Tokmak weather in August

In August, Tokmak sees average daytime highs of 29°C and overnight lows near 17°C, with 37 mm of rain across 5.4 wet days and about 14 hours of daylight. It is the 2nd-warmest and 8th-wettest month of the year here.

Highs ease over the month, from about 30°C in the first days to 26°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 58% of the time in August, and the air most often feels dry.

Daylight stretches from about 14 h 48 min at the start of August to 13 h 18 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, August is Tokmak's 1st-clearest and 9th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Tokmak's year-round climate.

Daytime high: 29°; 2nd warmest
Overnight low: 17°; 11th coldest
Rainfall: 37 mm; 5.4 wet days
Daylight: 14 h 06 min; 4:39 AM – 6:43 PM
Cloud cover: 37%; 1st clearest
Wind: 12 km/h; 9th windiest
Solar energy: 5.55 kWh/m²
Travel score: 6.7; out of 10

Tokmak is City in Zaporizhzhia Oblast, Ukraine.

Density: 911/km²; people per km²
Founded: 1784

Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.

← July Tokmak year-round climate September →Best places to visit in August

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Temperature in August

Average highAverage lowShaded bands: 10–90% of days

Highs ease over the month, from about 30°C in the first days to 26°C by the end.

A typical August day in Tokmak reaches about 29°C in the afternoon and slips back to 17°C overnight — a 12°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 23°C and 34°C. Set against its neighbours, August runs on par with July and about 6°C warmer than September.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Avg high (°C)	30	30	30	30	30	30	30	30	30	30	29	29	29	29	29	29	29	29	28	28	28	28	28	27	27	27	27	27	26	26	26
Avg low (°C)	18	18	18	18	18	18	18	18	18	18	18	17	17	17	17	17	17	17	17	16	16	16	16	16	16	15	15	15	15	15	14

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	30	18
2	30	18
3	30	18
4	30	18
5	30	18
6	30	18
7	30	18
8	30	18
9	30	18
10	30	18
11	29	18
12	29	17
13	29	17
14	29	17
15	29	17
16	29	17
17	29	17
18	29	17
19	28	17
20	28	16
21	28	16
22	28	16
23	28	16
24	27	16
25	27	16
26	27	15
27	27	15
28	27	15
29	26	15
30	26	15
31	26	14

How August really feels in Tokmak

Once humidity and wind are folded in, August averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.

Days feeling ≥ 32°C

heat index over the day's high

Days feeling ≤ 0°C

wind chill below the day's low

August sits comfortably in between — no days that feel dangerously hot or drop to a hard freeze once humidity and wind are folded in.

Tokmak weather by month

How August compares with the rest of the year at a glance. August is the 2nd-warmest and 8th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.

Month	High / Low (°C)	Rainfall (mm)	Wet days	Snow days	Daylight (hours)	Travel score
Jan	0° / -5°	36	7.8	5	8.7	0.0
Feb	2° / -5°	32	6.7	3.6	9.9	0.0
Mar	8° / -1°	38	8.8	3	11.6	1.1
Apr	15° / 5°	44	8.1	0.2	13.3	4.8
May	22° / 11°	52	9.7	0	14.8	6.8
Jun	26° / 16°	54	9.8	0	15.6	6.7
Jul	29° / 18°	41	7.4	0	15.3	6.2
Aug	29° / 17°	37	5.4	0	14	6.7
Sep	23° / 12°	39	6.3	0	12.4	7.5
Oct	15° / 6°	32	5.8	0.1	10.6	4.9
Nov	7° / 1°	35	6.6	1.4	9.1	0.9
Dec	2° / -3°	38	7.3	3	8.3	0.0

Cloud cover in August

ClearMostly clearPartly cloudyMostly cloudyOvercast

The sky is clear or mostly clear about 58% of the time in August, the clearest month of the year.

Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 17% of August, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 24%. Skies tend to cloud over as the month goes on.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Clearer (%)	81	81	81	80	80	79	79	79	79	77	77	77	77	76	76	76	76	75	75	75	75	75	74	74	73	72	72	71	70	69	68
Cloudier (%)	19	19	19	20	20	21	21	21	21	23	23	23	23	24	24	24	24	25	25	25	25	25	26	26	27	28	28	29	30	31	32

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	81	19
2	81	19
3	81	19
4	80	20
5	80	20
6	79	21
7	79	21
8	79	21
9	79	21
10	77	23
11	77	23
12	77	23
13	77	23
14	76	24
15	76	24
16	76	24
17	76	24
18	75	25
19	75	25
20	75	25
21	75	25
22	75	25
23	74	26
24	74	26
25	73	27
26	72	28
27	72	28
28	71	29
29	70	30
30	69	31
31	68	32

Chance of precipitation in August

Any precipitation

Tokmak gets around 37 mm of rain over 5.4 wet days in August. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.

Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 18% and peaks near 21% on the wettest days.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Rain chance (%)	19	19	19	19	19	19	18	18	18	18	17	17	17	16	16	16	16	16	16	16	16	16	17	17	17	18	18	19	19	20	21

	Rain chance (%)
1	19
2	19
3	19
4	19
5	19
6	19
7	18
8	18
9	18
10	18
11	17
12	17
13	17
14	16
15	16
16	16
17	16
18	16
19	16
20	16
21	16
22	16
23	17
24	17
25	17
26	18
27	18
28	19
29	19
30	20
31	21

Humidity in August

DryComfortableHumidMuggyOppressiveMiserable

Most of August feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.

By dew point, August lands in the dry band about 53% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Dry (%)	34	35	36	38	39	41	42	43	45	46	48	49	50	52	52	53	55	56	56	59	59	61	62	63	64	65	65	66	69	69	70
Comfortable (%)	31	30	30	30	30	29	29	29	29	29	29	29	29	28	28	28	27	27	27	26	26	25	25	24	24	23	23	22	21	21	20
Humid (%)	28	28	27	26	25	25	24	23	22	21	20	19	18	17	17	16	15	14	14	13	13	12	11	11	10	10	10	10	9	9	9
Muggy (%)	7	7	7	6	6	6	5	5	4	4	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	1	1	1

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)	Humid (%)	Muggy (%)
1	34	31	28	7
2	35	30	28	7
3	36	30	27	7
4	38	30	26	6
5	39	30	25	6
6	41	29	25	6
7	42	29	24	5
8	43	29	23	5
9	45	29	22	4
10	46	29	21	4
11	48	29	20	3
12	49	29	19	3
13	50	29	18	3
14	52	28	17	3
15	52	28	17	3
16	53	28	16	3
17	55	27	15	3
18	56	27	14	3
19	56	27	14	3
20	59	26	13	2
21	59	26	13	2
22	61	25	12	2
23	62	25	11	2
24	63	24	11	2
25	64	24	10	2
26	65	23	10	2
27	65	23	10	2
28	66	22	10	2
29	69	21	9	1
30	69	21	9	1
31	70	20	9	1

Wind in August

Winds average 12 km/h in August.

Across August, daily wind ranges from about 11 km/h on the calmest days to 12 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Wind speed (km/h)	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12
Feels	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	calm	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze

	Wind speed (km/h)	Feels
1	11	calm
2	11	calm
3	11	calm
4	11	calm
5	11	calm
6	11	calm
7	11	calm
8	11	calm
9	11	calm
10	11	calm
11	12	calm
12	12	calm
13	12	calm
14	12	calm
15	12	calm
16	12	calm
17	12	calm
18	12	calm
19	12	calm
20	12	calm
21	12	calm
22	12	calm
23	12	calm
24	12	calm
25	12	calm
26	12	calm
27	12	calm
28	12	calm
29	12	light breeze
30	12	light breeze
31	12	light breeze

Sunrise & sunset in August

DaylightNight

Daylight runs from about 14 h 48 min at the start of August to 13 h 18 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.

Days shrink by about 90 minutes over August. Sunrise moves from 4:20 AM to 5:00 AM, and sunset from 7:07 PM to 6:15 PM.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Daylight (h)	14.8	14.7	14.7	14.6	14.6	14.6	14.5	14.5	14.4	14.4	14.3	14.3	14.2	14.2	14.1	14.1	14.0	14.0	13.9	13.9	13.8	13.7	13.7	13.6	13.6	13.5	13.5	13.4	13.4	13.3	13.3
Sunrise (AM)	4:20	4:21	4:22	4:24	4:25	4:26	4:27	4:29	4:30	4:31	4:33	4:34	4:35	4:37	4:38	4:39	4:41	4:42	4:43	4:45	4:46	4:47	4:49	4:50	4:52	4:53	4:54	4:56	4:57	4:58	5:00
Sunset (PM)	7:07	7:05	7:04	7:03	7:01	7:00	6:58	6:56	6:55	6:53	6:52	6:50	6:48	6:47	6:45	6:43	6:41	6:40	6:38	6:36	6:34	6:32	6:30	6:28	6:27	6:25	6:23	6:21	6:19	6:17	6:15

	Daylight (h)	Sunrise (AM)	Sunset (PM)
1	14.8	4:20	7:07
2	14.7	4:21	7:05
3	14.7	4:22	7:04
4	14.6	4:24	7:03
5	14.6	4:25	7:01
6	14.6	4:26	7:00
7	14.5	4:27	6:58
8	14.5	4:29	6:56
9	14.4	4:30	6:55
10	14.4	4:31	6:53
11	14.3	4:33	6:52
12	14.3	4:34	6:50
13	14.2	4:35	6:48
14	14.2	4:37	6:47
15	14.1	4:38	6:45
16	14.1	4:39	6:43
17	14.0	4:41	6:41
18	14.0	4:42	6:40
19	13.9	4:43	6:38
20	13.9	4:45	6:36
21	13.8	4:46	6:34
22	13.7	4:47	6:32
23	13.7	4:49	6:30
24	13.6	4:50	6:28
25	13.6	4:52	6:27
26	13.5	4:53	6:25
27	13.5	4:54	6:23
28	13.4	4:56	6:21
29	13.4	4:57	6:19
30	13.3	4:58	6:17
31	13.3	5:00	6:15

Solar energy in August

Daily solar energy (kWh/m²)

Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in August, about 5.55 kWh/m².

For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 0.86 kWh/m² to a high of 6.32 kWh/m² in July across the year — August's 5.55 kWh/m² falls in the middle.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
Solar energy (kWh/m²)	6.1	6.0	6.0	6.0	6.0	6.0	5.9	5.9	5.8	5.8	5.8	5.7	5.7	5.7	5.6	5.6	5.5	5.5	5.4	5.4	5.3	5.3	5.2	5.2	5.1	5.1	5.0	5.0	4.9	4.8	4.8
Level	Intense	Intense	Intense	Intense	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright	Bright

	Solar energy (kWh/m²)	Level
1	6.1	Intense
2	6.0	Intense
3	6.0	Intense
4	6.0	Intense
5	6.0	Bright
6	6.0	Bright
7	5.9	Bright
8	5.9	Bright
9	5.8	Bright
10	5.8	Bright
11	5.8	Bright
12	5.7	Bright
13	5.7	Bright
14	5.7	Bright
15	5.6	Bright
16	5.6	Bright
17	5.5	Bright
18	5.5	Bright
19	5.4	Bright
20	5.4	Bright
21	5.3	Bright
22	5.3	Bright
23	5.2	Bright
24	5.2	Bright
25	5.1	Bright
26	5.1	Bright
27	5.0	Bright
28	5.0	Bright
29	4.9	Bright
30	4.8	Bright
31	4.8	Bright

Planning a trip in August

Is August a good time to visit Tokmak?

Our two travel scores rate August for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).

6.7

Sightseeing

3rd-best month of the year

7.9

Beach & pool

1st-best month of the year

August is a reasonable time to visit Tokmak for sightseeing. The water and warmth also suit a beach or pool day.

What to pack for Tokmak in August

From August's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.

In August, Tokmak sees daytime highs around 29°C and nights near 17°C. Pack light clothes. Worth having: sun protection. About 5 days see rain.

light clothessun protection

UV index in Tokmak in August

LowModerateHighVery highExtreme

Clear-sky midday UV in August peaks around 7 — enough to warrant sun protection. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.

Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Tokmak peaks around July 14 at about 8 (very high) — sunscreen and a hat are worth it in the middle of the day. It bottoms out near December 20 at about 1 (low).

The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 6 months of the year.

	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
UV index (midday)	1	2	3	5	5	7	8	7	5	3	1	1
Level	Low	Low	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Very high	Very high	High	High	Moderate	Low	Low

	UV index (midday)	Level
Jan	1	Low
Feb	2	Low
Mar	3	Moderate
Apr	5	Moderate
May	5	Moderate
Jun	7	Very high
Jul	8	Very high
Aug	7	High
Sep	5	High
Oct	3	Moderate
Nov	1	Low
Dec	1	Low

Location & terrain

Where is Tokmak?

Tokmak sits at 47.3°N, 35.7°E, 40 m above sea level, in Ukraine. The nearest listed city is Polohy, 48 km away.

Topography around Tokmak

How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Tokmak.

Within 3 km, the terrain around Tokmak has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 43 m around an average of 60 m above sea level; within 16 km, only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 120 m; within 80 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 359 m.

The land around Tokmak is covered by artificial surfaces (31%), grassland (30%) and cropland (23%) within 3 km, cropland (81%) within 16 km, and cropland (79%) within 80 km.

3 km

43 m

artificial surfaces 31%

16 km

120 m

cropland 81%

80 km

359 m

cropland 79%

treesgrasslandcroplandartificial surfaceswaterwetland

← July Tokmak year-round climate September →Best places to visit in August

August weather nearby: Polohy 48 km · Melitopol 52 km · Dniprorudne 55 km · Vilnyansk 80 km · Zaporizhzhya 80 km · Enerhodar 83 km · Marhanets 92 km · Berdyansk 99 km

Ukraine travel facts

Travel advisory: Level 4; Do Not Travel
Power plugs: Type C / F; 230 V · 50 Hz
Prices: ≈ 31% of US; price level, 2025
GDP per capita: $5,866; 2025
Happiness: 4.7 / 10; World Happiness, 2025
Safe drinking water: 88%; of population, 2024
Homicide rate: 3.8; per 100k, 2021
Road deaths: 10.2; per 100k/yr, 2019
Income group: Upper middle; World Bank
English: Moderate; EF EPI 526

Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.

Data sources

Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Tokmak (47.2555°, 35.7084°, elevation 40 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	30	18
2	30	18
3	30	18
4	30	18
5	30	18
6	30	18
7	30	18
8	30	18
9	30	18
10	30	18
11	29	18
12	29	17
13	29	17
14	29	17
15	29	17
16	29	17
17	29	17
18	29	17
19	28	17
20	28	16
21	28	16
22	28	16
23	28	16
24	27	16
25	27	16
26	27	15
27	27	15
28	27	15
29	26	15
30	26	15
31	26	14

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	81	19
2	81	19
3	81	19
4	80	20
5	80	20
6	79	21
7	79	21
8	79	21
9	79	21
10	77	23
11	77	23
12	77	23
13	77	23
14	76	24
15	76	24
16	76	24
17	76	24
18	75	25
19	75	25
20	75	25
21	75	25
22	75	25
23	74	26
24	74	26
25	73	27
26	72	28
27	72	28
28	71	29
29	70	30
30	69	31
31	68	32

	Rain chance (%)
1	19
2	19
3	19
4	19
5	19
6	19
7	18
8	18
9	18
10	18
11	17
12	17
13	17
14	16
15	16
16	16
17	16
18	16
19	16
20	16
21	16
22	16
23	17
24	17
25	17
26	18
27	18
28	19
29	19
30	20
31	21

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)	Humid (%)	Muggy (%)
1	34	31	28	7
2	35	30	28	7
3	36	30	27	7
4	38	30	26	6
5	39	30	25	6
6	41	29	25	6
7	42	29	24	5
8	43	29	23	5
9	45	29	22	4
10	46	29	21	4
11	48	29	20	3
12	49	29	19	3
13	50	29	18	3
14	52	28	17	3
15	52	28	17	3
16	53	28	16	3
17	55	27	15	3
18	56	27	14	3
19	56	27	14	3
20	59	26	13	2
21	59	26	13	2
22	61	25	12	2
23	62	25	11	2
24	63	24	11	2
25	64	24	10	2
26	65	23	10	2
27	65	23	10	2
28	66	22	10	2
29	69	21	9	1
30	69	21	9	1
31	70	20	9	1

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	30	18
2	30	18
3	30	18
4	30	18
5	30	18
6	30	18
7	30	18
8	30	18
9	30	18
10	30	18
11	29	18
12	29	17
13	29	17
14	29	17
15	29	17
16	29	17
17	29	17
18	29	17
19	28	17
20	28	16
21	28	16
22	28	16
23	28	16
24	27	16
25	27	16
26	27	15
27	27	15
28	27	15
29	26	15
30	26	15
31	26	14

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	81	19
2	81	19
3	81	19
4	80	20
5	80	20
6	79	21
7	79	21
8	79	21
9	79	21
10	77	23
11	77	23
12	77	23
13	77	23
14	76	24
15	76	24
16	76	24
17	76	24
18	75	25
19	75	25
20	75	25
21	75	25
22	75	25
23	74	26
24	74	26
25	73	27
26	72	28
27	72	28
28	71	29
29	70	30
30	69	31
31	68	32

	Rain chance (%)
1	19
2	19
3	19
4	19
5	19
6	19
7	18
8	18
9	18
10	18
11	17
12	17
13	17
14	16
15	16
16	16
17	16
18	16
19	16
20	16
21	16
22	16
23	17
24	17
25	17
26	18
27	18
28	19
29	19
30	20
31	21

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)	Humid (%)	Muggy (%)
1	34	31	28	7
2	35	30	28	7
3	36	30	27	7
4	38	30	26	6
5	39	30	25	6
6	41	29	25	6
7	42	29	24	5
8	43	29	23	5
9	45	29	22	4
10	46	29	21	4
11	48	29	20	3
12	49	29	19	3
13	50	29	18	3
14	52	28	17	3
15	52	28	17	3
16	53	28	16	3
17	55	27	15	3
18	56	27	14	3
19	56	27	14	3
20	59	26	13	2
21	59	26	13	2
22	61	25	12	2
23	62	25	11	2
24	63	24	11	2
25	64	24	10	2
26	65	23	10	2
27	65	23	10	2
28	66	22	10	2
29	69	21	9	1
30	69	21	9	1
31	70	20	9	1

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	30	18
2	30	18
3	30	18
4	30	18
5	30	18
6	30	18
7	30	18
8	30	18
9	30	18
10	30	18
11	29	18
12	29	17
13	29	17
14	29	17
15	29	17
16	29	17
17	29	17
18	29	17
19	28	17
20	28	16
21	28	16
22	28	16
23	28	16
24	27	16
25	27	16
26	27	15
27	27	15
28	27	15
29	26	15
30	26	15
31	26	14

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	81	19
2	81	19
3	81	19
4	80	20
5	80	20
6	79	21
7	79	21
8	79	21
9	79	21
10	77	23
11	77	23
12	77	23
13	77	23
14	76	24
15	76	24
16	76	24
17	76	24
18	75	25
19	75	25
20	75	25
21	75	25
22	75	25
23	74	26
24	74	26
25	73	27
26	72	28
27	72	28
28	71	29
29	70	30
30	69	31
31	68	32

	Rain chance (%)
1	19
2	19
3	19
4	19
5	19
6	19
7	18
8	18
9	18
10	18
11	17
12	17
13	17
14	16
15	16
16	16
17	16
18	16
19	16
20	16
21	16
22	16
23	17
24	17
25	17
26	18
27	18
28	19
29	19
30	20
31	21

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)	Humid (%)	Muggy (%)
1	34	31	28	7
2	35	30	28	7
3	36	30	27	7
4	38	30	26	6
5	39	30	25	6
6	41	29	25	6
7	42	29	24	5
8	43	29	23	5
9	45	29	22	4
10	46	29	21	4
11	48	29	20	3
12	49	29	19	3
13	50	29	18	3
14	52	28	17	3
15	52	28	17	3
16	53	28	16	3
17	55	27	15	3
18	56	27	14	3
19	56	27	14	3
20	59	26	13	2
21	59	26	13	2
22	61	25	12	2
23	62	25	11	2
24	63	24	11	2
25	64	24	10	2
26	65	23	10	2
27	65	23	10	2
28	66	22	10	2
29	69	21	9	1
30	69	21	9	1
31	70	20	9	1