Chortkiv weather in August

In August, Chortkiv sees average daytime highs of 25°C and overnight lows near 14°C, with 68 mm of rain across 10.9 wet days and about 14.2 hours of daylight. It is the 2nd-warmest and 4th-wettest month of the year here.

Highs ease over the month, from about 26°C in the first days to 23°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 36% of the time in August, and the air most often feels dry.

Daylight stretches from about 15 hours at the start of August to 13 h 18 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, August is Chortkiv's 1st-clearest and 12th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Chortkiv's year-round climate.

Daytime high: 25°; 2nd warmest
Overnight low: 14°; 11th coldest
Rainfall: 68 mm; 10.9 wet days
Daylight: 14 h 12 min; 5:15 AM – 7:27 PM
Cloud cover: 52%; 1st clearest
Wind: 10 km/h; 12th windiest
Solar energy: 4.78 kWh/m²
Travel score: 6.8; out of 10

Chortkiv is city of Ukraine.

Density: 946/km²; people per km²
Founded: 1427

Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.

← July Chortkiv year-round climate September →Best places to visit in August

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Temperature in August

Average highAverage lowShaded bands: 10–90% of days

Highs ease over the month, from about 26°C in the first days to 23°C by the end.

A typical August day in Chortkiv reaches about 25°C in the afternoon and slips back to 14°C overnight — a 11°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 20°C and 31°C. Set against its neighbours, August runs on par with July and about 5°C warmer than September.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Avg high (°C)	26	26	26	26	26	26	26	26	26	26	26	26	26	25	25	25	25	25	25	25	25	25	24	24	24	24	24	23	23	23	23
Avg low (°C)	16	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	14	14	14	14	14	14	14	14	14	14	13	13	13	13	13	13	12	12

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	26	16
2	26	15
3	26	15
4	26	15
5	26	15
6	26	15
7	26	15
8	26	15
9	26	15
10	26	15
11	26	15
12	26	15
13	26	15
14	25	14
15	25	14
16	25	14
17	25	14
18	25	14
19	25	14
20	25	14
21	25	14
22	25	14
23	24	14
24	24	13
25	24	13
26	24	13
27	24	13
28	23	13
29	23	13
30	23	12
31	23	12

How August really feels in Chortkiv

Once humidity and wind are folded in, August averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.

Days feeling ≥ 32°C

heat index over the day's high

Days feeling ≤ 0°C

wind chill below the day's low

August sits comfortably in between — no days that feel dangerously hot or drop to a hard freeze once humidity and wind are folded in.

Chortkiv weather by month

How August compares with the rest of the year at a glance. August is the 2nd-warmest and 4th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.

Month	High / Low (°C)	Rainfall (mm)	Wet days	Snow days	Daylight (hours)	Travel score
Jan	-0° / -5°	30	7.9	6.4	8.5	0.0
Feb	1° / -5°	33	8.1	6.4	9.8	0.0
Mar	7° / -1°	42	10.1	4.5	11.6	0.9
Apr	14° / 5°	51	10.7	0.9	13.4	4.1
May	20° / 10°	69	13.1	0	15	5.8
Jun	23° / 13°	91	13.6	0	15.9	6.2
Jul	25° / 15°	98	13.6	0	15.6	6.3
Aug	25° / 14°	68	10.9	0	14.2	6.8
Sep	20° / 10°	64	8.9	0	12.4	6.3
Oct	13° / 5°	44	7.7	0.4	10.5	3.8
Nov	6° / 1°	37	7.8	3	8.9	0.7
Dec	1° / -4°	35	8.5	5.9	8.1	0.0

Cloud cover in August

ClearMostly clearPartly cloudyMostly cloudyOvercast

The sky is clear or mostly clear about 36% of the time in August, the clearest month of the year.

Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 22% of August, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 42%.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Clearer (%)	57	58	58	58	59	59	59	59	59	59	60	60	61	61	61	60	61	61	60	60	61	60	59	59	58	57	56	55	53	53	51
Cloudier (%)	43	42	42	42	41	41	41	41	41	41	40	40	39	39	39	40	39	39	40	40	39	40	41	41	42	43	44	45	47	47	49

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	57	43
2	58	42
3	58	42
4	58	42
5	59	41
6	59	41
7	59	41
8	59	41
9	59	41
10	59	41
11	60	40
12	60	40
13	61	39
14	61	39
15	61	39
16	60	40
17	61	39
18	61	39
19	60	40
20	60	40
21	61	39
22	60	40
23	59	41
24	59	41
25	58	42
26	57	43
27	56	44
28	55	45
29	53	47
30	53	47
31	51	49

Chance of precipitation in August

Any precipitation

Chortkiv gets around 68 mm of rain over 10.9 wet days in August. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.

Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 35% and peaks near 41% on the wettest days. The odds ease toward the end of the month.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Rain chance (%)	41	41	40	40	39	39	38	38	37	37	36	36	35	35	34	34	33	33	33	32	32	32	32	32	32	32	32	32	32	32	31

	Rain chance (%)
1	41
2	41
3	40
4	40
5	39
6	39
7	38
8	38
9	37
10	37
11	36
12	36
13	35
14	35
15	34
16	34
17	33
18	33
19	33
20	32
21	32
22	32
23	32
24	32
25	32
26	32
27	32
28	32
29	32
30	32
31	31

Humidity in August

DryComfortableHumidMuggyOppressiveMiserable

Most of August feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.

By dew point, August lands in the dry band about 44% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Dry (%)	26	27	27	28	29	29	30	31	32	34	35	36	38	39	41	42	44	45	46	48	50	51	53	54	56	58	61	62	64	66	69
Comfortable (%)	36	36	37	37	38	38	38	39	39	39	39	38	38	38	37	37	36	36	35	35	34	34	33	33	32	31	30	29	28	27	26
Humid (%)	32	31	30	29	28	27	26	26	25	24	23	22	22	21	20	19	18	18	17	16	15	14	13	12	11	10	8	8	7	6	5
Muggy (%)	7	7	6	6	6	5	5	5	4	4	3	3	2	2	2	2	2	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)	Humid (%)	Muggy (%)
1	26	36	32	7
2	27	36	31	7
3	27	37	30	6
4	28	37	29	6
5	29	38	28	6
6	29	38	27	5
7	30	38	26	5
8	31	39	26	5
9	32	39	25	4
10	34	39	24	4
11	35	39	23	3
12	36	38	22	3
13	38	38	22	2
14	39	38	21	2
15	41	37	20	2
16	42	37	19	2
17	44	36	18	2
18	45	36	18	2
19	46	35	17	1
20	48	35	16	1
21	50	34	15	1
22	51	34	14	1
23	53	33	13	1
24	54	33	12	1
25	56	32	11	1
26	58	31	10	1
27	61	30	8	1
28	62	29	8	1
29	64	28	7	1
30	66	27	6	1
31	69	26	5	0

Wind in August

Winds average 10 km/h in August, the calmest month.

Across August, daily wind ranges from about 10 km/h on the calmest days to 11 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Wind speed (km/h)	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11
Feels	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm

	Wind speed (km/h)	Feels
1	10	calm
2	10	calm
3	10	calm
4	10	calm
5	10	calm
6	10	calm
7	10	calm
8	10	calm
9	10	calm
10	10	calm
11	10	calm
12	10	calm
13	10	calm
14	10	calm
15	10	calm
16	10	calm
17	10	calm
18	10	calm
19	10	calm
20	10	calm
21	10	calm
22	11	calm
23	11	calm
24	11	calm
25	11	calm
26	11	calm
27	11	calm
28	11	calm
29	11	calm
30	11	calm
31	11	calm

Sunrise & sunset in August

DaylightNight

Daylight runs from about 15 hours at the start of August to 13 h 18 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.

Days shrink by about 102 minutes over August. Sunrise moves from 4:54 AM to 5:37 AM, and sunset from 7:52 PM to 6:57 PM.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Daylight (h)	15.0	14.9	14.9	14.8	14.8	14.7	14.7	14.6	14.6	14.5	14.5	14.4	14.4	14.3	14.3	14.2	14.1	14.1	14.0	14.0	13.9	13.9	13.8	13.7	13.7	13.6	13.6	13.5	13.5	13.4	13.3
Sunrise (AM)	4:54	4:55	4:56	4:58	4:59	5:01	5:02	5:03	5:05	5:06	5:08	5:09	5:11	5:12	5:13	5:15	5:16	5:18	5:19	5:21	5:22	5:24	5:25	5:27	5:28	5:30	5:31	5:32	5:34	5:35	5:37
Sunset (PM)	7:52	7:50	7:49	7:47	7:46	7:44	7:43	7:41	7:39	7:38	7:36	7:34	7:32	7:31	7:29	7:27	7:25	7:23	7:21	7:19	7:17	7:15	7:13	7:11	7:09	7:07	7:05	7:03	7:01	6:59	6:57

	Daylight (h)	Sunrise (AM)	Sunset (PM)
1	15.0	4:54	7:52
2	14.9	4:55	7:50
3	14.9	4:56	7:49
4	14.8	4:58	7:47
5	14.8	4:59	7:46
6	14.7	5:01	7:44
7	14.7	5:02	7:43
8	14.6	5:03	7:41
9	14.6	5:05	7:39
10	14.5	5:06	7:38
11	14.5	5:08	7:36
12	14.4	5:09	7:34
13	14.4	5:11	7:32
14	14.3	5:12	7:31
15	14.3	5:13	7:29
16	14.2	5:15	7:27
17	14.1	5:16	7:25
18	14.1	5:18	7:23
19	14.0	5:19	7:21
20	14.0	5:21	7:19
21	13.9	5:22	7:17
22	13.9	5:24	7:15
23	13.8	5:25	7:13
24	13.7	5:27	7:11
25	13.7	5:28	7:09
26	13.6	5:30	7:07
27	13.6	5:31	7:05
28	13.5	5:32	7:03
29	13.5	5:34	7:01
30	13.4	5:35	6:59
31	13.3	5:37	6:57

Solar energy in August

Daily solar energy (kWh/m²)

Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in August, about 4.78 kWh/m².

For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 0.78 kWh/m² to a high of 5.63 kWh/m² in June across the year — August's 4.78 kWh/m² falls in the middle.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Solar energy (kWh/m²)	5.2	5.1	5.1	5.1	5.1	5.1	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.0	4.9	4.9	4.9	4.8	4.8	4.8	4.7	4.7	4.7	4.6	4.6	4.5	4.5	4.4	4.4	4.3	4.3	4.2	4.2	4.1
Level	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright

	Solar energy (kWh/m²)	Level
1	5.2	Bright
2	5.1	Bright
3	5.1	Bright
4	5.1	Bright
5	5.1	Bright
6	5.1	Bright
7	5.0	Bright
8	5.0	Bright
9	5.0	Bright
10	5.0	Bright
11	5.0	Bright
12	4.9	Bright
13	4.9	Bright
14	4.9	Bright
15	4.8	Bright
16	4.8	Bright
17	4.8	Bright
18	4.7	Bright
19	4.7	Bright
20	4.7	Bright
21	4.6	Bright
22	4.6	Bright
23	4.5	Bright
24	4.5	Bright
25	4.4	Bright
26	4.4	Bright
27	4.3	Bright
28	4.3	Bright
29	4.2	Bright
30	4.2	Bright
31	4.1	Bright

Planning a trip in August

Is August a good time to visit Chortkiv?

Our two travel scores rate August for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).

6.8

Sightseeing

1st-best month of the year

6.0

Beach & pool

1st-best month of the year

August is a reasonable time to visit Chortkiv for sightseeing. The water and warmth also suit a beach or pool day.

What to pack for Chortkiv in August

From August's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.

In August, Chortkiv sees daytime highs around 25°C and nights near 14°C. Worth packing: light clothes, rain gear and sun protection. About 11 days see rain.

light clothesrain gearsun protection

UV index in Chortkiv in August

LowModerateHighVery highExtreme

Clear-sky midday UV in August peaks around 7 — enough to warrant sun protection. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.

Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Chortkiv peaks around July 17 at about 7 (very high) — sunscreen and a hat are worth it in the middle of the day. It bottoms out near January 1 at about 1 (low).

The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 6 months of the year.

	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
UV index (midday)	1	2	3	5	5	7	7	7	5	2	1	1
Level	Low	Low	Moderate	Moderate	High	High	Very high	High	Moderate	Moderate	Low	Low

	UV index (midday)	Level
Jan	1	Low
Feb	2	Low
Mar	3	Moderate
Apr	5	Moderate
May	5	High
Jun	7	High
Jul	7	Very high
Aug	7	High
Sep	5	Moderate
Oct	2	Moderate
Nov	1	Low
Dec	1	Low

Location & terrain

Where is Chortkiv?

Chortkiv sits at 49.0°N, 25.8°E, 218 m above sea level, in Ukraine. The nearest listed city is Horodok, 58 km away.

Topography around Chortkiv

How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Chortkiv.

Within 3 km, the terrain around Chortkiv has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 146 m around an average of 284 m above sea level; within 16 km, only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 218 m; within 80 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 429 m.

The land around Chortkiv is covered by cropland (42%) and trees (28%) within 3 km, cropland (64%) and trees (26%) within 16 km, and cropland (68%) and trees (21%) within 80 km.

3 km

146 m

cropland 42%

16 km

218 m

cropland 64%

80 km

429 m

cropland 68%

treesgrasslandcroplandartificial surfaceswater

← July Chortkiv year-round climate September →Best places to visit in August

August weather nearby: Horodok 58 km · Ternopil 62 km · Volochysk 65 km · Kamianets-Podilskyi 69 km · Dunayivtsi 78 km · Kolomyia 78 km · Berezhany 79 km · Knyahynyn 80 km

Ukraine travel facts

Travel advisory: Level 4; Do Not Travel
Power plugs: Type C / F; 230 V · 50 Hz
Prices: ≈ 31% of US; price level, 2025
GDP per capita: $5,866; 2025
Happiness: 4.7 / 10; World Happiness, 2025
Safe drinking water: 88%; of population, 2024
Homicide rate: 3.8; per 100k, 2021
Road deaths: 10.2; per 100k/yr, 2019
Income group: Upper middle; World Bank
English: Moderate; EF EPI 526

Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.

Data sources

Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Chortkiv (49.017°, 25.7981°, elevation 218 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	26	16
2	26	15
3	26	15
4	26	15
5	26	15
6	26	15
7	26	15
8	26	15
9	26	15
10	26	15
11	26	15
12	26	15
13	26	15
14	25	14
15	25	14
16	25	14
17	25	14
18	25	14
19	25	14
20	25	14
21	25	14
22	25	14
23	24	14
24	24	13
25	24	13
26	24	13
27	24	13
28	23	13
29	23	13
30	23	12
31	23	12

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	57	43
2	58	42
3	58	42
4	58	42
5	59	41
6	59	41
7	59	41
8	59	41
9	59	41
10	59	41
11	60	40
12	60	40
13	61	39
14	61	39
15	61	39
16	60	40
17	61	39
18	61	39
19	60	40
20	60	40
21	61	39
22	60	40
23	59	41
24	59	41
25	58	42
26	57	43
27	56	44
28	55	45
29	53	47
30	53	47
31	51	49

	Rain chance (%)
1	41
2	41
3	40
4	40
5	39
6	39
7	38
8	38
9	37
10	37
11	36
12	36
13	35
14	35
15	34
16	34
17	33
18	33
19	33
20	32
21	32
22	32
23	32
24	32
25	32
26	32
27	32
28	32
29	32
30	32
31	31

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)	Humid (%)	Muggy (%)
1	26	36	32	7
2	27	36	31	7
3	27	37	30	6
4	28	37	29	6
5	29	38	28	6
6	29	38	27	5
7	30	38	26	5
8	31	39	26	5
9	32	39	25	4
10	34	39	24	4
11	35	39	23	3
12	36	38	22	3
13	38	38	22	2
14	39	38	21	2
15	41	37	20	2
16	42	37	19	2
17	44	36	18	2
18	45	36	18	2
19	46	35	17	1
20	48	35	16	1
21	50	34	15	1
22	51	34	14	1
23	53	33	13	1
24	54	33	12	1
25	56	32	11	1
26	58	31	10	1
27	61	30	8	1
28	62	29	8	1
29	64	28	7	1
30	66	27	6	1
31	69	26	5	0

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	26	16
2	26	15
3	26	15
4	26	15
5	26	15
6	26	15
7	26	15
8	26	15
9	26	15
10	26	15
11	26	15
12	26	15
13	26	15
14	25	14
15	25	14
16	25	14
17	25	14
18	25	14
19	25	14
20	25	14
21	25	14
22	25	14
23	24	14
24	24	13
25	24	13
26	24	13
27	24	13
28	23	13
29	23	13
30	23	12
31	23	12

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	57	43
2	58	42
3	58	42
4	58	42
5	59	41
6	59	41
7	59	41
8	59	41
9	59	41
10	59	41
11	60	40
12	60	40
13	61	39
14	61	39
15	61	39
16	60	40
17	61	39
18	61	39
19	60	40
20	60	40
21	61	39
22	60	40
23	59	41
24	59	41
25	58	42
26	57	43
27	56	44
28	55	45
29	53	47
30	53	47
31	51	49

	Rain chance (%)
1	41
2	41
3	40
4	40
5	39
6	39
7	38
8	38
9	37
10	37
11	36
12	36
13	35
14	35
15	34
16	34
17	33
18	33
19	33
20	32
21	32
22	32
23	32
24	32
25	32
26	32
27	32
28	32
29	32
30	32
31	31

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)	Humid (%)	Muggy (%)
1	26	36	32	7
2	27	36	31	7
3	27	37	30	6
4	28	37	29	6
5	29	38	28	6
6	29	38	27	5
7	30	38	26	5
8	31	39	26	5
9	32	39	25	4
10	34	39	24	4
11	35	39	23	3
12	36	38	22	3
13	38	38	22	2
14	39	38	21	2
15	41	37	20	2
16	42	37	19	2
17	44	36	18	2
18	45	36	18	2
19	46	35	17	1
20	48	35	16	1
21	50	34	15	1
22	51	34	14	1
23	53	33	13	1
24	54	33	12	1
25	56	32	11	1
26	58	31	10	1
27	61	30	8	1
28	62	29	8	1
29	64	28	7	1
30	66	27	6	1
31	69	26	5	0

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	26	16
2	26	15
3	26	15
4	26	15
5	26	15
6	26	15
7	26	15
8	26	15
9	26	15
10	26	15
11	26	15
12	26	15
13	26	15
14	25	14
15	25	14
16	25	14
17	25	14
18	25	14
19	25	14
20	25	14
21	25	14
22	25	14
23	24	14
24	24	13
25	24	13
26	24	13
27	24	13
28	23	13
29	23	13
30	23	12
31	23	12

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	57	43
2	58	42
3	58	42
4	58	42
5	59	41
6	59	41
7	59	41
8	59	41
9	59	41
10	59	41
11	60	40
12	60	40
13	61	39
14	61	39
15	61	39
16	60	40
17	61	39
18	61	39
19	60	40
20	60	40
21	61	39
22	60	40
23	59	41
24	59	41
25	58	42
26	57	43
27	56	44
28	55	45
29	53	47
30	53	47
31	51	49

	Rain chance (%)
1	41
2	41
3	40
4	40
5	39
6	39
7	38
8	38
9	37
10	37
11	36
12	36
13	35
14	35
15	34
16	34
17	33
18	33
19	33
20	32
21	32
22	32
23	32
24	32
25	32
26	32
27	32
28	32
29	32
30	32
31	31

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)	Humid (%)	Muggy (%)
1	26	36	32	7
2	27	36	31	7
3	27	37	30	6
4	28	37	29	6
5	29	38	28	6
6	29	38	27	5
7	30	38	26	5
8	31	39	26	5
9	32	39	25	4
10	34	39	24	4
11	35	39	23	3
12	36	38	22	3
13	38	38	22	2
14	39	38	21	2
15	41	37	20	2
16	42	37	19	2
17	44	36	18	2
18	45	36	18	2
19	46	35	17	1
20	48	35	16	1
21	50	34	15	1
22	51	34	14	1
23	53	33	13	1
24	54	33	12	1
25	56	32	11	1
26	58	31	10	1
27	61	30	8	1
28	62	29	8	1
29	64	28	7	1
30	66	27	6	1
31	69	26	5	0