Bend weather in February
In February, Bend sees average daytime highs of 42°F and overnight lows near 27°F, with 2.2 in of precipitation across 10.9 wet days and about 10.2 hours of daylight. It is the 10th-warmest and 5th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 42°F through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 20% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 9 h 36 min at the start of February to 10 h 48 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Bend's 9th-clearest and 4th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Bend's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 42°
- 10th warmest
- Overnight low
- 27°
- 3rd coldest
- Precipitation
- 2.2 in
- 10.9 wet days
- Daylight
- 10 h 12 min
- 7:14 AM – 5:25 PM
- Cloud cover
- 68%
- 9th clearest
- Wind
- 7 mph
- 4th windiest
- Solar energy
- 2.85 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 0.3
- out of 10
Bend is city in and county seat of Deschutes County, Oregon, United States.
- Density
- 1,010/km²
- people per km²
- Founded
- 1905
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 42°F through the month.
A typical February day in Bend reaches about 42°F in the afternoon and slips back to 27°F overnight — a 15°F spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 33°F and 53°F. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 3°F warmer than January and about 6°F cooler than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°F) | 41 | 41 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 43 | 43 | 43 | 43 | 43 | 43 | 43 | 43 | 43 | 44 | 44 |
| Avg low (°F) | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 |
| Avg high (°F) | Avg low (°F) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 41 | 27 |
| 2 | 41 | 27 |
| 3 | 42 | 27 |
| 4 | 42 | 27 |
| 5 | 42 | 27 |
| 6 | 42 | 27 |
| 7 | 42 | 27 |
| 8 | 42 | 27 |
| 9 | 42 | 27 |
| 10 | 42 | 27 |
| 11 | 42 | 27 |
| 12 | 42 | 27 |
| 13 | 42 | 27 |
| 14 | 42 | 27 |
| 15 | 42 | 27 |
| 16 | 42 | 27 |
| 17 | 42 | 27 |
| 18 | 43 | 27 |
| 19 | 43 | 27 |
| 20 | 43 | 27 |
| 21 | 43 | 27 |
| 22 | 43 | 27 |
| 23 | 43 | 27 |
| 24 | 43 | 27 |
| 25 | 43 | 27 |
| 26 | 43 | 27 |
| 27 | 44 | 27 |
| 28 | 44 | 27 |
How February really feels in Bend
Once humidity and wind are folded in, February averages 0 days that feel above 90°F and 28 that feel at or below 32°F — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
The story in February is cold — wind chill drags the overnight "feels like" below the raw low.
Bend weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 10th-warmest and 5th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°F) | Rainfall (inches) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 39° / 26° | 2.8 | 12.2 | 8.8 | 9.1 | 0.0 |
| Feb | 42° / 27° | 2.2 | 10.9 | 8.2 | 10.2 | 0.3 |
| Mar | 48° / 30° | 2.2 | 12.1 | 7.7 | 11.6 | 1.7 |
| Apr | 55° / 33° | 1.8 | 11.5 | 4.3 | 13.2 | 3.3 |
| May | 64° / 40° | 1.8 | 9.7 | 1 | 14.5 | 5.7 |
| Jun | 72° / 45° | 1.0 | 6.7 | 0.1 | 15.2 | 7.4 |
| Jul | 82° / 52° | 0.6 | 3.7 | 0 | 15 | 7.3 |
| Aug | 82° / 51° | 0.5 | 3.9 | 0 | 13.8 | 7.6 |
| Sep | 73° / 45° | 0.6 | 3.4 | 0.1 | 12.3 | 8.2 |
| Oct | 60° / 37° | 1.4 | 6.8 | 1 | 10.8 | 5.3 |
| Nov | 46° / 30° | 2.7 | 11.6 | 6.2 | 9.4 | 1.2 |
| Dec | 38° / 26° | 3.8 | 13 | 10.7 | 8.8 | 0.0 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 20% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 13% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 67%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 32 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 34 | 34 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 33 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 |
| Cloudier (%) | 68 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 66 | 66 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 66 | 66 | 66 | 66 | 67 | 66 | 66 | 66 | 66 | 66 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 32 | 68 |
| 2 | 33 | 67 |
| 3 | 33 | 67 |
| 4 | 33 | 67 |
| 5 | 33 | 67 |
| 6 | 33 | 67 |
| 7 | 33 | 67 |
| 8 | 33 | 67 |
| 9 | 34 | 66 |
| 10 | 34 | 66 |
| 11 | 33 | 67 |
| 12 | 33 | 67 |
| 13 | 33 | 67 |
| 14 | 33 | 67 |
| 15 | 33 | 67 |
| 16 | 33 | 67 |
| 17 | 33 | 67 |
| 18 | 33 | 67 |
| 19 | 34 | 66 |
| 20 | 34 | 66 |
| 21 | 34 | 66 |
| 22 | 34 | 66 |
| 23 | 33 | 67 |
| 24 | 34 | 66 |
| 25 | 34 | 66 |
| 26 | 34 | 66 |
| 27 | 34 | 66 |
| 28 | 34 | 66 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Bend gets around 2.2 in of rain and snow over 10.9 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 39% and peaks near 40% on the wettest days, and about 8 days bring snow.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 |
| Snow chance (%) | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 29 | 29 | 30 | 30 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 33 | 33 | 32 | 32 |
| Rain chance (%) | Snow chance (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 37 | 26 |
| 2 | 37 | 26 |
| 3 | 37 | 26 |
| 4 | 37 | 26 |
| 5 | 37 | 26 |
| 6 | 38 | 26 |
| 7 | 38 | 26 |
| 8 | 38 | 26 |
| 9 | 38 | 27 |
| 10 | 39 | 27 |
| 11 | 39 | 27 |
| 12 | 39 | 28 |
| 13 | 39 | 28 |
| 14 | 39 | 28 |
| 15 | 39 | 29 |
| 16 | 39 | 29 |
| 17 | 39 | 30 |
| 18 | 39 | 30 |
| 19 | 39 | 31 |
| 20 | 40 | 31 |
| 21 | 40 | 31 |
| 22 | 40 | 32 |
| 23 | 40 | 32 |
| 24 | 40 | 32 |
| 25 | 40 | 33 |
| 26 | 40 | 33 |
| 27 | 40 | 32 |
| 28 | 40 | 32 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
Wind in February
Winds average 7 mph in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 7 mph on the calmest days to 7 mph at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (mph) | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (mph) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 7 | calm |
| 2 | 7 | calm |
| 3 | 7 | calm |
| 4 | 7 | calm |
| 5 | 7 | calm |
| 6 | 7 | calm |
| 7 | 7 | calm |
| 8 | 7 | calm |
| 9 | 7 | calm |
| 10 | 7 | calm |
| 11 | 7 | calm |
| 12 | 7 | calm |
| 13 | 7 | calm |
| 14 | 7 | calm |
| 15 | 7 | calm |
| 16 | 7 | calm |
| 17 | 7 | calm |
| 18 | 7 | calm |
| 19 | 7 | calm |
| 20 | 7 | calm |
| 21 | 7 | calm |
| 22 | 7 | calm |
| 23 | 7 | calm |
| 24 | 7 | calm |
| 25 | 7 | calm |
| 26 | 7 | calm |
| 27 | 7 | calm |
| 28 | 7 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 9 h 36 min at the start of February to 10 h 48 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 72 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 7:31 AM to 6:54 AM, and sunset from 5:06 PM to 5:43 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 9.6 | 9.6 | 9.7 | 9.7 | 9.7 | 9.8 | 9.8 | 9.9 | 9.9 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.1 | 10.1 | 10.2 | 10.2 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.8 | 10.8 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 7:31 | 7:30 | 7:29 | 7:28 | 7:27 | 7:26 | 7:25 | 7:24 | 7:22 | 7:21 | 7:20 | 7:18 | 7:17 | 7:16 | 7:14 | 7:13 | 7:12 | 7:10 | 7:09 | 7:07 | 7:06 | 7:04 | 7:03 | 7:01 | 6:59 | 6:58 | 6:56 | 6:54 |
| Sunset (PM) | 5:06 | 5:08 | 5:09 | 5:10 | 5:12 | 5:13 | 5:14 | 5:16 | 5:17 | 5:18 | 5:20 | 5:21 | 5:23 | 5:24 | 5:25 | 5:27 | 5:28 | 5:29 | 5:31 | 5:32 | 5:33 | 5:35 | 5:36 | 5:38 | 5:39 | 5:40 | 5:42 | 5:43 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 9.6 | 7:31 | 5:06 |
| 2 | 9.6 | 7:30 | 5:08 |
| 3 | 9.7 | 7:29 | 5:09 |
| 4 | 9.7 | 7:28 | 5:10 |
| 5 | 9.7 | 7:27 | 5:12 |
| 6 | 9.8 | 7:26 | 5:13 |
| 7 | 9.8 | 7:25 | 5:14 |
| 8 | 9.9 | 7:24 | 5:16 |
| 9 | 9.9 | 7:22 | 5:17 |
| 10 | 10.0 | 7:21 | 5:18 |
| 11 | 10.0 | 7:20 | 5:20 |
| 12 | 10.0 | 7:18 | 5:21 |
| 13 | 10.1 | 7:17 | 5:23 |
| 14 | 10.1 | 7:16 | 5:24 |
| 15 | 10.2 | 7:14 | 5:25 |
| 16 | 10.2 | 7:13 | 5:27 |
| 17 | 10.3 | 7:12 | 5:28 |
| 18 | 10.3 | 7:10 | 5:29 |
| 19 | 10.4 | 7:09 | 5:31 |
| 20 | 10.4 | 7:07 | 5:32 |
| 21 | 10.5 | 7:06 | 5:33 |
| 22 | 10.5 | 7:04 | 5:35 |
| 23 | 10.6 | 7:03 | 5:36 |
| 24 | 10.6 | 7:01 | 5:38 |
| 25 | 10.7 | 6:59 | 5:39 |
| 26 | 10.7 | 6:58 | 5:40 |
| 27 | 10.8 | 6:56 | 5:42 |
| 28 | 10.8 | 6:54 | 5:43 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 2.85 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 1.55 kWh/m² to a high of 7.85 kWh/m² in July across the year — February's 2.85 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.5 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2.3 | Moderate |
| 2 | 2.3 | Moderate |
| 3 | 2.4 | Moderate |
| 4 | 2.4 | Moderate |
| 5 | 2.4 | Moderate |
| 6 | 2.5 | Moderate |
| 7 | 2.5 | Moderate |
| 8 | 2.6 | Moderate |
| 9 | 2.6 | Moderate |
| 10 | 2.6 | Moderate |
| 11 | 2.7 | Moderate |
| 12 | 2.7 | Moderate |
| 13 | 2.8 | Moderate |
| 14 | 2.8 | Moderate |
| 15 | 2.9 | Moderate |
| 16 | 2.9 | Moderate |
| 17 | 3.0 | Moderate |
| 18 | 3.0 | Moderate |
| 19 | 3.0 | Moderate |
| 20 | 3.1 | Moderate |
| 21 | 3.1 | Moderate |
| 22 | 3.2 | Moderate |
| 23 | 3.2 | Moderate |
| 24 | 3.3 | Moderate |
| 25 | 3.3 | Moderate |
| 26 | 3.4 | Moderate |
| 27 | 3.4 | Moderate |
| 28 | 3.5 | Moderate |
Hazard calendar for Bend
In February, Bend sits inside its rainy season season. The full year is below, with each hazard's peak months called out.
Bend's rainy season runs November–May, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is February a good time to visit Bend?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Bend.
What to pack for Bend in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Bend sees daytime highs around 42°F and nights near 27°F. Pack a warm layer and a heavy coat. Worth having: rain gear. About 11 days see rain.
UV index in Bend in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 3. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Bend peaks around July 15 at about 9 (very high) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 15 at about 1 (low).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 8 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 1 |
| Level | Low | Moderate | Moderate | High | Very high | Very high | Very high | Very high | High | Moderate | Low | Low |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 2 | Low |
| Feb | 3 | Moderate |
| Mar | 5 | Moderate |
| Apr | 6 | High |
| May | 9 | Very high |
| Jun | 8 | Very high |
| Jul | 9 | Very high |
| Aug | 7 | Very high |
| Sep | 5 | High |
| Oct | 4 | Moderate |
| Nov | 2 | Low |
| Dec | 1 | Low |
Air quality in Bend in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Bend is worst in September — around 81 µg/m³ PM2.5 (unhealthy), about 23.9× the cleanest month (January, 3 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 3 | 5 | 6 | 11 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 46 | 81 | 12 | 6 | 5 |
| Level | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Poor | Unhealthy | Good | Good | Good |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 3 | Good |
| Feb | 5 | Good |
| Mar | 6 | Good |
| Apr | 11 | Good |
| May | 9 | Good |
| Jun | 8 | Good |
| Jul | 8 | Good |
| Aug | 46 | Poor |
| Sep | 81 | Unhealthy |
| Oct | 12 | Good |
| Nov | 6 | Good |
| Dec | 5 | Good |
Where is Bend?
Bend sits at 44.1°N, 121.3°W, 3,629 ft above sea level, in United States. The nearest listed city is Redmond, 16 mi away.
Topography around Bend
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 2, 10 and 50 miles of Bend.
Within 2 miles, the terrain around Bend has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 722 ft around an average of 3,717 ft above sea level; within 10 miles, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,628 ft; within 50 miles, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 9,180 ft.
The land around Bend is covered by artificial surfaces (47%) and trees (40%) within 2 miles, grassland (48%) and trees (43%) within 10 miles, and trees (57%) and grassland (38%) within 50 miles.
United States travel facts
- Power plugs
- Type A / B
- 120 V · 60 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 100% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $90,027
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.8 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 98%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 5.8
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 12.7
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Bend (44.0582°, -121.3153°, elevation 3,629 ft), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).