Nanganga weather in February
In February, Nanganga sees average daytime highs of 29°C and overnight lows near 21°C, with 186 mm of rain across 19.4 wet days and about 12.3 hours of daylight. It is the 5th-warmest and 2nd-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 29°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 6% of the time in February, and the air most often feels oppressive.
Daylight stretches from about 12 h 30 min at the start of February to 12 h 12 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Nanganga's 12th-clearest and 10th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Nanganga's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 29°
- 5th warmest
- Overnight low
- 21°
- 11th coldest
- Rainfall
- 186 mm
- 19.4 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 h 18 min
- 6:28 AM – 6:48 PM
- Cloud cover
- 81%
- 12th clearest
- Wind
- 7 km/h
- 10th windiest
- Solar energy
- 5.28 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 4.0
- out of 10
Nanganga is settlement in Mtwara Region, Tanzania.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 29°C through the month.
A typical February day in Nanganga reaches about 29°C in the afternoon and slips back to 21°C overnight — a 7°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 27°C and 30°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs on par with January and on par with March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 28 |
| Avg low (°C) | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 29 | 21 |
| 2 | 29 | 21 |
| 3 | 29 | 21 |
| 4 | 29 | 21 |
| 5 | 29 | 21 |
| 6 | 29 | 21 |
| 7 | 29 | 21 |
| 8 | 29 | 21 |
| 9 | 29 | 21 |
| 10 | 29 | 21 |
| 11 | 29 | 21 |
| 12 | 29 | 21 |
| 13 | 29 | 21 |
| 14 | 29 | 21 |
| 15 | 29 | 21 |
| 16 | 29 | 21 |
| 17 | 29 | 21 |
| 18 | 29 | 21 |
| 19 | 29 | 21 |
| 20 | 29 | 21 |
| 21 | 29 | 21 |
| 22 | 29 | 21 |
| 23 | 29 | 21 |
| 24 | 29 | 21 |
| 25 | 29 | 21 |
| 26 | 29 | 21 |
| 27 | 29 | 21 |
| 28 | 28 | 21 |
Nanganga weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 5th-warmest and 2nd-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 29° / 21° | 174 | 21.2 | 12.5 | 4.0 |
| Feb | 29° / 21° | 186 | 19.4 | 12.3 | 4.0 |
| Mar | 28° / 21° | 251 | 26.2 | 12.1 | 3.6 |
| Apr | 28° / 20° | 126 | 19.2 | 11.8 | 4.9 |
| May | 28° / 18° | 28 | 6.4 | 11.5 | 7.1 |
| Jun | 27° / 17° | 6 | 1.8 | 11.4 | 7.9 |
| Jul | 27° / 16° | 5 | 1.4 | 11.5 | 8.0 |
| Aug | 28° / 16° | 6 | 1.9 | 11.7 | 7.7 |
| Sep | 29° / 17° | 9 | 3.2 | 11.9 | 6.8 |
| Oct | 29° / 19° | 24 | 6.8 | 12.2 | 5.9 |
| Nov | 30° / 20° | 56 | 11.5 | 12.5 | 5.0 |
| Dec | 29° / 21° | 140 | 19.8 | 12.6 | 4.1 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 6% of the time in February, the cloudiest month of the year.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 12% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 81%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 18 | 18 | 18 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 20 |
| Cloudier (%) | 82 | 82 | 82 | 83 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 81 | 81 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 81 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 81 | 81 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 81 | 80 | 80 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 18 | 82 |
| 2 | 18 | 82 |
| 3 | 18 | 82 |
| 4 | 17 | 83 |
| 5 | 18 | 82 |
| 6 | 18 | 82 |
| 7 | 18 | 82 |
| 8 | 18 | 82 |
| 9 | 18 | 82 |
| 10 | 19 | 81 |
| 11 | 19 | 81 |
| 12 | 18 | 82 |
| 13 | 18 | 82 |
| 14 | 18 | 82 |
| 15 | 19 | 81 |
| 16 | 18 | 82 |
| 17 | 18 | 82 |
| 18 | 18 | 82 |
| 19 | 18 | 82 |
| 20 | 19 | 81 |
| 21 | 19 | 81 |
| 22 | 18 | 82 |
| 23 | 18 | 82 |
| 24 | 18 | 82 |
| 25 | 18 | 82 |
| 26 | 19 | 81 |
| 27 | 20 | 80 |
| 28 | 20 | 80 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Nanganga gets around 186 mm of rain over 19.4 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 70% and peaks near 75% on the wettest days. The odds climb toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 66 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 69 | 69 | 70 | 70 | 71 | 71 | 71 | 71 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 74 | 74 | 75 | 75 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 66 |
| 2 | 67 |
| 3 | 67 |
| 4 | 67 |
| 5 | 67 |
| 6 | 67 |
| 7 | 67 |
| 8 | 68 |
| 9 | 68 |
| 10 | 68 |
| 11 | 69 |
| 12 | 69 |
| 13 | 70 |
| 14 | 70 |
| 15 | 71 |
| 16 | 71 |
| 17 | 71 |
| 18 | 71 |
| 19 | 72 |
| 20 | 72 |
| 21 | 72 |
| 22 | 73 |
| 23 | 73 |
| 24 | 73 |
| 25 | 74 |
| 26 | 74 |
| 27 | 75 |
| 28 | 75 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels oppressive — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the oppressive band about 73% of days. Sticky, muggy-or-worse air turns up on roughly 100% of them.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Muggy (%) | 34 | 33 | 32 | 32 | 31 | 30 | 30 | 29 | 28 | 28 | 27 | 26 | 26 | 25 | 25 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 |
| Oppressive (%) | 66 | 67 | 68 | 68 | 69 | 70 | 70 | 71 | 72 | 72 | 73 | 74 | 74 | 75 | 75 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 |
| Muggy (%) | Oppressive (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 34 | 66 |
| 2 | 33 | 67 |
| 3 | 32 | 68 |
| 4 | 32 | 68 |
| 5 | 31 | 69 |
| 6 | 30 | 70 |
| 7 | 30 | 70 |
| 8 | 29 | 71 |
| 9 | 28 | 72 |
| 10 | 28 | 72 |
| 11 | 27 | 73 |
| 12 | 26 | 74 |
| 13 | 26 | 74 |
| 14 | 25 | 75 |
| 15 | 25 | 75 |
| 16 | 24 | 76 |
| 17 | 24 | 76 |
| 18 | 24 | 76 |
| 19 | 24 | 76 |
| 20 | 24 | 76 |
| 21 | 24 | 76 |
| 22 | 24 | 76 |
| 23 | 24 | 76 |
| 24 | 24 | 76 |
| 25 | 24 | 76 |
| 26 | 24 | 76 |
| 27 | 24 | 76 |
| 28 | 24 | 76 |
Wind in February
Winds average 7 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 6 km/h on the calmest days to 8 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8 | calm |
| 2 | 8 | calm |
| 3 | 8 | calm |
| 4 | 8 | calm |
| 5 | 8 | calm |
| 6 | 7 | calm |
| 7 | 7 | calm |
| 8 | 7 | calm |
| 9 | 7 | calm |
| 10 | 7 | calm |
| 11 | 7 | calm |
| 12 | 7 | calm |
| 13 | 7 | calm |
| 14 | 7 | calm |
| 15 | 7 | calm |
| 16 | 7 | calm |
| 17 | 7 | calm |
| 18 | 7 | calm |
| 19 | 7 | calm |
| 20 | 7 | calm |
| 21 | 7 | calm |
| 22 | 7 | calm |
| 23 | 7 | calm |
| 24 | 7 | calm |
| 25 | 6 | calm |
| 26 | 6 | calm |
| 27 | 6 | calm |
| 28 | 6 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 12 h 30 min at the start of February to 12 h 12 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 18 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 6:23 AM to 6:30 AM, and sunset from 6:50 PM to 6:44 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 12.5 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:23 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:30 | 6:30 | 6:30 | 6:30 | 6:30 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:50 | 6:50 | 6:50 | 6:50 | 6:50 | 6:50 | 6:50 | 6:50 | 6:50 | 6:49 | 6:49 | 6:49 | 6:49 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:47 | 6:47 | 6:47 | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:45 | 6:45 | 6:44 | 6:44 | 6:44 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12.5 | 6:23 | 6:50 |
| 2 | 12.4 | 6:24 | 6:50 |
| 3 | 12.4 | 6:24 | 6:50 |
| 4 | 12.4 | 6:24 | 6:50 |
| 5 | 12.4 | 6:25 | 6:50 |
| 6 | 12.4 | 6:25 | 6:50 |
| 7 | 12.4 | 6:25 | 6:50 |
| 8 | 12.4 | 6:26 | 6:50 |
| 9 | 12.4 | 6:26 | 6:50 |
| 10 | 12.4 | 6:26 | 6:49 |
| 11 | 12.4 | 6:27 | 6:49 |
| 12 | 12.4 | 6:27 | 6:49 |
| 13 | 12.4 | 6:27 | 6:49 |
| 14 | 12.3 | 6:28 | 6:48 |
| 15 | 12.3 | 6:28 | 6:48 |
| 16 | 12.3 | 6:28 | 6:48 |
| 17 | 12.3 | 6:28 | 6:48 |
| 18 | 12.3 | 6:28 | 6:47 |
| 19 | 12.3 | 6:29 | 6:47 |
| 20 | 12.3 | 6:29 | 6:47 |
| 21 | 12.3 | 6:29 | 6:46 |
| 22 | 12.3 | 6:29 | 6:46 |
| 23 | 12.3 | 6:29 | 6:46 |
| 24 | 12.3 | 6:30 | 6:45 |
| 25 | 12.3 | 6:30 | 6:45 |
| 26 | 12.2 | 6:30 | 6:44 |
| 27 | 12.2 | 6:30 | 6:44 |
| 28 | 12.2 | 6:30 | 6:44 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 5.28 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.98 kWh/m² to a high of 6.32 kWh/m² in October across the year — February's 5.28 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 5.2 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 2 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 3 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 4 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 5 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 6 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 7 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 9 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 10 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 11 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 12 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 13 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 14 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 15 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 16 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 17 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 18 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 19 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 20 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 21 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 24 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 25 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 26 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 27 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 28 | 5.2 | Bright |
Hazard calendar for Nanganga
In February, Nanganga sits inside its monsoon season. The full year is below, with each hazard's peak months called out.
Nanganga's monsoon runs December–April, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is February a good time to visit Nanganga?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a reasonable time to visit Nanganga for sightseeing.
What to pack for Nanganga in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Nanganga sees daytime highs around 29°C and nights near 21°C. Pack light clothes and rain gear. Worth having: sun protection. About 19 days see rain.
UV index in Nanganga in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 14 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Nanganga peaks around March 13 at about 15 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near July 10 at about 9 (very high).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 13 | 14 | 15 | 13 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 14 | 13 | 13 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | Very high | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 13 | Extreme |
| Feb | 14 | Extreme |
| Mar | 15 | Extreme |
| Apr | 13 | Extreme |
| May | 10 | Very high |
| Jun | 10 | Very high |
| Jul | 9 | Very high |
| Aug | 11 | Extreme |
| Sep | 13 | Extreme |
| Oct | 14 | Extreme |
| Nov | 13 | Extreme |
| Dec | 13 | Extreme |
Air quality in Nanganga in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Nanganga is worst in July — around 18 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), about 1.9× the cleanest month (May, 10 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 13 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 12 | 18 | 18 | 11 | 10 | 12 | 10 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Good | Good | Good | Good | Moderate | Moderate | Good | Good | Good | Good |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 13 | Moderate |
| Feb | 12 | Moderate |
| Mar | 11 | Good |
| Apr | 11 | Good |
| May | 10 | Good |
| Jun | 12 | Good |
| Jul | 18 | Moderate |
| Aug | 18 | Moderate |
| Sep | 11 | Good |
| Oct | 10 | Good |
| Nov | 12 | Good |
| Dec | 10 | Good |
Where is Nanganga?
Nanganga sits at 10.4°S, 39.1°E, 214 m above sea level, in Tanzania. The nearest listed city is Nyangao, 16 km away.
Topography around Nanganga
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Nanganga.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Nanganga has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 90 m around an average of 221 m above sea level; within 16 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 687 m; within 80 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 936 m.
The land around Nanganga is covered by grassland (37%), shrubs (31%) and cropland (22%) within 3 km, trees (43%), shrubs (25%) and grassland (20%) within 16 km, and trees (47%), shrubs (22%) and grassland (22%) within 80 km.
Tanzania travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 3
- Reconsider Travel
- Power plugs
- Type D / G
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 29% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $1,319
- 2025
- Happiness
- 3.9 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 31%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 3.7
- per 100k, 2020
- Road deaths
- 31.1
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Lower middle
- World Bank
- English
- Low
- EF EPI 479
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Nanganga (-10.3833°, 39.15°, elevation 214 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).