Mbulu weather in February
In February, Mbulu sees average daytime highs of 28°C and overnight lows near 18°C, with 83 mm of rain across 10 wet days and about 12.1 hours of daylight. It is the 1st-warmest and 5th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 28°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 30% of the time in February, and the air most often feels comfortable.
Daylight stretches from about 12 h 12 min at the start of February to 12 h 06 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Mbulu's 9th-clearest and 11th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Mbulu's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 28°
- 1st warmest
- Overnight low
- 18°
- 11th coldest
- Rainfall
- 83 mm
- 10 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 h 06 min
- 6:49 AM – 6:56 PM
- Cloud cover
- 58%
- 9th clearest
- Wind
- 9 km/h
- 11th windiest
- Solar energy
- 6.66 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 6.2
- out of 10
Mbulu is city in Mbulu district, Manyara, Tanzania.
- Founded
- 1907
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 28°C through the month.
A typical February day in Mbulu reaches about 28°C in the afternoon and slips back to 18°C overnight — a 10°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 25°C and 30°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs on par with January and on par with March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 |
| Avg low (°C) | 17 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 28 | 17 |
| 2 | 28 | 17 |
| 3 | 28 | 18 |
| 4 | 28 | 18 |
| 5 | 28 | 18 |
| 6 | 28 | 18 |
| 7 | 28 | 18 |
| 8 | 28 | 18 |
| 9 | 28 | 18 |
| 10 | 28 | 18 |
| 11 | 28 | 18 |
| 12 | 28 | 18 |
| 13 | 28 | 18 |
| 14 | 28 | 18 |
| 15 | 28 | 18 |
| 16 | 28 | 18 |
| 17 | 28 | 18 |
| 18 | 28 | 18 |
| 19 | 28 | 18 |
| 20 | 28 | 18 |
| 21 | 28 | 18 |
| 22 | 28 | 18 |
| 23 | 28 | 18 |
| 24 | 28 | 18 |
| 25 | 28 | 18 |
| 26 | 28 | 18 |
| 27 | 28 | 18 |
| 28 | 28 | 18 |
Mbulu weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 1st-warmest and 5th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 27° / 17° | 131 | 11.4 | 12.2 | 6.3 |
| Feb | 28° / 18° | 83 | 10 | 12.1 | 6.2 |
| Mar | 27° / 18° | 113 | 11.7 | 12 | 6.2 |
| Apr | 25° / 17° | 106 | 14 | 11.9 | 6.1 |
| May | 24° / 16° | 33 | 6.2 | 11.8 | 7.6 |
| Jun | 24° / 14° | 4 | 0.7 | 11.8 | 8.4 |
| Jul | 24° / 13° | 1 | 0.3 | 11.8 | 8.6 |
| Aug | 25° / 14° | 1 | 0.2 | 11.9 | 8.6 |
| Sep | 26° / 15° | 1 | 0.2 | 12 | 8.4 |
| Oct | 28° / 16° | 13 | 2.7 | 12.1 | 7.6 |
| Nov | 27° / 17° | 60 | 7.4 | 12.2 | 6.8 |
| Dec | 27° / 17° | 117 | 11.5 | 12.2 | 6.3 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 30% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 19% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 51%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 47 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 46 | 47 | 46 | 45 | 46 | 45 | 46 | 46 | 47 | 47 | 49 | 49 | 50 | 50 | 52 | 52 | 53 | 54 | 55 | 54 | 54 |
| Cloudier (%) | 53 | 53 | 53 | 53 | 53 | 53 | 53 | 54 | 53 | 54 | 55 | 54 | 55 | 54 | 54 | 53 | 53 | 51 | 51 | 50 | 50 | 48 | 48 | 47 | 46 | 45 | 46 | 46 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 47 | 53 |
| 2 | 47 | 53 |
| 3 | 47 | 53 |
| 4 | 47 | 53 |
| 5 | 47 | 53 |
| 6 | 47 | 53 |
| 7 | 47 | 53 |
| 8 | 46 | 54 |
| 9 | 47 | 53 |
| 10 | 46 | 54 |
| 11 | 45 | 55 |
| 12 | 46 | 54 |
| 13 | 45 | 55 |
| 14 | 46 | 54 |
| 15 | 46 | 54 |
| 16 | 47 | 53 |
| 17 | 47 | 53 |
| 18 | 49 | 51 |
| 19 | 49 | 51 |
| 20 | 50 | 50 |
| 21 | 50 | 50 |
| 22 | 52 | 48 |
| 23 | 52 | 48 |
| 24 | 53 | 47 |
| 25 | 54 | 46 |
| 26 | 55 | 45 |
| 27 | 54 | 46 |
| 28 | 54 | 46 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Mbulu gets around 83 mm of rain over 10 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 36% and peaks near 39% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 34 | 34 | 35 | 35 | 36 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 38 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 38 | 38 | 37 | 36 | 36 | 35 | 34 | 34 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 34 |
| 2 | 34 |
| 3 | 35 |
| 4 | 35 |
| 5 | 36 |
| 6 | 36 |
| 7 | 37 |
| 8 | 38 |
| 9 | 38 |
| 10 | 39 |
| 11 | 39 |
| 12 | 39 |
| 13 | 39 |
| 14 | 39 |
| 15 | 39 |
| 16 | 38 |
| 17 | 38 |
| 18 | 37 |
| 19 | 36 |
| 20 | 36 |
| 21 | 35 |
| 22 | 34 |
| 23 | 34 |
| 24 | 33 |
| 25 | 33 |
| 26 | 33 |
| 27 | 33 |
| 28 | 33 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels comfortable — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the comfortable band about 35% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 37 | 37 | 36 | 36 | 35 | 35 | 34 | 34 | 33 | 32 | 31 | 31 | 30 | 30 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 |
| Comfortable (%) | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 36 | 36 | 36 | 36 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 36 | 36 |
| Humid (%) | 29 | 29 | 29 | 30 | 30 | 31 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 |
| Muggy (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | Humid (%) | Muggy (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 37 | 34 | 29 | 0 |
| 2 | 37 | 34 | 29 | 0 |
| 3 | 36 | 34 | 29 | 0 |
| 4 | 36 | 34 | 30 | 0 |
| 5 | 35 | 34 | 30 | 0 |
| 6 | 35 | 35 | 31 | 0 |
| 7 | 34 | 35 | 31 | 0 |
| 8 | 34 | 35 | 32 | 0 |
| 9 | 33 | 35 | 33 | 0 |
| 10 | 32 | 35 | 33 | 0 |
| 11 | 31 | 35 | 34 | 0 |
| 12 | 31 | 35 | 35 | 0 |
| 13 | 30 | 35 | 35 | 0 |
| 14 | 30 | 35 | 35 | 0 |
| 15 | 29 | 35 | 35 | 0 |
| 16 | 29 | 35 | 35 | 0 |
| 17 | 29 | 36 | 35 | 0 |
| 18 | 29 | 36 | 35 | 0 |
| 19 | 29 | 36 | 35 | 0 |
| 20 | 29 | 36 | 35 | 0 |
| 21 | 29 | 37 | 35 | 0 |
| 22 | 29 | 37 | 34 | 0 |
| 23 | 29 | 37 | 34 | 0 |
| 24 | 29 | 37 | 34 | 0 |
| 25 | 29 | 37 | 34 | 0 |
| 26 | 29 | 37 | 34 | 0 |
| 27 | 29 | 36 | 34 | 0 |
| 28 | 29 | 36 | 34 | 1 |
Wind in February
Winds average 9 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 8 km/h on the calmest days to 9 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8 | calm |
| 2 | 8 | calm |
| 3 | 8 | calm |
| 4 | 8 | calm |
| 5 | 8 | calm |
| 6 | 8 | calm |
| 7 | 8 | calm |
| 8 | 8 | calm |
| 9 | 8 | calm |
| 10 | 8 | calm |
| 11 | 8 | calm |
| 12 | 8 | calm |
| 13 | 9 | calm |
| 14 | 9 | calm |
| 15 | 9 | calm |
| 16 | 9 | calm |
| 17 | 9 | calm |
| 18 | 9 | calm |
| 19 | 9 | calm |
| 20 | 9 | calm |
| 21 | 9 | calm |
| 22 | 9 | calm |
| 23 | 9 | calm |
| 24 | 9 | calm |
| 25 | 9 | calm |
| 26 | 9 | calm |
| 27 | 9 | calm |
| 28 | 9 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 12 h 12 min at the start of February to 12 h 06 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 6 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 6:46 AM to 6:49 AM, and sunset from 6:56 PM to 6:54 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:46 | 6:47 | 6:47 | 6:47 | 6:47 | 6:47 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:49 | 6:49 | 6:49 | 6:49 | 6:49 | 6:49 | 6:49 | 6:49 | 6:49 | 6:49 | 6:49 | 6:49 | 6:49 | 6:49 | 6:49 | 6:49 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:56 | 6:56 | 6:56 | 6:57 | 6:57 | 6:57 | 6:57 | 6:57 | 6:57 | 6:57 | 6:57 | 6:56 | 6:56 | 6:56 | 6:56 | 6:56 | 6:56 | 6:56 | 6:56 | 6:56 | 6:55 | 6:55 | 6:55 | 6:55 | 6:55 | 6:54 | 6:54 | 6:54 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12.2 | 6:46 | 6:56 |
| 2 | 12.2 | 6:47 | 6:56 |
| 3 | 12.2 | 6:47 | 6:56 |
| 4 | 12.2 | 6:47 | 6:57 |
| 5 | 12.2 | 6:47 | 6:57 |
| 6 | 12.2 | 6:47 | 6:57 |
| 7 | 12.1 | 6:48 | 6:57 |
| 8 | 12.1 | 6:48 | 6:57 |
| 9 | 12.1 | 6:48 | 6:57 |
| 10 | 12.1 | 6:48 | 6:57 |
| 11 | 12.1 | 6:48 | 6:57 |
| 12 | 12.1 | 6:48 | 6:56 |
| 13 | 12.1 | 6:49 | 6:56 |
| 14 | 12.1 | 6:49 | 6:56 |
| 15 | 12.1 | 6:49 | 6:56 |
| 16 | 12.1 | 6:49 | 6:56 |
| 17 | 12.1 | 6:49 | 6:56 |
| 18 | 12.1 | 6:49 | 6:56 |
| 19 | 12.1 | 6:49 | 6:56 |
| 20 | 12.1 | 6:49 | 6:56 |
| 21 | 12.1 | 6:49 | 6:55 |
| 22 | 12.1 | 6:49 | 6:55 |
| 23 | 12.1 | 6:49 | 6:55 |
| 24 | 12.1 | 6:49 | 6:55 |
| 25 | 12.1 | 6:49 | 6:55 |
| 26 | 12.1 | 6:49 | 6:54 |
| 27 | 12.1 | 6:49 | 6:54 |
| 28 | 12.1 | 6:49 | 6:54 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 6.66 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 5.3 kWh/m² to a high of 6.76 kWh/m² in October across the year — February's 6.66 kWh/m² sits near the top of that range.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.6 | 6.6 |
| Level | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 2 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 3 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 4 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 5 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 6 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 7 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 8 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 9 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 10 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 11 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 12 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 13 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 14 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 15 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 16 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 17 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 18 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 19 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 20 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 21 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 22 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 23 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 24 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 25 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 26 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 27 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 28 | 6.6 | Intense |
Hazard calendar for Mbulu
In February, Mbulu sits inside its rainy season season. The full year is below, with each hazard's peak months called out.
Mbulu's rainy season runs November–April, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is February a good time to visit Mbulu?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a reasonable time to visit Mbulu for sightseeing. The water and warmth also suit a beach or pool day.
What to pack for Mbulu in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Mbulu sees daytime highs around 28°C and nights near 18°C. Pack light clothes and sun protection. Worth having: rain gear. About 10 days see rain.
UV index in Mbulu in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 16 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Mbulu peaks around March 13 at about 16 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 18 at about 10 (extreme).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 14 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 12 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 14 | 15 | 14 | 13 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 14 | Extreme |
| Feb | 16 | Extreme |
| Mar | 16 | Extreme |
| Apr | 15 | Extreme |
| May | 12 | Extreme |
| Jun | 10 | Extreme |
| Jul | 11 | Extreme |
| Aug | 12 | Extreme |
| Sep | 14 | Extreme |
| Oct | 15 | Extreme |
| Nov | 14 | Extreme |
| Dec | 13 | Extreme |
Where is Mbulu?
Mbulu sits at 3.9°S, 35.5°E, 1,815 m above sea level, in Tanzania. The nearest listed city is Dongobesh, 29 km away.
Topography around Mbulu
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Mbulu.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Mbulu has significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 321 m around an average of 1,792 m above sea level; within 16 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,175 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,403 m.
The land around Mbulu is covered by cropland (60%) within 3 km, shrubs (38%), trees (23%) and cropland (23%) within 16 km, and shrubs (28%), grassland (27%) and cropland (22%) within 80 km.
Tanzania travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 3
- Reconsider Travel
- Power plugs
- Type D / G
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 29% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $1,319
- 2025
- Happiness
- 3.9 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 31%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 3.7
- per 100k, 2020
- Road deaths
- 31.1
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Lower middle
- World Bank
- English
- Low
- EF EPI 479
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Mbulu (-3.85°, 35.5333°, elevation 1,815 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).