Sepuka weather in February
In February, Sepuka sees average daytime highs of 28°C and overnight lows near 18°C, with 96 mm of rain across 14.4 wet days and about 12.2 hours of daylight. It is the 6th-warmest and 4th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 28°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 22% of the time in February, and the air most often feels humid.
Daylight stretches from about 12 h 12 min at the start of February to 12 h 06 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Sepuka's 11th-clearest and 11th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Sepuka's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 28°
- 6th warmest
- Overnight low
- 18°
- 9th coldest
- Rainfall
- 96 mm
- 14.4 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 h 12 min
- 6:52 AM – 7:01 PM
- Cloud cover
- 65%
- 11th clearest
- Wind
- 9 km/h
- 11th windiest
- Solar energy
- 6.34 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 5.5
- out of 10
Sepuka is ward in Singida, Tanzania.
- Density
- 194/km²
- people per km²
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 28°C through the month.
A typical February day in Sepuka reaches about 28°C in the afternoon and slips back to 18°C overnight — a 10°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 25°C and 31°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs on par with January and on par with March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 |
| Avg low (°C) | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 27 | 18 |
| 2 | 27 | 18 |
| 3 | 27 | 18 |
| 4 | 27 | 18 |
| 5 | 27 | 18 |
| 6 | 27 | 18 |
| 7 | 27 | 18 |
| 8 | 27 | 18 |
| 9 | 27 | 18 |
| 10 | 27 | 18 |
| 11 | 27 | 18 |
| 12 | 27 | 18 |
| 13 | 27 | 18 |
| 14 | 28 | 18 |
| 15 | 28 | 18 |
| 16 | 28 | 18 |
| 17 | 28 | 18 |
| 18 | 28 | 18 |
| 19 | 28 | 18 |
| 20 | 28 | 18 |
| 21 | 28 | 18 |
| 22 | 28 | 18 |
| 23 | 28 | 18 |
| 24 | 28 | 18 |
| 25 | 28 | 18 |
| 26 | 28 | 18 |
| 27 | 28 | 18 |
| 28 | 28 | 18 |
Sepuka weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 6th-warmest and 4th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 27° / 18° | 136 | 18.1 | 12.2 | 5.3 |
| Feb | 28° / 18° | 96 | 14.4 | 12.2 | 5.5 |
| Mar | 28° / 18° | 113 | 14.8 | 12 | 5.7 |
| Apr | 27° / 18° | 70 | 9.2 | 11.9 | 6.5 |
| May | 27° / 17° | 11 | 2.1 | 11.8 | 7.7 |
| Jun | 27° / 16° | 0 | 0.1 | 11.7 | 8.2 |
| Jul | 26° / 15° | 0 | 0 | 11.8 | 8.4 |
| Aug | 28° / 15° | 0 | 0 | 11.8 | 8.1 |
| Sep | 29° / 16° | 1 | 0.2 | 12 | 7.1 |
| Oct | 30° / 18° | 6 | 1.3 | 12.1 | 6.1 |
| Nov | 30° / 18° | 58 | 6.5 | 12.2 | 5.5 |
| Dec | 28° / 18° | 129 | 15.3 | 12.3 | 5.4 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 22% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 18% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 60%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 39 | 40 | 40 | 41 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 43 | 43 | 44 | 44 | 45 | 45 | 44 |
| Cloudier (%) | 63 | 63 | 63 | 63 | 63 | 63 | 62 | 62 | 62 | 62 | 62 | 62 | 61 | 60 | 61 | 60 | 60 | 59 | 59 | 58 | 57 | 57 | 57 | 56 | 56 | 55 | 55 | 56 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 37 | 63 |
| 2 | 37 | 63 |
| 3 | 37 | 63 |
| 4 | 37 | 63 |
| 5 | 37 | 63 |
| 6 | 37 | 63 |
| 7 | 38 | 62 |
| 8 | 38 | 62 |
| 9 | 38 | 62 |
| 10 | 38 | 62 |
| 11 | 38 | 62 |
| 12 | 38 | 62 |
| 13 | 39 | 61 |
| 14 | 40 | 60 |
| 15 | 39 | 61 |
| 16 | 40 | 60 |
| 17 | 40 | 60 |
| 18 | 41 | 59 |
| 19 | 41 | 59 |
| 20 | 42 | 58 |
| 21 | 43 | 57 |
| 22 | 43 | 57 |
| 23 | 43 | 57 |
| 24 | 44 | 56 |
| 25 | 44 | 56 |
| 26 | 45 | 55 |
| 27 | 45 | 55 |
| 28 | 44 | 56 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Sepuka gets around 96 mm of rain over 14.4 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 52% and peaks near 53% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 53 | 53 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 51 | 51 | 51 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 51 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 53 |
| 2 | 53 |
| 3 | 52 |
| 4 | 52 |
| 5 | 52 |
| 6 | 52 |
| 7 | 52 |
| 8 | 52 |
| 9 | 51 |
| 10 | 51 |
| 11 | 51 |
| 12 | 52 |
| 13 | 52 |
| 14 | 52 |
| 15 | 52 |
| 16 | 52 |
| 17 | 52 |
| 18 | 52 |
| 19 | 52 |
| 20 | 52 |
| 21 | 52 |
| 22 | 52 |
| 23 | 52 |
| 24 | 52 |
| 25 | 52 |
| 26 | 52 |
| 27 | 52 |
| 28 | 51 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels humid — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the humid band about 59% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 12 |
| Comfortable (%) | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 22 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 21 | 21 | 22 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 26 | 27 | 27 |
| Humid (%) | 61 | 61 | 61 | 60 | 59 | 60 | 60 | 59 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 59 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 59 | 59 | 59 | 59 | 58 | 58 | 58 | 58 | 57 | 56 | 56 | 56 |
| Muggy (%) | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | Humid (%) | Muggy (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11 | 25 | 61 | 3 |
| 2 | 11 | 25 | 61 | 3 |
| 3 | 11 | 25 | 61 | 3 |
| 4 | 12 | 25 | 60 | 3 |
| 5 | 13 | 25 | 59 | 3 |
| 6 | 13 | 24 | 60 | 3 |
| 7 | 14 | 23 | 60 | 3 |
| 8 | 15 | 23 | 59 | 3 |
| 9 | 15 | 22 | 60 | 3 |
| 10 | 16 | 21 | 60 | 3 |
| 11 | 16 | 21 | 60 | 3 |
| 12 | 16 | 21 | 59 | 4 |
| 13 | 16 | 20 | 60 | 4 |
| 14 | 16 | 20 | 60 | 4 |
| 15 | 16 | 20 | 60 | 4 |
| 16 | 16 | 20 | 60 | 4 |
| 17 | 16 | 21 | 59 | 4 |
| 18 | 16 | 21 | 59 | 4 |
| 19 | 15 | 22 | 59 | 4 |
| 20 | 15 | 22 | 59 | 4 |
| 21 | 15 | 23 | 58 | 4 |
| 22 | 14 | 24 | 58 | 4 |
| 23 | 14 | 24 | 58 | 4 |
| 24 | 13 | 25 | 58 | 4 |
| 25 | 13 | 26 | 57 | 4 |
| 26 | 13 | 26 | 56 | 5 |
| 27 | 12 | 27 | 56 | 5 |
| 28 | 12 | 27 | 56 | 5 |
Wind in February
Winds average 9 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 8 km/h on the calmest days to 9 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8 | calm |
| 2 | 8 | calm |
| 3 | 8 | calm |
| 4 | 8 | calm |
| 5 | 8 | calm |
| 6 | 8 | calm |
| 7 | 8 | calm |
| 8 | 8 | calm |
| 9 | 8 | calm |
| 10 | 8 | calm |
| 11 | 8 | calm |
| 12 | 8 | calm |
| 13 | 9 | calm |
| 14 | 9 | calm |
| 15 | 9 | calm |
| 16 | 9 | calm |
| 17 | 9 | calm |
| 18 | 9 | calm |
| 19 | 9 | calm |
| 20 | 9 | calm |
| 21 | 9 | calm |
| 22 | 9 | calm |
| 23 | 9 | calm |
| 24 | 9 | calm |
| 25 | 9 | calm |
| 26 | 9 | calm |
| 27 | 9 | calm |
| 28 | 9 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 12 h 12 min at the start of February to 12 h 06 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 6 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 6:49 AM to 6:52 AM, and sunset from 7:02 PM to 6:58 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:49 | 6:50 | 6:50 | 6:50 | 6:50 | 6:50 | 6:51 | 6:51 | 6:51 | 6:51 | 6:51 | 6:51 | 6:52 | 6:52 | 6:52 | 6:52 | 6:52 | 6:52 | 6:52 | 6:52 | 6:52 | 6:52 | 6:52 | 6:52 | 6:52 | 6:52 | 6:52 | 6:52 |
| Sunset (PM) | 7:02 | 7:02 | 7:02 | 7:02 | 7:02 | 7:02 | 7:02 | 7:02 | 7:02 | 7:02 | 7:02 | 7:01 | 7:01 | 7:01 | 7:01 | 7:01 | 7:01 | 7:01 | 7:00 | 7:00 | 7:00 | 7:00 | 7:00 | 6:59 | 6:59 | 6:59 | 6:59 | 6:58 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12.2 | 6:49 | 7:02 |
| 2 | 12.2 | 6:50 | 7:02 |
| 3 | 12.2 | 6:50 | 7:02 |
| 4 | 12.2 | 6:50 | 7:02 |
| 5 | 12.2 | 6:50 | 7:02 |
| 6 | 12.2 | 6:50 | 7:02 |
| 7 | 12.2 | 6:51 | 7:02 |
| 8 | 12.2 | 6:51 | 7:02 |
| 9 | 12.2 | 6:51 | 7:02 |
| 10 | 12.2 | 6:51 | 7:02 |
| 11 | 12.2 | 6:51 | 7:02 |
| 12 | 12.2 | 6:51 | 7:01 |
| 13 | 12.2 | 6:52 | 7:01 |
| 14 | 12.2 | 6:52 | 7:01 |
| 15 | 12.2 | 6:52 | 7:01 |
| 16 | 12.2 | 6:52 | 7:01 |
| 17 | 12.1 | 6:52 | 7:01 |
| 18 | 12.1 | 6:52 | 7:01 |
| 19 | 12.1 | 6:52 | 7:00 |
| 20 | 12.1 | 6:52 | 7:00 |
| 21 | 12.1 | 6:52 | 7:00 |
| 22 | 12.1 | 6:52 | 7:00 |
| 23 | 12.1 | 6:52 | 7:00 |
| 24 | 12.1 | 6:52 | 6:59 |
| 25 | 12.1 | 6:52 | 6:59 |
| 26 | 12.1 | 6:52 | 6:59 |
| 27 | 12.1 | 6:52 | 6:59 |
| 28 | 12.1 | 6:52 | 6:58 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 6.34 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 5.7 kWh/m² to a high of 7.12 kWh/m² in October across the year — February's 6.34 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 |
| Level | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 2 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 3 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 4 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 5 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 6 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 7 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 8 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 9 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 10 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 11 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 12 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 13 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 14 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 15 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 16 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 17 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 18 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 19 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 20 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 21 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 22 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 23 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 24 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 25 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 26 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 27 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 28 | 6.4 | Intense |
Hazard calendar for Sepuka
In February, Sepuka sits inside its rainy season season. The full year is below, with each hazard's peak months called out.
Sepuka's rainy season runs December–April, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is February a good time to visit Sepuka?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a reasonable time to visit Sepuka for sightseeing.
What to pack for Sepuka in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Sepuka sees daytime highs around 28°C and nights near 18°C. Pack light clothes, rain gear and sun protection. About 14 days see rain.
UV index in Sepuka in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 16 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Sepuka peaks around March 12 at about 16 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 17 at about 10 (extreme).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 14 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 12 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 13 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 14 | Extreme |
| Feb | 16 | Extreme |
| Mar | 16 | Extreme |
| Apr | 15 | Extreme |
| May | 12 | Extreme |
| Jun | 10 | Extreme |
| Jul | 11 | Extreme |
| Aug | 12 | Extreme |
| Sep | 13 | Extreme |
| Oct | 14 | Extreme |
| Nov | 14 | Extreme |
| Dec | 13 | Extreme |
Where is Sepuka?
Sepuka sits at 4.8°S, 34.5°E, 1,484 m above sea level, in Tanzania. The nearest listed city is Igugunu, 23 km away.
Topography around Sepuka
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Sepuka.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Sepuka has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 91 m around an average of 1,493 m above sea level; within 16 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 259 m; within 80 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 843 m.
The land around Sepuka is covered by cropland (49%) and grassland (37%) within 3 km, cropland (42%), grassland (28%) and shrubs (27%) within 16 km, and cropland (43%) and shrubs (21%) within 80 km.
Tanzania travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 3
- Reconsider Travel
- Power plugs
- Type D / G
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 29% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $1,319
- 2025
- Happiness
- 3.9 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 31%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 3.7
- per 100k, 2020
- Road deaths
- 31.1
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Lower middle
- World Bank
- English
- Low
- EF EPI 479
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Sepuka (-4.75°, 34.5333°, elevation 1,484 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).