Çat weather in June
In June, Çat sees average daytime highs of 20°C and overnight lows near 7°C, with 68 mm of rain across 11.8 wet days and about 14.7 hours of daylight. It is the 4th-warmest and 9th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about 18°C in the first days to 22°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 53% of the time in June, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 14 h 36 min at the start of June to 14 h 48 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, June is Çat's 4th-clearest and 1st-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Çat's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 20°
- 4th warmest
- Overnight low
- 7°
- 10th coldest
- Rainfall
- 68 mm
- 11.8 wet days
- Daylight
- 14 h 48 min
- 3:53 AM – 6:40 PM
- Cloud cover
- 38%
- 4th clearest
- Wind
- 8 km/h
- 1st windiest
- Solar energy
- 7.45 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 6.3
- out of 10
Çat is district of Erzurum, eastern Turkey.
- Density
- 11/km²
- people per km²
- Founded
- 1954
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in June
Highs climb over the month, from about 18°C in the first days to 22°C by the end.
A typical June day in Çat reaches about 20°C in the afternoon and slips back to 7°C overnight — a 13°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 16°C and 23°C. Set against its neighbours, June runs about 6°C warmer than May and about 4°C cooler than July.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 17 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 22 | 22 | 22 |
| Avg low (°C) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 17 | 5 |
| 2 | 17 | 5 |
| 3 | 18 | 5 |
| 4 | 18 | 5 |
| 5 | 18 | 5 |
| 6 | 18 | 6 |
| 7 | 18 | 6 |
| 8 | 19 | 6 |
| 9 | 19 | 6 |
| 10 | 19 | 6 |
| 11 | 19 | 6 |
| 12 | 19 | 6 |
| 13 | 19 | 6 |
| 14 | 20 | 7 |
| 15 | 20 | 7 |
| 16 | 20 | 7 |
| 17 | 20 | 7 |
| 18 | 20 | 7 |
| 19 | 20 | 7 |
| 20 | 20 | 7 |
| 21 | 21 | 7 |
| 22 | 21 | 8 |
| 23 | 21 | 8 |
| 24 | 21 | 8 |
| 25 | 21 | 8 |
| 26 | 21 | 8 |
| 27 | 21 | 8 |
| 28 | 22 | 8 |
| 29 | 22 | 8 |
| 30 | 22 | 9 |
How June really feels in Çat
Once humidity and wind are folded in, June averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
June sits comfortably in between — no days that feel dangerously hot or drop to a hard freeze once humidity and wind are folded in.
Çat weather by month
How June compares with the rest of the year at a glance. June is the 4th-warmest and 9th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | -4° / -12° | 81 | 10.4 | 11.6 | 9.5 | 0.0 |
| Feb | -2° / -10° | 83 | 11 | 11.9 | 10.4 | 0.0 |
| Mar | 2° / -6° | 117 | 14.3 | 14 | 11.7 | 0.0 |
| Apr | 7° / -2° | 119 | 16.1 | 10.5 | 13 | 0.7 |
| May | 14° / 2° | 129 | 19.6 | 2.6 | 14.1 | 3.2 |
| Jun | 20° / 7° | 68 | 11.8 | 0 | 14.7 | 6.3 |
| Jul | 24° / 10° | 43 | 7.2 | 0 | 14.5 | 7.9 |
| Aug | 25° / 10° | 30 | 5.7 | 0 | 13.6 | 8.3 |
| Sep | 20° / 6° | 31 | 5.5 | 0.1 | 12.3 | 7.5 |
| Oct | 13° / 2° | 71 | 11.1 | 2 | 10.9 | 3.8 |
| Nov | 5° / -5° | 74 | 8.4 | 7.5 | 9.8 | 0.3 |
| Dec | -2° / -10° | 81 | 10.1 | 11.3 | 9.3 | 0.0 |
Cloud cover in June
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 53% of the time in June.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 23% of June, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 24%. Skies tend to open up as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 64 | 65 | 66 | 67 | 69 | 69 | 71 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 73 | 74 | 75 | 75 | 76 | 77 | 77 | 78 | 78 | 80 | 80 | 81 | 82 | 83 | 84 | 85 | 86 | 87 | 88 | 88 |
| Cloudier (%) | 36 | 35 | 34 | 33 | 31 | 31 | 29 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 27 | 26 | 25 | 25 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 22 | 22 | 20 | 20 | 19 | 18 | 17 | 16 | 15 | 14 | 13 | 12 | 12 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 64 | 36 |
| 2 | 65 | 35 |
| 3 | 66 | 34 |
| 4 | 67 | 33 |
| 5 | 69 | 31 |
| 6 | 69 | 31 |
| 7 | 71 | 29 |
| 8 | 72 | 28 |
| 9 | 72 | 28 |
| 10 | 72 | 28 |
| 11 | 73 | 27 |
| 12 | 74 | 26 |
| 13 | 75 | 25 |
| 14 | 75 | 25 |
| 15 | 76 | 24 |
| 16 | 77 | 23 |
| 17 | 77 | 23 |
| 18 | 78 | 22 |
| 19 | 78 | 22 |
| 20 | 80 | 20 |
| 21 | 80 | 20 |
| 22 | 81 | 19 |
| 23 | 82 | 18 |
| 24 | 83 | 17 |
| 25 | 84 | 16 |
| 26 | 85 | 15 |
| 27 | 86 | 14 |
| 28 | 87 | 13 |
| 29 | 88 | 12 |
| 30 | 88 | 12 |
Chance of precipitation in June
Çat gets around 68 mm of rain over 11.8 wet days in June. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 40% and peaks near 53% on the wettest days. The odds ease toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 53 | 52 | 51 | 49 | 48 | 47 | 46 | 45 | 44 | 43 | 43 | 42 | 41 | 41 | 40 | 39 | 38 | 37 | 37 | 36 | 35 | 34 | 33 | 32 | 32 | 31 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 29 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 53 |
| 2 | 52 |
| 3 | 51 |
| 4 | 49 |
| 5 | 48 |
| 6 | 47 |
| 7 | 46 |
| 8 | 45 |
| 9 | 44 |
| 10 | 43 |
| 11 | 43 |
| 12 | 42 |
| 13 | 41 |
| 14 | 41 |
| 15 | 40 |
| 16 | 39 |
| 17 | 38 |
| 18 | 37 |
| 19 | 37 |
| 20 | 36 |
| 21 | 35 |
| 22 | 34 |
| 23 | 33 |
| 24 | 32 |
| 25 | 32 |
| 26 | 31 |
| 27 | 30 |
| 28 | 30 |
| 29 | 30 |
| 30 | 29 |
Humidity in June
Most of June feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, June lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
| 29 | 100 |
| 30 | 100 |
Wind in June
Winds average 8 km/h in June, the windiest month of the year.
Across June, daily wind ranges from about 8 km/h on the calmest days to 8 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8 | calm |
| 2 | 8 | calm |
| 3 | 8 | calm |
| 4 | 8 | calm |
| 5 | 8 | calm |
| 6 | 8 | calm |
| 7 | 8 | calm |
| 8 | 8 | calm |
| 9 | 8 | calm |
| 10 | 8 | calm |
| 11 | 8 | calm |
| 12 | 8 | calm |
| 13 | 8 | calm |
| 14 | 8 | calm |
| 15 | 8 | calm |
| 16 | 8 | calm |
| 17 | 8 | calm |
| 18 | 8 | calm |
| 19 | 8 | calm |
| 20 | 8 | calm |
| 21 | 8 | calm |
| 22 | 8 | calm |
| 23 | 8 | calm |
| 24 | 8 | calm |
| 25 | 8 | calm |
| 26 | 8 | calm |
| 27 | 8 | calm |
| 28 | 8 | calm |
| 29 | 8 | calm |
| 30 | 8 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in June
Daylight runs from about 14 h 36 min at the start of June to 14 h 48 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 12 minutes over June. Sunrise moves from 3:56 AM to 3:56 AM, and sunset from 6:31 PM to 6:43 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 14.6 | 14.6 | 14.6 | 14.6 | 14.7 | 14.7 | 14.7 | 14.7 | 14.7 | 14.7 | 14.7 | 14.7 | 14.8 | 14.8 | 14.8 | 14.8 | 14.8 | 14.8 | 14.8 | 14.8 | 14.8 | 14.8 | 14.8 | 14.8 | 14.8 | 14.8 | 14.8 | 14.8 | 14.8 | 14.8 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 3:56 | 3:56 | 3:55 | 3:55 | 3:55 | 3:54 | 3:54 | 3:54 | 3:54 | 3:53 | 3:53 | 3:53 | 3:53 | 3:53 | 3:53 | 3:53 | 3:53 | 3:53 | 3:53 | 3:53 | 3:53 | 3:54 | 3:54 | 3:54 | 3:54 | 3:55 | 3:55 | 3:55 | 3:56 | 3:56 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:31 | 6:32 | 6:33 | 6:33 | 6:34 | 6:35 | 6:35 | 6:36 | 6:36 | 6:37 | 6:38 | 6:38 | 6:39 | 6:39 | 6:39 | 6:40 | 6:40 | 6:41 | 6:41 | 6:41 | 6:41 | 6:42 | 6:42 | 6:42 | 6:42 | 6:42 | 6:42 | 6:43 | 6:43 | 6:43 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 14.6 | 3:56 | 6:31 |
| 2 | 14.6 | 3:56 | 6:32 |
| 3 | 14.6 | 3:55 | 6:33 |
| 4 | 14.6 | 3:55 | 6:33 |
| 5 | 14.7 | 3:55 | 6:34 |
| 6 | 14.7 | 3:54 | 6:35 |
| 7 | 14.7 | 3:54 | 6:35 |
| 8 | 14.7 | 3:54 | 6:36 |
| 9 | 14.7 | 3:54 | 6:36 |
| 10 | 14.7 | 3:53 | 6:37 |
| 11 | 14.7 | 3:53 | 6:38 |
| 12 | 14.7 | 3:53 | 6:38 |
| 13 | 14.8 | 3:53 | 6:39 |
| 14 | 14.8 | 3:53 | 6:39 |
| 15 | 14.8 | 3:53 | 6:39 |
| 16 | 14.8 | 3:53 | 6:40 |
| 17 | 14.8 | 3:53 | 6:40 |
| 18 | 14.8 | 3:53 | 6:41 |
| 19 | 14.8 | 3:53 | 6:41 |
| 20 | 14.8 | 3:53 | 6:41 |
| 21 | 14.8 | 3:53 | 6:41 |
| 22 | 14.8 | 3:54 | 6:42 |
| 23 | 14.8 | 3:54 | 6:42 |
| 24 | 14.8 | 3:54 | 6:42 |
| 25 | 14.8 | 3:54 | 6:42 |
| 26 | 14.8 | 3:55 | 6:42 |
| 27 | 14.8 | 3:55 | 6:42 |
| 28 | 14.8 | 3:55 | 6:43 |
| 29 | 14.8 | 3:56 | 6:43 |
| 30 | 14.8 | 3:56 | 6:43 |
Solar energy in June
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in June, about 7.45 kWh/m² — the sunniest month for solar.
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 2.16 kWh/m² to a high of 7.45 kWh/m² in June across the year — June's 7.45 kWh/m² sits near the top of that range.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 7.2 | 7.2 | 7.2 | 7.2 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.6 | 7.6 | 7.6 | 7.6 | 7.6 | 7.6 | 7.6 |
| Level | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 7.2 | Intense |
| 2 | 7.2 | Intense |
| 3 | 7.2 | Intense |
| 4 | 7.2 | Intense |
| 5 | 7.3 | Intense |
| 6 | 7.3 | Intense |
| 7 | 7.3 | Intense |
| 8 | 7.3 | Intense |
| 9 | 7.4 | Intense |
| 10 | 7.4 | Intense |
| 11 | 7.4 | Intense |
| 12 | 7.4 | Intense |
| 13 | 7.4 | Intense |
| 14 | 7.4 | Intense |
| 15 | 7.5 | Intense |
| 16 | 7.5 | Intense |
| 17 | 7.5 | Intense |
| 18 | 7.5 | Intense |
| 19 | 7.5 | Intense |
| 20 | 7.5 | Intense |
| 21 | 7.5 | Intense |
| 22 | 7.5 | Intense |
| 23 | 7.5 | Intense |
| 24 | 7.6 | Intense |
| 25 | 7.6 | Intense |
| 26 | 7.6 | Intense |
| 27 | 7.6 | Intense |
| 28 | 7.6 | Intense |
| 29 | 7.6 | Intense |
| 30 | 7.6 | Intense |
Is June a good time to visit Çat?
Our two travel scores rate June for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
June is a reasonable time to visit Çat for sightseeing.
What to pack for Çat in June
From June's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In June, Çat sees daytime highs around 20°C and nights near 7°C. Pack sun protection. Worth having: a warm layer and rain gear. About 12 days see rain.
UV index in Çat in June
Clear-sky midday UV in June peaks around 11 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Çat peaks around August 12 at about 11 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 22 at about 2 (moderate).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 9 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 3 | 4 | 4 | 7 | 8 | 11 | 10 | 11 | 8 | 5 | 3 | 2 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Very high | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | High | Moderate | Moderate |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 3 | Moderate |
| Feb | 4 | Moderate |
| Mar | 4 | Moderate |
| Apr | 7 | Very high |
| May | 8 | Very high |
| Jun | 11 | Extreme |
| Jul | 10 | Extreme |
| Aug | 11 | Extreme |
| Sep | 8 | Very high |
| Oct | 5 | High |
| Nov | 3 | Moderate |
| Dec | 2 | Moderate |
Air quality in Çat in June
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where June falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Çat is worst in May — around 20 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), about 2.2× the cleanest month (January, 9 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 9 | 12 | 16 | 20 | 20 | 17 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 14 | 11 | 9 |
| Level | Good | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Good | Good | Good | Moderate | Good | Good |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 9 | Good |
| Feb | 12 | Moderate |
| Mar | 16 | Moderate |
| Apr | 20 | Moderate |
| May | 20 | Moderate |
| Jun | 17 | Moderate |
| Jul | 12 | Good |
| Aug | 12 | Good |
| Sep | 12 | Good |
| Oct | 14 | Moderate |
| Nov | 11 | Good |
| Dec | 9 | Good |
Where is Çat?
Çat sits at 39.6°N, 41.0°E, 1,894 m above sea level, in Turkey. The nearest listed city is Aşkale, 42 km away.
Topography around Çat
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Çat.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Çat has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 196 m around an average of 1,933 m above sea level; within 16 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,391 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,205 m.
The land around Çat is covered by grassland (51%) and cropland (45%) within 3 km, grassland (88%) within 16 km, and grassland (84%) within 80 km.
Turkey travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type C / F
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 41% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $18,599
- 2025
- Happiness
- 5.3 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Homicide rate
- 3.2
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 6.7
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Low
- EF EPI 488
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Çat (39.6064°, 40.9684°, elevation 1,894 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).