Newtownards weather in September

In September, Newtownards sees average daytime highs of 15°C and overnight lows near 11°C, with 76 mm of rain across 13.2 wet days and about 12.5 hours of daylight. It is the 3rd-warmest and 7th-wettest month of the year here.

Highs ease over the month, from about 16°C in the first days to 14°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 10% of the time in September, and the air most often feels dry.

Daylight stretches from about 13 h 36 min at the start of September to 11 h 24 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, September is Newtownards's 9th-clearest and 8th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Newtownards's year-round climate.

Daytime high: 15°; 3rd warmest
Overnight low: 11°; 10th coldest
Rainfall: 76 mm; 13.2 wet days
Daylight: 12 h 24 min; 6:04 AM – 6:30 PM
Cloud cover: 75%; 9th clearest
Wind: 18 km/h; 8th windiest
Solar energy: 2.71 kWh/m²
Travel score: 4.2; out of 10

Newtownards is town in County Down, Northern Ireland, UK.

Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.

← August Newtownards year-round climate October →Best places to visit in September

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Temperature in September

Average highAverage lowShaded bands: 10–90% of days

Highs ease over the month, from about 16°C in the first days to 14°C by the end.

A typical September day in Newtownards reaches about 15°C in the afternoon and slips back to 11°C overnight — a 4°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 13°C and 17°C. Set against its neighbours, September runs about 1°C cooler than August and about 3°C warmer than October.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Avg high (°C)	16	16	16	16	16	16	16	16	16	16	16	16	16	16	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	14	14
Avg low (°C)	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	11

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	16	12
2	16	12
3	16	12
4	16	12
5	16	12
6	16	12
7	16	12
8	16	12
9	16	12
10	16	12
11	16	12
12	16	12
13	16	12
14	16	11
15	15	11
16	15	11
17	15	11
18	15	11
19	15	11
20	15	11
21	15	11
22	15	11
23	15	11
24	15	11
25	15	11
26	15	11
27	15	11
28	15	11
29	14	11
30	14	11

How September really feels in Newtownards

Once humidity and wind are folded in, September averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.

Days feeling ≥ 32°C

heat index over the day's high

Days feeling ≤ 0°C

wind chill below the day's low

September sits comfortably in between — no days that feel dangerously hot or drop to a hard freeze once humidity and wind are folded in.

Newtownards weather by month

How September compares with the rest of the year at a glance. September is the 3rd-warmest and 7th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.

Month	High / Low (°C)	Rainfall (mm)	Wet days	Snow days	Daylight (hours)	Travel score
Jan	8° / 5°	86	15.3	0.5	7.6	1.1
Feb	8° / 4°	68	13	0.8	9.3	1.1
Mar	9° / 5°	66	13.8	0.5	11.5	1.5
Apr	11° / 6°	64	12.9	0.1	13.7	2.3
May	13° / 8°	69	13.8	0	15.8	3.2
Jun	15° / 11°	74	12.9	0	16.9	4.1
Jul	17° / 12°	82	14.5	0	16.4	4.6
Aug	17° / 13°	82	14.3	0	14.7	4.7
Sep	15° / 11°	76	13.2	0	12.5	4.2
Oct	13° / 9°	97	14.3	0	10.2	3.1
Nov	10° / 7°	97	15.1	0.2	8.2	2.0
Dec	8° / 5°	93	14.7	0.3	7.1	1.3

Cloud cover in September

ClearMostly clearPartly cloudyMostly cloudyOvercast

The sky is clear or mostly clear about 10% of the time in September.

Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 16% of September, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 74%.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Clearer (%)	27	27	27	27	27	27	27	26	26	26	26	27	27	27	26	27	27	27	26	26	26	26	25	25	25	25	26	25	25	25
Cloudier (%)	73	73	73	73	73	73	73	74	74	74	74	73	73	73	74	73	73	73	74	74	74	74	75	75	75	75	74	75	75	75

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	27	73
2	27	73
3	27	73
4	27	73
5	27	73
6	27	73
7	27	73
8	26	74
9	26	74
10	26	74
11	26	74
12	27	73
13	27	73
14	27	73
15	26	74
16	27	73
17	27	73
18	27	73
19	26	74
20	26	74
21	26	74
22	26	74
23	25	75
24	25	75
25	25	75
26	25	75
27	26	74
28	25	75
29	25	75
30	25	75

Chance of precipitation in September

Any precipitation

Newtownards gets around 76 mm of rain over 13.2 wet days in September. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.

Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 44% and peaks near 47% on the wettest days.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Rain chance (%)	41	41	42	42	43	43	44	44	44	44	44	44	44	44	43	43	43	42	42	42	42	43	43	44	44	45	46	46	47	47

	Rain chance (%)
1	41
2	41
3	42
4	42
5	43
6	43
7	44
8	44
9	44
10	44
11	44
12	44
13	44
14	44
15	43
16	43
17	43
18	42
19	42
20	42
21	42
22	43
23	43
24	44
25	44
26	45
27	46
28	46
29	47
30	47

Humidity in September

DryComfortableHumidMuggyOppressiveMiserable

Most of September feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.

By dew point, September lands in the dry band about 85% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Dry (%)	78	78	79	79	79	80	80	81	82	83	83	85	86	86	87	87	87	87	88	88	88	88	88	88	89	89	89	90	90	91
Comfortable (%)	21	21	20	20	20	19	19	18	17	16	16	15	14	14	13	13	13	13	12	12	12	12	12	12	11	11	11	10	10	9
Humid (%)	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)	Humid (%)
1	78	21	1
2	78	21	1
3	79	20	1
4	79	20	1
5	79	20	1
6	80	19	1
7	80	19	1
8	81	18	1
9	82	17	1
10	83	16	1
11	83	16	1
12	85	15	0
13	86	14	0
14	86	14	0
15	87	13	0
16	87	13	0
17	87	13	0
18	87	13	0
19	88	12	0
20	88	12	0
21	88	12	0
22	88	12	0
23	88	12	0
24	88	12	0
25	89	11	0
26	89	11	0
27	89	11	0
28	90	10	0
29	90	10	0
30	91	9	0

Wind in September

Winds average 18 km/h in September.

Across September, daily wind ranges from about 17 km/h on the calmest days to 19 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Wind speed (km/h)	17	17	17	17	17	17	17	17	18	18	18	18	18	18	18	18	18	18	18	18	18	18	18	18	18	18	19	19	19	19
Feels	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze

	Wind speed (km/h)	Feels
1	17	light breeze
2	17	light breeze
3	17	light breeze
4	17	light breeze
5	17	light breeze
6	17	light breeze
7	17	light breeze
8	17	light breeze
9	18	light breeze
10	18	light breeze
11	18	light breeze
12	18	light breeze
13	18	light breeze
14	18	light breeze
15	18	light breeze
16	18	light breeze
17	18	light breeze
18	18	light breeze
19	18	light breeze
20	18	light breeze
21	18	light breeze
22	18	light breeze
23	18	light breeze
24	18	light breeze
25	18	light breeze
26	18	light breeze
27	19	light breeze
28	19	light breeze
29	19	light breeze
30	19	light breeze

Sunrise & sunset in September

DaylightNight

Daylight runs from about 13 h 36 min at the start of September to 11 h 24 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.

Days shrink by about 132 minutes over September. Sunrise moves from 5:36 AM to 6:31 AM, and sunset from 7:09 PM to 5:53 PM.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Daylight (h)	13.6	13.5	13.4	13.3	13.3	13.2	13.1	13.0	13.0	12.9	12.8	12.7	12.7	12.6	12.5	12.4	12.4	12.3	12.2	12.1	12.1	12.0	11.9	11.8	11.8	11.7	11.6	11.5	11.5	11.4
Sunrise (AM)	5:36	5:38	5:39	5:41	5:43	5:45	5:47	5:49	5:51	5:53	5:55	5:56	5:58	6:00	6:02	6:04	6:06	6:08	6:10	6:12	6:14	6:15	6:17	6:19	6:21	6:23	6:25	6:27	6:29	6:31
Sunset (PM)	7:09	7:07	7:04	7:02	6:59	6:56	6:54	6:51	6:49	6:46	6:43	6:41	6:38	6:35	6:33	6:30	6:27	6:25	6:22	6:20	6:17	6:14	6:12	6:09	6:06	6:04	6:01	5:59	5:56	5:53

	Daylight (h)	Sunrise (AM)	Sunset (PM)
1	13.6	5:36	7:09
2	13.5	5:38	7:07
3	13.4	5:39	7:04
4	13.3	5:41	7:02
5	13.3	5:43	6:59
6	13.2	5:45	6:56
7	13.1	5:47	6:54
8	13.0	5:49	6:51
9	13.0	5:51	6:49
10	12.9	5:53	6:46
11	12.8	5:55	6:43
12	12.7	5:56	6:41
13	12.7	5:58	6:38
14	12.6	6:00	6:35
15	12.5	6:02	6:33
16	12.4	6:04	6:30
17	12.4	6:06	6:27
18	12.3	6:08	6:25
19	12.2	6:10	6:22
20	12.1	6:12	6:20
21	12.1	6:14	6:17
22	12.0	6:15	6:14
23	11.9	6:17	6:12
24	11.8	6:19	6:09
25	11.8	6:21	6:06
26	11.7	6:23	6:04
27	11.6	6:25	6:01
28	11.5	6:27	5:59
29	11.5	6:29	5:56
30	11.4	6:31	5:53

Solar energy in September

Daily solar energy (kWh/m²)

Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in September, about 2.71 kWh/m².

For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 0.48 kWh/m² to a high of 4.97 kWh/m² in May across the year — September's 2.71 kWh/m² falls in the middle.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Solar energy (kWh/m²)	3.3	3.2	3.2	3.1	3.1	3.1	3.0	3.0	3.0	2.9	2.9	2.9	2.8	2.8	2.8	2.7	2.7	2.6	2.6	2.6	2.5	2.5	2.4	2.4	2.4	2.3	2.3	2.2	2.2	2.1
Level	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate

	Solar energy (kWh/m²)	Level
1	3.3	Moderate
2	3.2	Moderate
3	3.2	Moderate
4	3.1	Moderate
5	3.1	Moderate
6	3.1	Moderate
7	3.0	Moderate
8	3.0	Moderate
9	3.0	Moderate
10	2.9	Moderate
11	2.9	Moderate
12	2.9	Moderate
13	2.8	Moderate
14	2.8	Moderate
15	2.8	Moderate
16	2.7	Moderate
17	2.7	Moderate
18	2.6	Moderate
19	2.6	Moderate
20	2.6	Moderate
21	2.5	Moderate
22	2.5	Moderate
23	2.4	Moderate
24	2.4	Moderate
25	2.4	Moderate
26	2.3	Moderate
27	2.3	Moderate
28	2.2	Moderate
29	2.2	Moderate
30	2.1	Moderate

Planning a trip in September

Is September a good time to visit Newtownards?

Our two travel scores rate September for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).

4.2

Sightseeing

3rd-best month of the year

—

Beach & pool

never really warm enough

September is a reasonable time to visit Newtownards for sightseeing.

What to pack for Newtownards in September

From September's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.

In September, Newtownards sees daytime highs around 15°C and nights near 11°C. Worth packing: a warm layer and rain gear. About 13 days see rain.

a warm layerrain gear

Sea temperature near Newtownards in September

The nearest coast averages about 14°C in September — the other half of the beach question. The full-year curve and swim-comfort zones are below.

The sea at the nearest coast (about 21 km away) is warmest in August at about 14°C and coldest in March near 8°C.

The water stays below 20°C all year — cool enough that most swimmers want a wetsuit.

	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Sea temperature (°C)	9	8	8	8	10	12	13	14	14	14	12	11
Comfort	Bracing	Bracing	Bracing	Bracing	Bracing	Bracing	Bracing	Bracing	Bracing	Bracing	Bracing	Bracing

	Sea temperature (°C)	Comfort
Jan	9	Bracing
Feb	8	Bracing
Mar	8	Bracing
Apr	8	Bracing
May	10	Bracing
Jun	12	Bracing
Jul	13	Bracing
Aug	14	Bracing
Sep	14	Bracing
Oct	14	Bracing
Nov	12	Bracing
Dec	11	Bracing

UV index in Newtownards in September

LowModerateHighVery highExtreme

Clear-sky midday UV in September peaks around 3 — enough to warrant sun protection. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.

Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Newtownards peaks around July 24 at about 5 (high) — a little sun protection helps at midday. It bottoms out near January 1 at about 0 (low).

The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 5 months of the year.

	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
UV index (midday)	0	1	2	3	5	5	5	5	3	2	1	0
Level	Low	Low	Moderate	Moderate	High	High	High	High	Moderate	Low	Low	Low

	UV index (midday)	Level
Jan	0	Low
Feb	1	Low
Mar	2	Moderate
Apr	3	Moderate
May	5	High
Jun	5	High
Jul	5	High
Aug	5	High
Sep	3	Moderate
Oct	2	Low
Nov	1	Low
Dec	0	Low

Location & terrain

Where is Newtownards?

Newtownards sits at 54.6°N, 5.7°W, 9 m above sea level, in United Kingdom. The nearest listed city is Bangor, 8.0 km away.

Topography around Newtownards

How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Newtownards.

Within 3 km, the terrain around Newtownards has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 152 m around an average of 42 m above sea level; within 16 km, only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 235 m; within 80 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 860 m.

The land around Newtownards is covered by grassland (43%) within 3 km, grassland (38%) and water (38%) within 16 km, and water (52%) and grassland (41%) within 80 km.

3 km

152 m

grassland 43%

16 km

235 m

grassland 38%

80 km

860 m

water 52%

treesgrasslandcroplandartificial surfaceswater

← August Newtownards year-round climate October →Best places to visit in September

September weather nearby: Bangor 8.0 km · Castlereagh 13 km · Belfast 15 km · Carrickfergus 16 km · Newtownabbey 16 km · Lisburn 23 km · Larne 30 km · Antrim 36 km

United Kingdom travel facts

Travel advisory: Level 2; Exercise Increased Caution
Power plugs: Type D / G / M; 230 V · 50 Hz
Prices: ≈ 89% of US; price level, 2025
GDP per capita: $57,602; 2025
Happiness: 6.7 / 10; World Happiness, 2025
Safe drinking water: 100%; of population, 2024
Homicide rate: 1.1; per 100k, 2021
Road deaths: 3.2; per 100k/yr, 2019
Income group: High; World Bank
Religion

Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.

Data sources

Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Newtownards (54.5924°, -5.6909°, elevation 9 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. Sea temperatures are the NOAA OISST v2.1 1991–2020 monthly climatology (public domain), sampled at the nearest ocean point. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	16	12
2	16	12
3	16	12
4	16	12
5	16	12
6	16	12
7	16	12
8	16	12
9	16	12
10	16	12
11	16	12
12	16	12
13	16	12
14	16	11
15	15	11
16	15	11
17	15	11
18	15	11
19	15	11
20	15	11
21	15	11
22	15	11
23	15	11
24	15	11
25	15	11
26	15	11
27	15	11
28	15	11
29	14	11
30	14	11

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	27	73
2	27	73
3	27	73
4	27	73
5	27	73
6	27	73
7	27	73
8	26	74
9	26	74
10	26	74
11	26	74
12	27	73
13	27	73
14	27	73
15	26	74
16	27	73
17	27	73
18	27	73
19	26	74
20	26	74
21	26	74
22	26	74
23	25	75
24	25	75
25	25	75
26	25	75
27	26	74
28	25	75
29	25	75
30	25	75

	Rain chance (%)
1	41
2	41
3	42
4	42
5	43
6	43
7	44
8	44
9	44
10	44
11	44
12	44
13	44
14	44
15	43
16	43
17	43
18	42
19	42
20	42
21	42
22	43
23	43
24	44
25	44
26	45
27	46
28	46
29	47
30	47

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)	Humid (%)
1	78	21	1
2	78	21	1
3	79	20	1
4	79	20	1
5	79	20	1
6	80	19	1
7	80	19	1
8	81	18	1
9	82	17	1
10	83	16	1
11	83	16	1
12	85	15	0
13	86	14	0
14	86	14	0
15	87	13	0
16	87	13	0
17	87	13	0
18	87	13	0
19	88	12	0
20	88	12	0
21	88	12	0
22	88	12	0
23	88	12	0
24	88	12	0
25	89	11	0
26	89	11	0
27	89	11	0
28	90	10	0
29	90	10	0
30	91	9	0

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	16	12
2	16	12
3	16	12
4	16	12
5	16	12
6	16	12
7	16	12
8	16	12
9	16	12
10	16	12
11	16	12
12	16	12
13	16	12
14	16	11
15	15	11
16	15	11
17	15	11
18	15	11
19	15	11
20	15	11
21	15	11
22	15	11
23	15	11
24	15	11
25	15	11
26	15	11
27	15	11
28	15	11
29	14	11
30	14	11

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	27	73
2	27	73
3	27	73
4	27	73
5	27	73
6	27	73
7	27	73
8	26	74
9	26	74
10	26	74
11	26	74
12	27	73
13	27	73
14	27	73
15	26	74
16	27	73
17	27	73
18	27	73
19	26	74
20	26	74
21	26	74
22	26	74
23	25	75
24	25	75
25	25	75
26	25	75
27	26	74
28	25	75
29	25	75
30	25	75

	Rain chance (%)
1	41
2	41
3	42
4	42
5	43
6	43
7	44
8	44
9	44
10	44
11	44
12	44
13	44
14	44
15	43
16	43
17	43
18	42
19	42
20	42
21	42
22	43
23	43
24	44
25	44
26	45
27	46
28	46
29	47
30	47

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)	Humid (%)
1	78	21	1
2	78	21	1
3	79	20	1
4	79	20	1
5	79	20	1
6	80	19	1
7	80	19	1
8	81	18	1
9	82	17	1
10	83	16	1
11	83	16	1
12	85	15	0
13	86	14	0
14	86	14	0
15	87	13	0
16	87	13	0
17	87	13	0
18	87	13	0
19	88	12	0
20	88	12	0
21	88	12	0
22	88	12	0
23	88	12	0
24	88	12	0
25	89	11	0
26	89	11	0
27	89	11	0
28	90	10	0
29	90	10	0
30	91	9	0

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	16	12
2	16	12
3	16	12
4	16	12
5	16	12
6	16	12
7	16	12
8	16	12
9	16	12
10	16	12
11	16	12
12	16	12
13	16	12
14	16	11
15	15	11
16	15	11
17	15	11
18	15	11
19	15	11
20	15	11
21	15	11
22	15	11
23	15	11
24	15	11
25	15	11
26	15	11
27	15	11
28	15	11
29	14	11
30	14	11

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	27	73
2	27	73
3	27	73
4	27	73
5	27	73
6	27	73
7	27	73
8	26	74
9	26	74
10	26	74
11	26	74
12	27	73
13	27	73
14	27	73
15	26	74
16	27	73
17	27	73
18	27	73
19	26	74
20	26	74
21	26	74
22	26	74
23	25	75
24	25	75
25	25	75
26	25	75
27	26	74
28	25	75
29	25	75
30	25	75

	Rain chance (%)
1	41
2	41
3	42
4	42
5	43
6	43
7	44
8	44
9	44
10	44
11	44
12	44
13	44
14	44
15	43
16	43
17	43
18	42
19	42
20	42
21	42
22	43
23	43
24	44
25	44
26	45
27	46
28	46
29	47
30	47

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)	Humid (%)
1	78	21	1
2	78	21	1
3	79	20	1
4	79	20	1
5	79	20	1
6	80	19	1
7	80	19	1
8	81	18	1
9	82	17	1
10	83	16	1
11	83	16	1
12	85	15	0
13	86	14	0
14	86	14	0
15	87	13	0
16	87	13	0
17	87	13	0
18	87	13	0
19	88	12	0
20	88	12	0
21	88	12	0
22	88	12	0
23	88	12	0
24	88	12	0
25	89	11	0
26	89	11	0
27	89	11	0
28	90	10	0
29	90	10	0
30	91	9	0