Badger weather in February
In February, Badger sees average daytime highs of 13°F and overnight lows near -3°F, with 0.4 in of precipitation across 2.9 wet days and about 7.8 hours of daylight. It is the 10th-warmest and 11th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about 7°F in the first days to 18°F by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 32% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 6 h 12 min at the start of February to 9 h 18 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Badger's 3rd-clearest and 4th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Badger's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 13°
- 10th warmest
- Overnight low
- -3°
- 3rd coldest
- Precipitation
- 0.4 in
- 2.9 wet days
- Daylight
- 7 h 48 min
- 9:09 AM – 5:00 PM
- Cloud cover
- 59%
- 3rd clearest
- Wind
- 5 mph
- 4th windiest
- Solar energy
- 0.83 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 0.0
- out of 10
Badger is census-designated place in Fairbanks North Star Borough, Alaska, United States of America.
- Density
- 113/km²
- people per km²
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Highs climb over the month, from about 7°F in the first days to 18°F by the end.
A typical February day in Badger reaches about 13°F in the afternoon and slips back to -3°F overnight — a 16°F spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between -8°F and 32°F. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 9°F warmer than January and about 12°F cooler than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°F) | 6 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 19 |
| Avg low (°F) | -8 | -7 | -7 | -7 | -6 | -6 | -5 | -5 | -4 | -4 | -3 | -3 | -3 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Avg high (°F) | Avg low (°F) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6 | -8 |
| 2 | 7 | -7 |
| 3 | 7 | -7 |
| 4 | 8 | -7 |
| 5 | 8 | -6 |
| 6 | 9 | -6 |
| 7 | 10 | -5 |
| 8 | 10 | -5 |
| 9 | 11 | -4 |
| 10 | 11 | -4 |
| 11 | 12 | -3 |
| 12 | 12 | -3 |
| 13 | 13 | -3 |
| 14 | 13 | -2 |
| 15 | 14 | -2 |
| 16 | 14 | -2 |
| 17 | 15 | -2 |
| 18 | 15 | -1 |
| 19 | 15 | -1 |
| 20 | 16 | -1 |
| 21 | 16 | -1 |
| 22 | 17 | -1 |
| 23 | 17 | -1 |
| 24 | 17 | -1 |
| 25 | 17 | 0 |
| 26 | 18 | 0 |
| 27 | 18 | 0 |
| 28 | 19 | 0 |
How February really feels in Badger
Once humidity and wind are folded in, February averages 0 days that feel above 90°F and 28 that feel at or below 32°F — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
The story in February is cold — wind chill drags the overnight "feels like" below the raw low.
Badger weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 10th-warmest and 11th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°F) | Rainfall (inches) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 4° / -9° | 0.4 | 3.4 | 4.7 | 4.6 | 0.0 |
| Feb | 13° / -3° | 0.4 | 2.9 | 3.9 | 7.8 | 0.0 |
| Mar | 25° / 5° | 0.3 | 2.4 | 3.2 | 11.2 | 0.0 |
| Apr | 45° / 25° | 0.4 | 2.9 | 2.2 | 14.7 | 1.4 |
| May | 61° / 41° | 0.7 | 4.8 | 0.5 | 18.1 | 5.4 |
| Jun | 71° / 53° | 1.9 | 9.5 | 0 | 20.6 | 6.5 |
| Jul | 72° / 55° | 2.2 | 10 | 0 | 19.5 | 6.4 |
| Aug | 66° / 50° | 2.3 | 10.2 | 0 | 16.2 | 5.8 |
| Sep | 55° / 39° | 1.5 | 8 | 0.9 | 12.7 | 3.4 |
| Oct | 34° / 22° | 0.8 | 5.4 | 4.2 | 9.2 | 0.1 |
| Nov | 14° / 3° | 0.6 | 4.3 | 5.3 | 5.8 | 0.0 |
| Dec | 6° / -5° | 0.4 | 3.6 | 4.6 | 3.4 | 0.0 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 32% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 12% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 55%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 44 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 43 | 43 | 43 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 |
| Cloudier (%) | 56 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 57 | 57 | 57 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 54 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 44 | 56 |
| 2 | 44 | 56 |
| 3 | 44 | 56 |
| 4 | 44 | 56 |
| 5 | 44 | 56 |
| 6 | 43 | 57 |
| 7 | 43 | 57 |
| 8 | 43 | 57 |
| 9 | 44 | 56 |
| 10 | 44 | 56 |
| 11 | 44 | 56 |
| 12 | 44 | 56 |
| 13 | 44 | 56 |
| 14 | 44 | 56 |
| 15 | 44 | 56 |
| 16 | 44 | 56 |
| 17 | 44 | 56 |
| 18 | 45 | 55 |
| 19 | 45 | 55 |
| 20 | 45 | 55 |
| 21 | 46 | 54 |
| 22 | 46 | 54 |
| 23 | 46 | 54 |
| 24 | 46 | 54 |
| 25 | 46 | 54 |
| 26 | 46 | 54 |
| 27 | 46 | 54 |
| 28 | 46 | 54 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Badger gets around 0.4 in of rain and snow over 2.9 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 10% and peaks near 12% on the wettest days, and about 4 days bring snow.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| Snow chance (%) | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 |
| Rain chance (%) | Snow chance (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 9 | 13 |
| 2 | 9 | 13 |
| 3 | 9 | 13 |
| 4 | 9 | 13 |
| 5 | 10 | 13 |
| 6 | 10 | 14 |
| 7 | 10 | 14 |
| 8 | 11 | 14 |
| 9 | 11 | 14 |
| 10 | 11 | 14 |
| 11 | 11 | 14 |
| 12 | 11 | 15 |
| 13 | 11 | 15 |
| 14 | 12 | 15 |
| 15 | 12 | 15 |
| 16 | 12 | 15 |
| 17 | 11 | 14 |
| 18 | 11 | 14 |
| 19 | 11 | 14 |
| 20 | 11 | 14 |
| 21 | 11 | 14 |
| 22 | 10 | 14 |
| 23 | 10 | 13 |
| 24 | 10 | 13 |
| 25 | 10 | 13 |
| 26 | 10 | 13 |
| 27 | 10 | 13 |
| 28 | 10 | 13 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
Wind in February
Winds average 5 mph in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 5 mph on the calmest days to 5 mph at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (mph) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (mph) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5 | calm |
| 2 | 5 | calm |
| 3 | 5 | calm |
| 4 | 5 | calm |
| 5 | 5 | calm |
| 6 | 5 | calm |
| 7 | 5 | calm |
| 8 | 5 | calm |
| 9 | 5 | calm |
| 10 | 5 | calm |
| 11 | 5 | calm |
| 12 | 5 | calm |
| 13 | 5 | calm |
| 14 | 5 | calm |
| 15 | 5 | calm |
| 16 | 5 | calm |
| 17 | 5 | calm |
| 18 | 5 | calm |
| 19 | 5 | calm |
| 20 | 5 | calm |
| 21 | 5 | calm |
| 22 | 5 | calm |
| 23 | 5 | calm |
| 24 | 5 | calm |
| 25 | 5 | calm |
| 26 | 5 | calm |
| 27 | 5 | calm |
| 28 | 5 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 6 h 12 min at the start of February to 9 h 18 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 186 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 9:56 AM to 8:23 AM, and sunset from 4:11 PM to 5:44 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 6.2 | 6.4 | 6.5 | 6.6 | 6.7 | 6.8 | 6.9 | 7.0 | 7.2 | 7.3 | 7.4 | 7.5 | 7.6 | 7.7 | 7.8 | 8.0 | 8.1 | 8.2 | 8.3 | 8.4 | 8.5 | 8.6 | 8.8 | 8.9 | 9.0 | 9.1 | 9.2 | 9.3 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 9:56 | 9:53 | 9:50 | 9:47 | 9:43 | 9:40 | 9:37 | 9:33 | 9:30 | 9:27 | 9:23 | 9:20 | 9:16 | 9:13 | 9:09 | 9:06 | 9:03 | 8:59 | 8:56 | 8:52 | 8:48 | 8:45 | 8:41 | 8:38 | 8:34 | 8:31 | 8:27 | 8:23 |
| Sunset (PM) | 4:11 | 4:15 | 4:18 | 4:22 | 4:25 | 4:29 | 4:32 | 4:36 | 4:39 | 4:43 | 4:46 | 4:50 | 4:53 | 4:57 | 5:00 | 5:03 | 5:07 | 5:10 | 5:14 | 5:17 | 5:20 | 5:24 | 5:27 | 5:30 | 5:34 | 5:37 | 5:40 | 5:44 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6.2 | 9:56 | 4:11 |
| 2 | 6.4 | 9:53 | 4:15 |
| 3 | 6.5 | 9:50 | 4:18 |
| 4 | 6.6 | 9:47 | 4:22 |
| 5 | 6.7 | 9:43 | 4:25 |
| 6 | 6.8 | 9:40 | 4:29 |
| 7 | 6.9 | 9:37 | 4:32 |
| 8 | 7.0 | 9:33 | 4:36 |
| 9 | 7.2 | 9:30 | 4:39 |
| 10 | 7.3 | 9:27 | 4:43 |
| 11 | 7.4 | 9:23 | 4:46 |
| 12 | 7.5 | 9:20 | 4:50 |
| 13 | 7.6 | 9:16 | 4:53 |
| 14 | 7.7 | 9:13 | 4:57 |
| 15 | 7.8 | 9:09 | 5:00 |
| 16 | 8.0 | 9:06 | 5:03 |
| 17 | 8.1 | 9:03 | 5:07 |
| 18 | 8.2 | 8:59 | 5:10 |
| 19 | 8.3 | 8:56 | 5:14 |
| 20 | 8.4 | 8:52 | 5:17 |
| 21 | 8.5 | 8:48 | 5:20 |
| 22 | 8.6 | 8:45 | 5:24 |
| 23 | 8.8 | 8:41 | 5:27 |
| 24 | 8.9 | 8:38 | 5:30 |
| 25 | 9.0 | 8:34 | 5:34 |
| 26 | 9.1 | 8:31 | 5:37 |
| 27 | 9.2 | 8:27 | 5:40 |
| 28 | 9.3 | 8:23 | 5:44 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 0.83 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 0.05 kWh/m² to a high of 5.88 kWh/m² in June across the year — February's 0.83 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 |
| Level | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0.4 | Dim |
| 2 | 0.4 | Dim |
| 3 | 0.5 | Dim |
| 4 | 0.5 | Dim |
| 5 | 0.5 | Dim |
| 6 | 0.5 | Dim |
| 7 | 0.6 | Dim |
| 8 | 0.6 | Dim |
| 9 | 0.6 | Dim |
| 10 | 0.7 | Dim |
| 11 | 0.7 | Dim |
| 12 | 0.7 | Dim |
| 13 | 0.8 | Dim |
| 14 | 0.8 | Dim |
| 15 | 0.8 | Dim |
| 16 | 0.9 | Dim |
| 17 | 0.9 | Dim |
| 18 | 1.0 | Dim |
| 19 | 1.0 | Dim |
| 20 | 1.1 | Dim |
| 21 | 1.1 | Dim |
| 22 | 1.1 | Dim |
| 23 | 1.2 | Dim |
| 24 | 1.2 | Dim |
| 25 | 1.3 | Dim |
| 26 | 1.4 | Dim |
| 27 | 1.4 | Dim |
| 28 | 1.4 | Dim |
Is February a good time to visit Badger?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Badger.
What to pack for Badger in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Badger sees daytime highs around 13°F and nights near -3°F. Pack a warm layer and a heavy coat.
UV index in Badger in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 0. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Badger peaks around June 20 at about 4 (moderate) — a little sun protection helps at midday. It bottoms out near December 17 at about 0 (low).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 4 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Level | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 0 | Low |
| Feb | 0 | Low |
| Mar | 1 | Low |
| Apr | 2 | Moderate |
| May | 3 | Moderate |
| Jun | 5 | Moderate |
| Jul | 4 | Moderate |
| Aug | 3 | Moderate |
| Sep | 2 | Low |
| Oct | 1 | Low |
| Nov | 0 | Low |
| Dec | 0 | Low |
Air quality in Badger in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Badger is worst in June — around 34 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), about 33.8× the cleanest month (December, 1 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 1 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 10 | 34 | 29 | 19 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Level | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Good | Good | Good | Good |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 1 | Good |
| Feb | 3 | Good |
| Mar | 5 | Good |
| Apr | 8 | Good |
| May | 10 | Good |
| Jun | 34 | Moderate |
| Jul | 29 | Moderate |
| Aug | 19 | Moderate |
| Sep | 3 | Good |
| Oct | 2 | Good |
| Nov | 1 | Good |
| Dec | 1 | Good |
Where is Badger?
Badger sits at 64.8°N, 147.5°W, 472 ft above sea level, in United States. The nearest listed city is Fairbanks, 6.2 mi away.
Topography around Badger
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 2, 10 and 50 miles of Badger.
Within 2 miles, the terrain around Badger has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 187 ft around an average of 466 ft above sea level; within 10 miles, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,411 ft; within 50 miles, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 4,298 ft.
The land around Badger is covered by trees (65%) and grassland (20%) within 2 miles, trees (64%) and grassland (25%) within 10 miles, and trees (68%) and grassland (28%) within 50 miles.
United States travel facts
- Power plugs
- Type A / B
- 120 V · 60 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 100% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $90,027
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.8 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 98%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 5.8
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 12.7
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Badger (64.8°, -147.5333°, elevation 472 ft), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).