Grand Canyon weather in May
In May, Grand Canyon sees average daytime highs of 76°F and overnight lows near 49°F, with 0.4 in of precipitation across 2.2 wet days and about 13.9 hours of daylight. It is the 5th-warmest and 11th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about 71°F in the first days to 81°F by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 61% of the time in May, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 13 h 24 min at the start of May to 14 h 12 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, May is Grand Canyon's 5th-clearest and 2nd-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Grand Canyon's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 76°
- 5th warmest
- Overnight low
- 49°
- 8th coldest
- Precipitation
- 0.4 in
- 2.2 wet days
- Daylight
- 13 h 54 min
- 5:28 AM – 7:22 PM
- Cloud cover
- 34%
- 5th clearest
- Wind
- 7 mph
- 2nd windiest
- Solar energy
- 8.05 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 8.5
- out of 10
Grand Canyon is human settlement in Coconino County, Arizona, United States of America.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in May
Highs climb over the month, from about 71°F in the first days to 81°F by the end.
A typical May day in Grand Canyon reaches about 76°F in the afternoon and slips back to 49°F overnight — a 27°F spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 63°F and 86°F. Set against its neighbours, May runs about 10°F warmer than April and about 11°F cooler than June.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°F) | 71 | 71 | 71 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 77 | 77 | 77 | 78 | 78 | 79 | 79 | 80 | 80 | 81 | 81 | 82 |
| Avg low (°F) | 44 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 51 | 51 | 51 | 51 | 52 | 52 | 53 | 53 | 53 |
| Avg high (°F) | Avg low (°F) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 71 | 44 |
| 2 | 71 | 45 |
| 3 | 71 | 45 |
| 4 | 72 | 45 |
| 5 | 72 | 46 |
| 6 | 72 | 46 |
| 7 | 73 | 46 |
| 8 | 73 | 47 |
| 9 | 73 | 47 |
| 10 | 74 | 47 |
| 11 | 74 | 47 |
| 12 | 74 | 48 |
| 13 | 75 | 48 |
| 14 | 75 | 48 |
| 15 | 75 | 49 |
| 16 | 75 | 49 |
| 17 | 76 | 49 |
| 18 | 76 | 49 |
| 19 | 76 | 49 |
| 20 | 77 | 50 |
| 21 | 77 | 50 |
| 22 | 77 | 50 |
| 23 | 78 | 51 |
| 24 | 78 | 51 |
| 25 | 79 | 51 |
| 26 | 79 | 51 |
| 27 | 80 | 52 |
| 28 | 80 | 52 |
| 29 | 81 | 53 |
| 30 | 81 | 53 |
| 31 | 82 | 53 |
How May really feels in Grand Canyon
Once humidity and wind are folded in, May averages 0 days that feel above 90°F and 0 that feel at or below 32°F — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
May sits comfortably in between — no days that feel dangerously hot or drop to a hard freeze once humidity and wind are folded in.
Grand Canyon weather by month
How May compares with the rest of the year at a glance. May is the 5th-warmest and 11th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°F) | Rainfall (inches) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 46° / 25° | 1.4 | 5.3 | 3.4 | 9.8 | 1.3 |
| Feb | 50° / 29° | 1.5 | 6.5 | 3.8 | 10.6 | 2.5 |
| Mar | 58° / 34° | 1.1 | 5.2 | 1.9 | 11.7 | 5.0 |
| Apr | 65° / 40° | 0.8 | 4.1 | 1.2 | 12.9 | 7.1 |
| May | 76° / 49° | 0.4 | 2.2 | 0.1 | 13.9 | 8.5 |
| Jun | 87° / 58° | 0.1 | 0.9 | 0 | 14.4 | 6.2 |
| Jul | 90° / 65° | 0.8 | 5.5 | 0 | 14.2 | 4.4 |
| Aug | 88° / 63° | 0.8 | 5.1 | 0 | 13.4 | 5.2 |
| Sep | 81° / 56° | 0.8 | 3.9 | 0 | 12.2 | 7.7 |
| Oct | 69° / 44° | 0.8 | 3.5 | 0.3 | 11.1 | 8.0 |
| Nov | 57° / 33° | 0.8 | 3.6 | 1.2 | 10.1 | 4.9 |
| Dec | 46° / 26° | 1.2 | 5.3 | 3.6 | 9.6 | 1.4 |
Cloud cover in May
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 61% of the time in May.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 18% of May, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 21%. Skies tend to open up as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 77 | 77 | 77 | 77 | 76 | 76 | 77 | 77 | 77 | 77 | 77 | 77 | 78 | 78 | 79 | 79 | 81 | 81 | 82 | 83 | 84 | 85 | 86 | 86 | 88 |
| Cloudier (%) | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 22 | 22 | 21 | 21 | 19 | 19 | 18 | 17 | 16 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 12 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 76 | 24 |
| 2 | 76 | 24 |
| 3 | 76 | 24 |
| 4 | 76 | 24 |
| 5 | 76 | 24 |
| 6 | 76 | 24 |
| 7 | 77 | 23 |
| 8 | 77 | 23 |
| 9 | 77 | 23 |
| 10 | 77 | 23 |
| 11 | 76 | 24 |
| 12 | 76 | 24 |
| 13 | 77 | 23 |
| 14 | 77 | 23 |
| 15 | 77 | 23 |
| 16 | 77 | 23 |
| 17 | 77 | 23 |
| 18 | 77 | 23 |
| 19 | 78 | 22 |
| 20 | 78 | 22 |
| 21 | 79 | 21 |
| 22 | 79 | 21 |
| 23 | 81 | 19 |
| 24 | 81 | 19 |
| 25 | 82 | 18 |
| 26 | 83 | 17 |
| 27 | 84 | 16 |
| 28 | 85 | 15 |
| 29 | 86 | 14 |
| 30 | 86 | 14 |
| 31 | 88 | 12 |
Chance of precipitation in May
Grand Canyon gets around 0.4 in of rain and snow over 2.2 wet days in May. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 7% and peaks near 9% on the wettest days, and about 0 day brings snow.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 5 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 8 |
| 2 | 8 |
| 3 | 7 |
| 4 | 7 |
| 5 | 7 |
| 6 | 7 |
| 7 | 6 |
| 8 | 6 |
| 9 | 6 |
| 10 | 7 |
| 11 | 7 |
| 12 | 7 |
| 13 | 7 |
| 14 | 7 |
| 15 | 8 |
| 16 | 8 |
| 17 | 8 |
| 18 | 8 |
| 19 | 9 |
| 20 | 9 |
| 21 | 8 |
| 22 | 8 |
| 23 | 8 |
| 24 | 8 |
| 25 | 8 |
| 26 | 8 |
| 27 | 7 |
| 28 | 7 |
| 29 | 6 |
| 30 | 6 |
| 31 | 5 |
Humidity in May
Most of May feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, May lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
| 29 | 100 |
| 30 | 100 |
| 31 | 100 |
Wind in May
Winds average 7 mph in May.
Across May, daily wind ranges from about 7 mph on the calmest days to 7 mph at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (mph) | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (mph) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 7 | calm |
| 2 | 7 | calm |
| 3 | 7 | calm |
| 4 | 7 | calm |
| 5 | 7 | calm |
| 6 | 7 | calm |
| 7 | 7 | calm |
| 8 | 7 | calm |
| 9 | 7 | calm |
| 10 | 7 | calm |
| 11 | 7 | calm |
| 12 | 7 | calm |
| 13 | 7 | calm |
| 14 | 7 | calm |
| 15 | 7 | calm |
| 16 | 7 | calm |
| 17 | 7 | calm |
| 18 | 7 | calm |
| 19 | 7 | calm |
| 20 | 7 | calm |
| 21 | 7 | calm |
| 22 | 7 | calm |
| 23 | 7 | calm |
| 24 | 7 | calm |
| 25 | 7 | calm |
| 26 | 7 | calm |
| 27 | 7 | calm |
| 28 | 7 | calm |
| 29 | 7 | calm |
| 30 | 7 | calm |
| 31 | 7 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in May
Daylight runs from about 13 h 24 min at the start of May to 14 h 12 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 48 minutes over May. Sunrise moves from 5:42 AM to 5:19 AM, and sunset from 7:09 PM to 7:33 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 13.4 | 13.5 | 13.5 | 13.5 | 13.6 | 13.6 | 13.6 | 13.7 | 13.7 | 13.7 | 13.8 | 13.8 | 13.8 | 13.8 | 13.9 | 13.9 | 13.9 | 14.0 | 14.0 | 14.0 | 14.0 | 14.1 | 14.1 | 14.1 | 14.1 | 14.1 | 14.2 | 14.2 | 14.2 | 14.2 | 14.2 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 5:42 | 5:41 | 5:40 | 5:39 | 5:38 | 5:37 | 5:36 | 5:35 | 5:34 | 5:33 | 5:32 | 5:31 | 5:30 | 5:29 | 5:28 | 5:28 | 5:27 | 5:26 | 5:25 | 5:25 | 5:24 | 5:23 | 5:23 | 5:22 | 5:21 | 5:21 | 5:20 | 5:20 | 5:19 | 5:19 | 5:19 |
| Sunset (PM) | 7:09 | 7:10 | 7:11 | 7:12 | 7:13 | 7:13 | 7:14 | 7:15 | 7:16 | 7:17 | 7:18 | 7:19 | 7:19 | 7:20 | 7:21 | 7:22 | 7:23 | 7:24 | 7:24 | 7:25 | 7:26 | 7:27 | 7:28 | 7:28 | 7:29 | 7:30 | 7:31 | 7:31 | 7:32 | 7:33 | 7:33 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 13.4 | 5:42 | 7:09 |
| 2 | 13.5 | 5:41 | 7:10 |
| 3 | 13.5 | 5:40 | 7:11 |
| 4 | 13.5 | 5:39 | 7:12 |
| 5 | 13.6 | 5:38 | 7:13 |
| 6 | 13.6 | 5:37 | 7:13 |
| 7 | 13.6 | 5:36 | 7:14 |
| 8 | 13.7 | 5:35 | 7:15 |
| 9 | 13.7 | 5:34 | 7:16 |
| 10 | 13.7 | 5:33 | 7:17 |
| 11 | 13.8 | 5:32 | 7:18 |
| 12 | 13.8 | 5:31 | 7:19 |
| 13 | 13.8 | 5:30 | 7:19 |
| 14 | 13.8 | 5:29 | 7:20 |
| 15 | 13.9 | 5:28 | 7:21 |
| 16 | 13.9 | 5:28 | 7:22 |
| 17 | 13.9 | 5:27 | 7:23 |
| 18 | 14.0 | 5:26 | 7:24 |
| 19 | 14.0 | 5:25 | 7:24 |
| 20 | 14.0 | 5:25 | 7:25 |
| 21 | 14.0 | 5:24 | 7:26 |
| 22 | 14.1 | 5:23 | 7:27 |
| 23 | 14.1 | 5:23 | 7:28 |
| 24 | 14.1 | 5:22 | 7:28 |
| 25 | 14.1 | 5:21 | 7:29 |
| 26 | 14.1 | 5:21 | 7:30 |
| 27 | 14.2 | 5:20 | 7:31 |
| 28 | 14.2 | 5:20 | 7:31 |
| 29 | 14.2 | 5:19 | 7:32 |
| 30 | 14.2 | 5:19 | 7:33 |
| 31 | 14.2 | 5:19 | 7:33 |
Solar energy in May
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in May, about 8.05 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 2.96 kWh/m² to a high of 8.54 kWh/m² in June across the year — May's 8.05 kWh/m² sits near the top of that range.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.8 | 7.8 | 7.8 | 7.8 | 7.9 | 7.9 | 7.9 | 7.9 | 7.9 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.1 | 8.1 | 8.1 | 8.1 | 8.2 | 8.2 | 8.2 | 8.2 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 8.4 | 8.4 |
| Level | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 7.7 | Intense |
| 2 | 7.7 | Intense |
| 3 | 7.8 | Intense |
| 4 | 7.8 | Intense |
| 5 | 7.8 | Intense |
| 6 | 7.8 | Intense |
| 7 | 7.9 | Intense |
| 8 | 7.9 | Intense |
| 9 | 7.9 | Intense |
| 10 | 7.9 | Intense |
| 11 | 7.9 | Intense |
| 12 | 8.0 | Intense |
| 13 | 8.0 | Intense |
| 14 | 8.0 | Intense |
| 15 | 8.0 | Intense |
| 16 | 8.0 | Intense |
| 17 | 8.0 | Intense |
| 18 | 8.1 | Intense |
| 19 | 8.1 | Intense |
| 20 | 8.1 | Intense |
| 21 | 8.1 | Intense |
| 22 | 8.2 | Intense |
| 23 | 8.2 | Intense |
| 24 | 8.2 | Intense |
| 25 | 8.2 | Intense |
| 26 | 8.3 | Intense |
| 27 | 8.3 | Intense |
| 28 | 8.3 | Intense |
| 29 | 8.3 | Intense |
| 30 | 8.4 | Intense |
| 31 | 8.4 | Intense |
Is May a good time to visit Grand Canyon?
Our two travel scores rate May for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
May is one of the better times to visit Grand Canyon for general sightseeing. The water and warmth also suit a beach or pool day.
What to pack for Grand Canyon in May
From May's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In May, Grand Canyon sees daytime highs around 76°F and nights near 49°F. Pack sun protection. Worth having: light clothes.
UV index in Grand Canyon in May
Clear-sky midday UV in May peaks around 9 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Grand Canyon peaks around July 17 at about 12 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 17 at about 3 (moderate).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 4 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 9 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 9 | 6 | 4 | 3 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | High | High | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | High | Moderate | Moderate |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 4 | Moderate |
| Feb | 4 | Moderate |
| Mar | 6 | High |
| Apr | 6 | High |
| May | 9 | Very high |
| Jun | 11 | Extreme |
| Jul | 12 | Extreme |
| Aug | 11 | Extreme |
| Sep | 9 | Very high |
| Oct | 6 | High |
| Nov | 4 | Moderate |
| Dec | 3 | Moderate |
Where is Grand Canyon?
Grand Canyon sits at 36.1°N, 112.1°W, 0 ft above sea level, in United States. The nearest listed city is Flagstaff, 65 mi away.
Topography around Grand Canyon
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 2, 10 and 50 miles of Grand Canyon.
Within 2 miles, the terrain around Grand Canyon has large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 3,527 ft around an average of 6,434 ft above sea level; within 10 miles, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 5,873 ft; within 50 miles, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 8,550 ft.
The land around Grand Canyon is covered by trees (71%) within 2 miles, trees (45%) and grassland (21%) within 10 miles, and grassland (42%), trees (23%) and bare terrain (23%) within 50 miles.
United States travel facts
- Power plugs
- Type A / B
- 120 V · 60 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 100% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $90,027
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.8 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 98%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 5.8
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 12.7
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Grand Canyon (36.0544°, -112.1393°, elevation 0 ft), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).