 14 | Extreme |
| Dec | 14 | Extreme |
Air quality in Mbinga in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Mbinga is worst in September — around 55 µg/m³ PM2.5 (unhealthy), about 7.3× the cleanest month (December, 8 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 16 | 36 | 55 | 42 | 12 | 8 |
| Level | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Moderate | Poor | Unhealthy | Poor | Good | Good |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 10 | Good |
| Feb | 10 | Good |
| Mar | 9 | Good |
| Apr | 9 | Good |
| May | 9 | Good |
| Jun | 10 | Good |
| Jul | 16 | Moderate |
| Aug | 36 | Poor |
| Sep | 55 | Unhealthy |
| Oct | 42 | Poor |
| Nov | 12 | Good |
| Dec | 8 | Good |
Where is Mbinga?
Mbinga sits at 10.9°S, 35.0°E, 1,357 m above sea level, in Tanzania. The nearest listed city is Kigonsera, 15 km away.
Topography around Mbinga
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Mbinga.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Mbinga has significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 365 m around an average of 1,348 m above sea level; within 16 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,176 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,616 m.
The land around Mbinga is covered by cropland (24%), trees (23%) and shrubs (23%) within 3 km, shrubs (32%), cropland (26%) and trees (22%) within 16 km, and trees (28%) and water (25%) within 80 km.
Tanzania travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 3
- Reconsider Travel
- Power plugs
- Type D / G
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 29% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $1,319
- 2025
- Happiness
- 3.9 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 31%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 3.7
- per 100k, 2020
- Road deaths
- 31.1
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Lower middle
- World Bank
- English
- Low
- EF EPI 479
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Mbinga (-10.9333°, 35.0167°, elevation 1,357 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. Tropical-cyclone seasons are the published climatological basin seasons (NOAA National Hurricane Center / regional warning centres). UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).