Berezan weather in July

In July, Berezan sees average daytime highs of 26°C and overnight lows near 16°C, with 75 mm of rain across 10.8 wet days and about 15.7 hours of daylight. It is the 1st-warmest and 1st-wettest month of the year here.

Highs climb over the month, from about 25°C in the first days to 27°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 36% of the time in July, and the air most often feels comfortable.

Daylight stretches from about 16 h 06 min at the start of July to 15 h 12 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, July is Berezan's 2nd-clearest and 11th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Berezan's year-round climate.

Daytime high: 26°; 1st warmest
Overnight low: 16°; 12th coldest
Rainfall: 75 mm; 10.8 wet days
Daylight: 15 h 48 min; 4:06 AM – 7:53 PM
Cloud cover: 52%; 2nd clearest
Wind: 10 km/h; 11th windiest
Solar energy: 5.72 kWh/m²
Travel score: 6.7; out of 10

Berezan is town in Ukraine.

Density: 492/km²; people per km²
Founded: 1616

Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.

← June Berezan year-round climate August →Best places to visit in July

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Temperature in July

Average highAverage lowShaded bands: 10–90% of days

Highs climb over the month, from about 25°C in the first days to 27°C by the end.

A typical July day in Berezan reaches about 26°C in the afternoon and slips back to 16°C overnight — a 10°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 21°C and 31°C. Set against its neighbours, July runs about 2°C warmer than June and on par with August.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Avg high (°C)	25	25	25	25	25	25	25	25	26	26	26	26	26	26	26	26	26	26	26	26	26	27	27	27	27	27	27	27	27	27	27
Avg low (°C)	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	16	16	16	16	16	16	16	16	16	16	16	16	16	16	16	16	16	16	16	16	16	16	16

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	25	15
2	25	15
3	25	15
4	25	15
5	25	15
6	25	15
7	25	15
8	25	15
9	26	16
10	26	16
11	26	16
12	26	16
13	26	16
14	26	16
15	26	16
16	26	16
17	26	16
18	26	16
19	26	16
20	26	16
21	26	16
22	27	16
23	27	16
24	27	16
25	27	16
26	27	16
27	27	16
28	27	16
29	27	16
30	27	16
31	27	16

How July really feels in Berezan

Once humidity and wind are folded in, July averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.

Days feeling ≥ 32°C

heat index over the day's high

Days feeling ≤ 0°C

wind chill below the day's low

July sits comfortably in between — no days that feel dangerously hot or drop to a hard freeze once humidity and wind are folded in.

Berezan weather by month

How July compares with the rest of the year at a glance. July is the 1st-warmest and 1st-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.

Month	High / Low (°C)	Rainfall (mm)	Wet days	Snow days	Daylight (hours)	Travel score
Jan	-1° / -6°	35	8.5	6.6	8.3	0.0
Feb	0° / -5°	33	7.8	6.1	9.7	0.0
Mar	6° / -1°	38	8.9	4	11.5	0.6
Apr	14° / 5°	42	8.7	0.5	13.5	4.2
May	21° / 10°	56	10.5	0	15.2	6.4
Jun	24° / 14°	64	10.2	0	16.1	6.9
Jul	26° / 16°	75	10.8	0	15.7	6.7
Aug	25° / 15°	46	7.5	0	14.3	7.3
Sep	20° / 10°	55	8.4	0	12.4	6.4
Oct	12° / 5°	43	8.2	0.3	10.5	3.4
Nov	5° / 0°	39	8	2.8	8.8	0.3
Dec	0° / -4°	41	8.7	6.1	7.9	0.0

Cloud cover in July

ClearMostly clearPartly cloudyMostly cloudyOvercast

The sky is clear or mostly clear about 36% of the time in July.

Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 25% of July, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 39%. Skies tend to open up as the month goes on.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Clearer (%)	53	53	55	55	55	57	57	58	58	59	59	60	60	61	62	62	63	63	65	65	66	65	65	66	66	66	66	64	64	64	64
Cloudier (%)	47	47	45	45	45	43	43	42	42	41	41	40	40	39	38	38	37	37	35	35	34	35	35	34	34	34	34	36	36	36	36

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	53	47
2	53	47
3	55	45
4	55	45
5	55	45
6	57	43
7	57	43
8	58	42
9	58	42
10	59	41
11	59	41
12	60	40
13	60	40
14	61	39
15	62	38
16	62	38
17	63	37
18	63	37
19	65	35
20	65	35
21	66	34
22	65	35
23	65	35
24	66	34
25	66	34
26	66	34
27	66	34
28	64	36
29	64	36
30	64	36
31	64	36

Chance of precipitation in July

Any precipitation

Berezan gets around 75 mm of rain over 10.8 wet days in July, the wettest month. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.

Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 35% and peaks near 37% on the wettest days. The odds ease toward the end of the month.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Rain chance (%)	37	37	37	37	37	37	37	37	37	37	37	37	37	37	37	37	36	36	35	35	34	33	33	33	32	31	31	30	29	29	28

	Rain chance (%)
1	37
2	37
3	37
4	37
5	37
6	37
7	37
8	37
9	37
10	37
11	37
12	37
13	37
14	37
15	37
16	37
17	36
18	36
19	35
20	35
21	34
22	33
23	33
24	33
25	32
26	31
27	31
28	30
29	29
30	29
31	28

Humidity in July

DryComfortableHumidMuggyOppressiveMiserable

Most of July feels comfortable — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.

By dew point, July lands in the comfortable band about 35% of days. Sticky, muggy-or-worse air turns up on roughly 8% of them.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Dry (%)	41	40	40	39	37	36	35	34	33	32	31	30	29	29	28	27	27	26	25	25	24	24	23	23	23	23	23	23	23	24	25
Comfortable (%)	31	32	32	33	33	34	35	35	36	37	37	37	37	37	37	37	37	37	37	37	37	36	36	35	35	34	34	34	34	34	34
Humid (%)	23	23	23	24	24	24	24	25	25	25	25	25	26	26	26	27	27	28	29	29	30	31	32	33	33	34	34	34	34	34	33
Muggy (%)	5	5	5	5	6	6	6	6	7	7	7	7	8	8	8	8	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	9	8	8

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)	Humid (%)	Muggy (%)
1	41	31	23	5
2	40	32	23	5
3	40	32	23	5
4	39	33	24	5
5	37	33	24	6
6	36	34	24	6
7	35	35	24	6
8	34	35	25	6
9	33	36	25	7
10	32	37	25	7
11	31	37	25	7
12	30	37	25	7
13	29	37	26	8
14	29	37	26	8
15	28	37	26	8
16	27	37	27	8
17	27	37	27	9
18	26	37	28	9
19	25	37	29	9
20	25	37	29	9
21	24	37	30	9
22	24	36	31	9
23	23	36	32	9
24	23	35	33	9
25	23	35	33	9
26	23	34	34	9
27	23	34	34	9
28	23	34	34	9
29	23	34	34	9
30	24	34	34	8
31	25	34	33	8

Wind in July

Winds average 10 km/h in July.

Across July, daily wind ranges from about 10 km/h on the calmest days to 11 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Wind speed (km/h)	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10
Feels	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm

	Wind speed (km/h)	Feels
1	11	calm
2	11	calm
3	11	calm
4	11	calm
5	11	calm
6	11	calm
7	11	calm
8	10	calm
9	10	calm
10	10	calm
11	10	calm
12	10	calm
13	10	calm
14	10	calm
15	10	calm
16	10	calm
17	10	calm
18	10	calm
19	10	calm
20	10	calm
21	10	calm
22	10	calm
23	10	calm
24	10	calm
25	10	calm
26	10	calm
27	10	calm
28	10	calm
29	10	calm
30	10	calm
31	10	calm

Sunrise & sunset in July

DaylightNight

Daylight runs from about 16 h 06 min at the start of July to 15 h 12 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.

Days shrink by about 54 minutes over July. Sunrise moves from 3:53 AM to 4:25 AM, and sunset from 8:02 PM to 7:35 PM.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Daylight (h)	16.1	16.1	16.1	16.1	16.1	16.1	16.0	16.0	16.0	16.0	15.9	15.9	15.9	15.9	15.8	15.8	15.8	15.7	15.7	15.6	15.6	15.6	15.5	15.5	15.4	15.4	15.4	15.3	15.3	15.2	15.2
Sunrise (AM)	3:53	3:54	3:54	3:55	3:56	3:57	3:57	3:58	3:59	4:00	4:01	4:02	4:03	4:04	4:05	4:06	4:07	4:08	4:10	4:11	4:12	4:13	4:14	4:16	4:17	4:18	4:20	4:21	4:22	4:24	4:25
Sunset (PM)	8:02	8:02	8:01	8:01	8:01	8:00	8:00	7:59	7:59	7:58	7:57	7:57	7:56	7:55	7:54	7:53	7:52	7:51	7:50	7:49	7:48	7:47	7:46	7:45	7:44	7:42	7:41	7:40	7:38	7:37	7:35

	Daylight (h)	Sunrise (AM)	Sunset (PM)
1	16.1	3:53	8:02
2	16.1	3:54	8:02
3	16.1	3:54	8:01
4	16.1	3:55	8:01
5	16.1	3:56	8:01
6	16.1	3:57	8:00
7	16.0	3:57	8:00
8	16.0	3:58	7:59
9	16.0	3:59	7:59
10	16.0	4:00	7:58
11	15.9	4:01	7:57
12	15.9	4:02	7:57
13	15.9	4:03	7:56
14	15.9	4:04	7:55
15	15.8	4:05	7:54
16	15.8	4:06	7:53
17	15.8	4:07	7:52
18	15.7	4:08	7:51
19	15.7	4:10	7:50
20	15.6	4:11	7:49
21	15.6	4:12	7:48
22	15.6	4:13	7:47
23	15.5	4:14	7:46
24	15.5	4:16	7:45
25	15.4	4:17	7:44
26	15.4	4:18	7:42
27	15.4	4:20	7:41
28	15.3	4:21	7:40
29	15.3	4:22	7:38
30	15.2	4:24	7:37
31	15.2	4:25	7:35

Solar energy in July

Daily solar energy (kWh/m²)

Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in July, about 5.72 kWh/m².

For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 0.61 kWh/m² to a high of 5.9 kWh/m² in June across the year — July's 5.72 kWh/m² sits near the top of that range.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Solar energy (kWh/m²)	5.8	5.8	5.8	5.8	5.8	5.8	5.8	5.8	5.8	5.7	5.7	5.7	5.7	5.7	5.7	5.7	5.7	5.7	5.7	5.7	5.7	5.7	5.7	5.6	5.6	5.6	5.6	5.6	5.6	5.5	5.5
Level	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright

	Solar energy (kWh/m²)	Level
1	5.8	Bright
2	5.8	Bright
3	5.8	Bright
4	5.8	Bright
5	5.8	Bright
6	5.8	Bright
7	5.8	Bright
8	5.8	Bright
9	5.8	Bright
10	5.7	Bright
11	5.7	Bright
12	5.7	Bright
13	5.7	Bright
14	5.7	Bright
15	5.7	Bright
16	5.7	Bright
17	5.7	Bright
18	5.7	Bright
19	5.7	Bright
20	5.7	Bright
21	5.7	Bright
22	5.7	Bright
23	5.7	Bright
24	5.6	Bright
25	5.6	Bright
26	5.6	Bright
27	5.6	Bright
28	5.6	Bright
29	5.6	Bright
30	5.5	Bright
31	5.5	Bright

Planning a trip in July

Is July a good time to visit Berezan?

Our two travel scores rate July for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).

6.7

Sightseeing

3rd-best month of the year

6.4

Beach & pool

2nd-best month of the year

July is a reasonable time to visit Berezan for sightseeing. The water and warmth also suit a beach or pool day.

What to pack for Berezan in July

From July's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.

In July, Berezan sees daytime highs around 26°C and nights near 16°C. Worth packing: light clothes, rain gear and sun protection. About 11 days see rain.

light clothesrain gearsun protection

UV index in Berezan in July

LowModerateHighVery highExtreme

Clear-sky midday UV in July peaks around 7 — enough to warrant sun protection. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.

Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Berezan peaks around July 13 at about 7 (high) — sunscreen and a hat are worth it in the middle of the day. It bottoms out near December 19 at about 1 (low).

The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 6 months of the year.

	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
UV index (midday)	1	1	3	4	5	7	7	6	5	2	1	1
Level	Low	Low	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	High	High	High	Moderate	Moderate	Low	Low

	UV index (midday)	Level
Jan	1	Low
Feb	1	Low
Mar	3	Moderate
Apr	4	Moderate
May	5	Moderate
Jun	7	High
Jul	7	High
Aug	6	High
Sep	5	Moderate
Oct	2	Moderate
Nov	1	Low
Dec	1	Low

Location & terrain

Where is Berezan?

Berezan sits at 50.3°N, 31.5°E, 104 m above sea level, in Ukraine. The nearest listed city is Yahotyn, 21 km away.

Topography around Berezan

How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Berezan.

Within 3 km, the terrain around Berezan has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 29 m around an average of 104 m above sea level; within 16 km, only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 57 m; within 80 km, only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 190 m.

The land around Berezan is covered by cropland (32%), trees (31%) and grassland (25%) within 3 km, cropland (67%) within 16 km, and cropland (61%) and trees (22%) within 80 km.

3 km

29 m

cropland 32%

16 km

57 m

cropland 67%

80 km

190 m

cropland 61%

treesgrasslandcroplandartificial surfaceswaterwetland

← June Berezan year-round climate August →Best places to visit in July

July weather nearby: Yahotyn 21 km · Pereiaslav 27 km · Boryspil 37 km · Brovary 53 km · Bortnychi 55 km · Darnytsya 56 km · Darnytsya Car Repair Plant Microdistrict 58 km · Kharkivskyi Masyv 58 km

Ukraine travel facts

Travel advisory: Level 4; Do Not Travel
Power plugs: Type C / F; 230 V · 50 Hz
Prices: ≈ 31% of US; price level, 2025
GDP per capita: $5,866; 2025
Happiness: 4.7 / 10; World Happiness, 2025
Safe drinking water: 88%; of population, 2024
Homicide rate: 3.8; per 100k, 2021
Road deaths: 10.2; per 100k/yr, 2019
Income group: Upper middle; World Bank
English: Moderate; EF EPI 526

Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.

Data sources

Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Berezan (50.3107°, 31.4677°, elevation 104 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	25	15
2	25	15
3	25	15
4	25	15
5	25	15
6	25	15
7	25	15
8	25	15
9	26	16
10	26	16
11	26	16
12	26	16
13	26	16
14	26	16
15	26	16
16	26	16
17	26	16
18	26	16
19	26	16
20	26	16
21	26	16
22	27	16
23	27	16
24	27	16
25	27	16
26	27	16
27	27	16
28	27	16
29	27	16
30	27	16
31	27	16

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	53	47
2	53	47
3	55	45
4	55	45
5	55	45
6	57	43
7	57	43
8	58	42
9	58	42
10	59	41
11	59	41
12	60	40
13	60	40
14	61	39
15	62	38
16	62	38
17	63	37
18	63	37
19	65	35
20	65	35
21	66	34
22	65	35
23	65	35
24	66	34
25	66	34
26	66	34
27	66	34
28	64	36
29	64	36
30	64	36
31	64	36

	Rain chance (%)
1	37
2	37
3	37
4	37
5	37
6	37
7	37
8	37
9	37
10	37
11	37
12	37
13	37
14	37
15	37
16	37
17	36
18	36
19	35
20	35
21	34
22	33
23	33
24	33
25	32
26	31
27	31
28	30
29	29
30	29
31	28

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)	Humid (%)	Muggy (%)
1	41	31	23	5
2	40	32	23	5
3	40	32	23	5
4	39	33	24	5
5	37	33	24	6
6	36	34	24	6
7	35	35	24	6
8	34	35	25	6
9	33	36	25	7
10	32	37	25	7
11	31	37	25	7
12	30	37	25	7
13	29	37	26	8
14	29	37	26	8
15	28	37	26	8
16	27	37	27	8
17	27	37	27	9
18	26	37	28	9
19	25	37	29	9
20	25	37	29	9
21	24	37	30	9
22	24	36	31	9
23	23	36	32	9
24	23	35	33	9
25	23	35	33	9
26	23	34	34	9
27	23	34	34	9
28	23	34	34	9
29	23	34	34	9
30	24	34	34	8
31	25	34	33	8

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	25	15
2	25	15
3	25	15
4	25	15
5	25	15
6	25	15
7	25	15
8	25	15
9	26	16
10	26	16
11	26	16
12	26	16
13	26	16
14	26	16
15	26	16
16	26	16
17	26	16
18	26	16
19	26	16
20	26	16
21	26	16
22	27	16
23	27	16
24	27	16
25	27	16
26	27	16
27	27	16
28	27	16
29	27	16
30	27	16
31	27	16

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	53	47
2	53	47
3	55	45
4	55	45
5	55	45
6	57	43
7	57	43
8	58	42
9	58	42
10	59	41
11	59	41
12	60	40
13	60	40
14	61	39
15	62	38
16	62	38
17	63	37
18	63	37
19	65	35
20	65	35
21	66	34
22	65	35
23	65	35
24	66	34
25	66	34
26	66	34
27	66	34
28	64	36
29	64	36
30	64	36
31	64	36

	Rain chance (%)
1	37
2	37
3	37
4	37
5	37
6	37
7	37
8	37
9	37
10	37
11	37
12	37
13	37
14	37
15	37
16	37
17	36
18	36
19	35
20	35
21	34
22	33
23	33
24	33
25	32
26	31
27	31
28	30
29	29
30	29
31	28

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)	Humid (%)	Muggy (%)
1	41	31	23	5
2	40	32	23	5
3	40	32	23	5
4	39	33	24	5
5	37	33	24	6
6	36	34	24	6
7	35	35	24	6
8	34	35	25	6
9	33	36	25	7
10	32	37	25	7
11	31	37	25	7
12	30	37	25	7
13	29	37	26	8
14	29	37	26	8
15	28	37	26	8
16	27	37	27	8
17	27	37	27	9
18	26	37	28	9
19	25	37	29	9
20	25	37	29	9
21	24	37	30	9
22	24	36	31	9
23	23	36	32	9
24	23	35	33	9
25	23	35	33	9
26	23	34	34	9
27	23	34	34	9
28	23	34	34	9
29	23	34	34	9
30	24	34	34	8
31	25	34	33	8

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	25	15
2	25	15
3	25	15
4	25	15
5	25	15
6	25	15
7	25	15
8	25	15
9	26	16
10	26	16
11	26	16
12	26	16
13	26	16
14	26	16
15	26	16
16	26	16
17	26	16
18	26	16
19	26	16
20	26	16
21	26	16
22	27	16
23	27	16
24	27	16
25	27	16
26	27	16
27	27	16
28	27	16
29	27	16
30	27	16
31	27	16

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	53	47
2	53	47
3	55	45
4	55	45
5	55	45
6	57	43
7	57	43
8	58	42
9	58	42
10	59	41
11	59	41
12	60	40
13	60	40
14	61	39
15	62	38
16	62	38
17	63	37
18	63	37
19	65	35
20	65	35
21	66	34
22	65	35
23	65	35
24	66	34
25	66	34
26	66	34
27	66	34
28	64	36
29	64	36
30	64	36
31	64	36

	Rain chance (%)
1	37
2	37
3	37
4	37
5	37
6	37
7	37
8	37
9	37
10	37
11	37
12	37
13	37
14	37
15	37
16	37
17	36
18	36
19	35
20	35
21	34
22	33
23	33
24	33
25	32
26	31
27	31
28	30
29	29
30	29
31	28

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)	Humid (%)	Muggy (%)
1	41	31	23	5
2	40	32	23	5
3	40	32	23	5
4	39	33	24	5
5	37	33	24	6
6	36	34	24	6
7	35	35	24	6
8	34	35	25	6
9	33	36	25	7
10	32	37	25	7
11	31	37	25	7
12	30	37	25	7
13	29	37	26	8
14	29	37	26	8
15	28	37	26	8
16	27	37	27	8
17	27	37	27	9
18	26	37	28	9
19	25	37	29	9
20	25	37	29	9
21	24	37	30	9
22	24	36	31	9
23	23	36	32	9
24	23	35	33	9
25	23	35	33	9
26	23	34	34	9
27	23	34	34	9
28	23	34	34	9
29	23	34	34	9
30	24	34	34	8
31	25	34	33	8