Trabzon weather in February
In February, Trabzon sees average daytime highs of 8°C and overnight lows near 3°C, with 97 mm of precipitation across 13.8 wet days and about 10.4 hours of daylight. It is the 11th-warmest and 12th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 8°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 22% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 9 h 48 min at the start of February to 10 h 54 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Trabzon's 10th-clearest and 3rd-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Trabzon's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 8°
- 11th warmest
- Overnight low
- 3°
- 1st coldest
- Precipitation
- 97 mm
- 13.8 wet days
- Daylight
- 10 h 24 min
- 6:25 AM – 4:47 PM
- Cloud cover
- 67%
- 10th clearest
- Wind
- 10 km/h
- 3rd windiest
- Solar energy
- 2.79 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 1.2
- out of 10
Trabzon is city in Turkey.
- Air quality
- Good
- PM10 28.5 µg/m³ · 2018
- Density
- 52/km²
- people per km²
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 8°C through the month.
A typical February day in Trabzon reaches about 8°C in the afternoon and slips back to 3°C overnight — a 5°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 2°C and 14°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs on par with January and about 2°C cooler than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| Avg low (°C) | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8 | 3 |
| 2 | 8 | 3 |
| 3 | 8 | 3 |
| 4 | 8 | 3 |
| 5 | 8 | 3 |
| 6 | 8 | 3 |
| 7 | 8 | 3 |
| 8 | 8 | 3 |
| 9 | 8 | 3 |
| 10 | 8 | 3 |
| 11 | 8 | 3 |
| 12 | 8 | 3 |
| 13 | 8 | 3 |
| 14 | 8 | 3 |
| 15 | 8 | 3 |
| 16 | 8 | 3 |
| 17 | 8 | 3 |
| 18 | 8 | 3 |
| 19 | 8 | 3 |
| 20 | 8 | 4 |
| 21 | 8 | 4 |
| 22 | 9 | 4 |
| 23 | 9 | 4 |
| 24 | 9 | 4 |
| 25 | 9 | 4 |
| 26 | 9 | 4 |
| 27 | 9 | 4 |
| 28 | 9 | 4 |
Trabzon weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 11th-warmest and 12th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 8° / 4° | 120 | 15.4 | 7.4 | 9.4 | 1.2 |
| Feb | 8° / 3° | 97 | 13.8 | 7.2 | 10.4 | 1.2 |
| Mar | 10° / 5° | 130 | 16.9 | 6 | 11.7 | 1.9 |
| Apr | 14° / 8° | 131 | 17.2 | 0.7 | 13.1 | 3.2 |
| May | 18° / 13° | 164 | 17.9 | 0 | 14.3 | 4.7 |
| Jun | 21° / 17° | 141 | 16.2 | 0 | 14.9 | 5.7 |
| Jul | 24° / 20° | 121 | 15.4 | 0 | 14.6 | 6.2 |
| Aug | 24° / 20° | 153 | 17.4 | 0 | 13.6 | 5.8 |
| Sep | 22° / 17° | 220 | 17.3 | 0 | 12.3 | 5.5 |
| Oct | 19° / 14° | 232 | 17.5 | 0 | 10.9 | 5.0 |
| Nov | 14° / 9° | 145 | 13.6 | 1.5 | 9.7 | 3.8 |
| Dec | 10° / 6° | 117 | 14.2 | 4.3 | 9.1 | 2.1 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 22% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 11% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 67%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 34 | 33 | 33 | 34 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 35 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 33 | 32 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 |
| Cloudier (%) | 69 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 68 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 66 | 67 | 67 | 66 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 65 | 66 | 66 | 66 | 66 | 66 | 67 | 68 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 67 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 31 | 69 |
| 2 | 31 | 69 |
| 3 | 31 | 69 |
| 4 | 31 | 69 |
| 5 | 32 | 68 |
| 6 | 33 | 67 |
| 7 | 33 | 67 |
| 8 | 33 | 67 |
| 9 | 34 | 66 |
| 10 | 33 | 67 |
| 11 | 33 | 67 |
| 12 | 34 | 66 |
| 13 | 33 | 67 |
| 14 | 33 | 67 |
| 15 | 33 | 67 |
| 16 | 35 | 65 |
| 17 | 34 | 66 |
| 18 | 34 | 66 |
| 19 | 34 | 66 |
| 20 | 34 | 66 |
| 21 | 34 | 66 |
| 22 | 33 | 67 |
| 23 | 32 | 68 |
| 24 | 33 | 67 |
| 25 | 33 | 67 |
| 26 | 33 | 67 |
| 27 | 33 | 67 |
| 28 | 33 | 67 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Trabzon gets around 97 mm of rain and snow over 13.8 wet days in February, the driest month. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 50% and peaks near 51% on the wettest days, and about 7 days bring snow.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 51 | 51 | 51 | 51 | 51 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 50 |
| Snow chance (%) | 31 | 30 | 30 | 29 | 29 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 22 |
| Rain chance (%) | Snow chance (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 51 | 31 |
| 2 | 51 | 30 |
| 3 | 51 | 30 |
| 4 | 51 | 29 |
| 5 | 51 | 29 |
| 6 | 50 | 28 |
| 7 | 50 | 28 |
| 8 | 50 | 28 |
| 9 | 50 | 27 |
| 10 | 50 | 27 |
| 11 | 50 | 27 |
| 12 | 50 | 27 |
| 13 | 50 | 26 |
| 14 | 50 | 26 |
| 15 | 50 | 26 |
| 16 | 50 | 26 |
| 17 | 50 | 26 |
| 18 | 50 | 26 |
| 19 | 50 | 26 |
| 20 | 50 | 25 |
| 21 | 50 | 25 |
| 22 | 50 | 25 |
| 23 | 50 | 24 |
| 24 | 50 | 24 |
| 25 | 49 | 24 |
| 26 | 49 | 23 |
| 27 | 49 | 23 |
| 28 | 50 | 22 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
Wind in February
Winds average 10 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 10 km/h on the calmest days to 11 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11 | calm |
| 2 | 11 | calm |
| 3 | 11 | calm |
| 4 | 10 | calm |
| 5 | 10 | calm |
| 6 | 10 | calm |
| 7 | 10 | calm |
| 8 | 10 | calm |
| 9 | 10 | calm |
| 10 | 10 | calm |
| 11 | 10 | calm |
| 12 | 10 | calm |
| 13 | 10 | calm |
| 14 | 10 | calm |
| 15 | 10 | calm |
| 16 | 10 | calm |
| 17 | 10 | calm |
| 18 | 10 | calm |
| 19 | 10 | calm |
| 20 | 10 | calm |
| 21 | 10 | calm |
| 22 | 10 | calm |
| 23 | 10 | calm |
| 24 | 10 | calm |
| 25 | 10 | calm |
| 26 | 10 | calm |
| 27 | 10 | calm |
| 28 | 10 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 9 h 48 min at the start of February to 10 h 54 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 66 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 6:40 AM to 6:07 AM, and sunset from 4:30 PM to 5:02 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 9.8 | 9.9 | 9.9 | 9.9 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.1 | 10.1 | 10.1 | 10.2 | 10.2 | 10.2 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.9 | 10.9 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:40 | 6:39 | 6:38 | 6:37 | 6:36 | 6:35 | 6:34 | 6:33 | 6:32 | 6:31 | 6:29 | 6:28 | 6:27 | 6:26 | 6:25 | 6:23 | 6:22 | 6:21 | 6:19 | 6:18 | 6:17 | 6:15 | 6:14 | 6:13 | 6:11 | 6:10 | 6:08 | 6:07 |
| Sunset (PM) | 4:30 | 4:31 | 4:32 | 4:33 | 4:34 | 4:36 | 4:37 | 4:38 | 4:39 | 4:41 | 4:42 | 4:43 | 4:44 | 4:46 | 4:47 | 4:48 | 4:49 | 4:50 | 4:52 | 4:53 | 4:54 | 4:55 | 4:56 | 4:58 | 4:59 | 5:00 | 5:01 | 5:02 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 9.8 | 6:40 | 4:30 |
| 2 | 9.9 | 6:39 | 4:31 |
| 3 | 9.9 | 6:38 | 4:32 |
| 4 | 9.9 | 6:37 | 4:33 |
| 5 | 10.0 | 6:36 | 4:34 |
| 6 | 10.0 | 6:35 | 4:36 |
| 7 | 10.1 | 6:34 | 4:37 |
| 8 | 10.1 | 6:33 | 4:38 |
| 9 | 10.1 | 6:32 | 4:39 |
| 10 | 10.2 | 6:31 | 4:41 |
| 11 | 10.2 | 6:29 | 4:42 |
| 12 | 10.2 | 6:28 | 4:43 |
| 13 | 10.3 | 6:27 | 4:44 |
| 14 | 10.3 | 6:26 | 4:46 |
| 15 | 10.4 | 6:25 | 4:47 |
| 16 | 10.4 | 6:23 | 4:48 |
| 17 | 10.5 | 6:22 | 4:49 |
| 18 | 10.5 | 6:21 | 4:50 |
| 19 | 10.5 | 6:19 | 4:52 |
| 20 | 10.6 | 6:18 | 4:53 |
| 21 | 10.6 | 6:17 | 4:54 |
| 22 | 10.7 | 6:15 | 4:55 |
| 23 | 10.7 | 6:14 | 4:56 |
| 24 | 10.8 | 6:13 | 4:58 |
| 25 | 10.8 | 6:11 | 4:59 |
| 26 | 10.8 | 6:10 | 5:00 |
| 27 | 10.9 | 6:08 | 5:01 |
| 28 | 10.9 | 6:07 | 5:02 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 2.79 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 1.61 kWh/m² to a high of 6.02 kWh/m² in June across the year — February's 2.79 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.3 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2.3 | Moderate |
| 2 | 2.3 | Moderate |
| 3 | 2.4 | Moderate |
| 4 | 2.4 | Moderate |
| 5 | 2.4 | Moderate |
| 6 | 2.5 | Moderate |
| 7 | 2.5 | Moderate |
| 8 | 2.5 | Moderate |
| 9 | 2.6 | Moderate |
| 10 | 2.6 | Moderate |
| 11 | 2.6 | Moderate |
| 12 | 2.7 | Moderate |
| 13 | 2.7 | Moderate |
| 14 | 2.8 | Moderate |
| 15 | 2.8 | Moderate |
| 16 | 2.8 | Moderate |
| 17 | 2.9 | Moderate |
| 18 | 2.9 | Moderate |
| 19 | 2.9 | Moderate |
| 20 | 3.0 | Moderate |
| 21 | 3.0 | Moderate |
| 22 | 3.0 | Moderate |
| 23 | 3.1 | Moderate |
| 24 | 3.1 | Moderate |
| 25 | 3.2 | Moderate |
| 26 | 3.2 | Moderate |
| 27 | 3.2 | Moderate |
| 28 | 3.3 | Moderate |
Is February a good time to visit Trabzon?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Trabzon.
What to pack for Trabzon in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Trabzon sees daytime highs around 8°C and nights near 3°C. Pack a warm layer and rain gear. Worth having: a heavy coat. About 14 days see rain.
Sea temperature near Trabzon in February
The nearest coast averages about 9°C in February — the other half of the beach question. The full-year curve and swim-comfort zones are below.
The sea at the nearest coast (about 16 km away) is warmest in August at about 26°C and coldest in February near 9°C.
It's comfortable for a long swim from Jun 9 to Oct 19 — about 4.4 months when the water holds above 20°C.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sea temperature (°C) | 10 | 9 | 9 | 11 | 16 | 21 | 25 | 26 | 24 | 21 | 16 | 13 |
| Comfort | Bracing | Bracing | Bracing | Bracing | Cool | Refreshing | Warm | Warm | Warm | Refreshing | Cool | Bracing |
| Sea temperature (°C) | Comfort | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 10 | Bracing |
| Feb | 9 | Bracing |
| Mar | 9 | Bracing |
| Apr | 11 | Bracing |
| May | 16 | Cool |
| Jun | 21 | Refreshing |
| Jul | 25 | Warm |
| Aug | 26 | Warm |
| Sep | 24 | Warm |
| Oct | 21 | Refreshing |
| Nov | 16 | Cool |
| Dec | 13 | Bracing |
UV index in Trabzon in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 3. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Trabzon peaks around June 22 at about 8 (very high) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 22 at about 2 (low).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 7 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 2 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 4 | 2 | 2 |
| Level | Low | Moderate | Moderate | High | High | Very high | Very high | Very high | High | Moderate | Moderate | Low |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 2 | Low |
| Feb | 3 | Moderate |
| Mar | 3 | Moderate |
| Apr | 6 | High |
| May | 7 | High |
| Jun | 8 | Very high |
| Jul | 8 | Very high |
| Aug | 8 | Very high |
| Sep | 7 | High |
| Oct | 4 | Moderate |
| Nov | 2 | Moderate |
| Dec | 2 | Low |
Where is Trabzon?
Trabzon sits at 41.0°N, 39.7°E, 39 m above sea level, in Turkey. The nearest listed city is Yomra, 12 km away.
Topography around Trabzon
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Trabzon.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Trabzon has significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 321 m around an average of 64 m above sea level; within 16 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,217 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 3,201 m.
The land around Trabzon is covered by water (46%) and artificial surfaces (33%) within 3 km, water (53%) and trees (39%) within 16 km, and trees (39%), water (35%) and grassland (25%) within 80 km.
Turkey travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type C / F
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 41% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $18,599
- 2025
- Happiness
- 5.3 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Homicide rate
- 3.2
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 6.7
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Low
- EF EPI 488
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Trabzon (41.005°, 39.7269°, elevation 39 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. Sea temperatures are the NOAA OISST v2.1 1991–2020 monthly climatology (public domain), sampled at the nearest ocean point. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).