Manassas Park weather in February
In February, Manassas Park sees average daytime highs of 47°F and overnight lows near 30°F, with 2.8 in of precipitation across 8.3 wet days and about 10.5 hours of daylight. It is the 11th-warmest and 12th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about 44°F in the first days to 50°F by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 31% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 10 hours at the start of February to 11 hours by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Manassas Park's 8th-clearest and 3rd-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Manassas Park's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 47°
- 11th warmest
- Overnight low
- 30°
- 2nd coldest
- Precipitation
- 2.8 in
- 8.3 wet days
- Daylight
- 10 h 30 min
- 7:10 AM – 5:39 PM
- Cloud cover
- 60%
- 8th clearest
- Wind
- 7 mph
- 3rd windiest
- Solar energy
- 3.15 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 1.4
- out of 10
Manassas Park is independent city in Virginia, United States.
- Density
- 2,391/km²
- people per km²
- Founded
- 1975
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Highs climb over the month, from about 44°F in the first days to 50°F by the end.
A typical February day in Manassas Park reaches about 47°F in the afternoon and slips back to 30°F overnight — a 17°F spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 34°F and 61°F. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 3°F warmer than January and about 9°F cooler than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°F) | 44 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 50 | 50 | 50 |
| Avg low (°F) | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 33 | 33 | 33 |
| Avg high (°F) | Avg low (°F) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 44 | 28 |
| 2 | 44 | 28 |
| 3 | 44 | 28 |
| 4 | 44 | 28 |
| 5 | 44 | 28 |
| 6 | 45 | 28 |
| 7 | 45 | 28 |
| 8 | 45 | 29 |
| 9 | 45 | 29 |
| 10 | 45 | 29 |
| 11 | 46 | 29 |
| 12 | 46 | 29 |
| 13 | 46 | 29 |
| 14 | 46 | 30 |
| 15 | 46 | 30 |
| 16 | 47 | 30 |
| 17 | 47 | 30 |
| 18 | 47 | 31 |
| 19 | 48 | 31 |
| 20 | 48 | 31 |
| 21 | 48 | 31 |
| 22 | 49 | 32 |
| 23 | 49 | 32 |
| 24 | 49 | 32 |
| 25 | 49 | 32 |
| 26 | 50 | 33 |
| 27 | 50 | 33 |
| 28 | 50 | 33 |
How February really feels in Manassas Park
Once humidity and wind are folded in, February averages 0 days that feel above 90°F and 28 that feel at or below 32°F — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
The story in February is cold — wind chill drags the overnight "feels like" below the raw low.
Manassas Park weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 11th-warmest and 12th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°F) | Rainfall (inches) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 43° / 29° | 3.0 | 8.6 | 2.8 | 9.6 | 0.6 |
| Feb | 47° / 30° | 2.8 | 8.3 | 2.5 | 10.5 | 1.4 |
| Mar | 55° / 37° | 3.8 | 10.5 | 1.7 | 11.7 | 3.6 |
| Apr | 67° / 47° | 3.4 | 10 | 0 | 13 | 6.0 |
| May | 75° / 56° | 3.7 | 11.2 | 0 | 14.1 | 6.5 |
| Jun | 84° / 65° | 3.4 | 11.1 | 0 | 14.7 | 5.3 |
| Jul | 88° / 70° | 3.7 | 11.8 | 0 | 14.4 | 4.2 |
| Aug | 86° / 69° | 3.3 | 10 | 0 | 13.5 | 5.0 |
| Sep | 79° / 61° | 4.4 | 9.1 | 0 | 12.3 | 6.7 |
| Oct | 68° / 49° | 3.3 | 7.6 | 0 | 11 | 6.7 |
| Nov | 56° / 39° | 2.9 | 7.6 | 0.2 | 9.9 | 4.2 |
| Dec | 47° / 32° | 3.4 | 8.8 | 1.8 | 9.3 | 1.6 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 31% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 15% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 54%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 50 | 50 | 48 | 49 | 49 | 48 | 48 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 45 | 44 | 45 | 45 |
| Cloudier (%) | 50 | 50 | 52 | 51 | 51 | 52 | 52 | 53 | 53 | 53 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 55 | 56 | 55 | 55 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 50 | 50 |
| 2 | 50 | 50 |
| 3 | 48 | 52 |
| 4 | 49 | 51 |
| 5 | 49 | 51 |
| 6 | 48 | 52 |
| 7 | 48 | 52 |
| 8 | 47 | 53 |
| 9 | 47 | 53 |
| 10 | 47 | 53 |
| 11 | 46 | 54 |
| 12 | 46 | 54 |
| 13 | 46 | 54 |
| 14 | 46 | 54 |
| 15 | 46 | 54 |
| 16 | 45 | 55 |
| 17 | 45 | 55 |
| 18 | 45 | 55 |
| 19 | 45 | 55 |
| 20 | 45 | 55 |
| 21 | 44 | 56 |
| 22 | 44 | 56 |
| 23 | 44 | 56 |
| 24 | 44 | 56 |
| 25 | 45 | 55 |
| 26 | 44 | 56 |
| 27 | 45 | 55 |
| 28 | 45 | 55 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Manassas Park gets around 2.8 in of rain and snow over 8.3 wet days in February, the driest month. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 29% and peaks near 33% on the wettest days, and about 3 days bring snow. The odds climb toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 31 | 31 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 33 | 33 | 33 |
| Snow chance (%) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
| Rain chance (%) | Snow chance (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 26 | 10 |
| 2 | 26 | 10 |
| 3 | 26 | 10 |
| 4 | 26 | 10 |
| 5 | 27 | 10 |
| 6 | 27 | 10 |
| 7 | 27 | 10 |
| 8 | 28 | 10 |
| 9 | 28 | 10 |
| 10 | 28 | 10 |
| 11 | 28 | 10 |
| 12 | 28 | 10 |
| 13 | 28 | 10 |
| 14 | 29 | 10 |
| 15 | 29 | 9 |
| 16 | 29 | 9 |
| 17 | 30 | 9 |
| 18 | 30 | 9 |
| 19 | 30 | 9 |
| 20 | 31 | 9 |
| 21 | 31 | 9 |
| 22 | 32 | 8 |
| 23 | 32 | 8 |
| 24 | 32 | 8 |
| 25 | 32 | 8 |
| 26 | 33 | 8 |
| 27 | 33 | 8 |
| 28 | 33 | 8 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
Wind in February
Winds average 7 mph in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 7 mph on the calmest days to 7 mph at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (mph) | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (mph) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 7 | calm |
| 2 | 7 | calm |
| 3 | 7 | calm |
| 4 | 7 | calm |
| 5 | 7 | calm |
| 6 | 7 | calm |
| 7 | 7 | calm |
| 8 | 7 | calm |
| 9 | 7 | calm |
| 10 | 7 | calm |
| 11 | 7 | calm |
| 12 | 7 | calm |
| 13 | 7 | calm |
| 14 | 7 | calm |
| 15 | 7 | calm |
| 16 | 7 | calm |
| 17 | 7 | calm |
| 18 | 7 | calm |
| 19 | 7 | calm |
| 20 | 7 | calm |
| 21 | 7 | calm |
| 22 | 7 | calm |
| 23 | 7 | calm |
| 24 | 7 | calm |
| 25 | 7 | calm |
| 26 | 7 | calm |
| 27 | 7 | calm |
| 28 | 7 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 10 hours at the start of February to 11 hours by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 60 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 7:23 AM to 6:53 AM, and sunset from 5:23 PM to 5:54 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.1 | 10.1 | 10.1 | 10.2 | 10.2 | 10.2 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 11.0 | 11.0 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 7:23 | 7:23 | 7:22 | 7:21 | 7:20 | 7:19 | 7:18 | 7:17 | 7:16 | 7:15 | 7:14 | 7:13 | 7:12 | 7:11 | 7:10 | 7:08 | 7:07 | 7:06 | 7:05 | 7:04 | 7:02 | 7:01 | 7:00 | 6:58 | 6:57 | 6:56 | 6:54 | 6:53 |
| Sunset (PM) | 5:23 | 5:25 | 5:26 | 5:27 | 5:28 | 5:29 | 5:30 | 5:31 | 5:33 | 5:34 | 5:35 | 5:36 | 5:37 | 5:38 | 5:39 | 5:40 | 5:42 | 5:43 | 5:44 | 5:45 | 5:46 | 5:47 | 5:48 | 5:49 | 5:50 | 5:51 | 5:53 | 5:54 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10.0 | 7:23 | 5:23 |
| 2 | 10.0 | 7:23 | 5:25 |
| 3 | 10.1 | 7:22 | 5:26 |
| 4 | 10.1 | 7:21 | 5:27 |
| 5 | 10.1 | 7:20 | 5:28 |
| 6 | 10.2 | 7:19 | 5:29 |
| 7 | 10.2 | 7:18 | 5:30 |
| 8 | 10.2 | 7:17 | 5:31 |
| 9 | 10.3 | 7:16 | 5:33 |
| 10 | 10.3 | 7:15 | 5:34 |
| 11 | 10.3 | 7:14 | 5:35 |
| 12 | 10.4 | 7:13 | 5:36 |
| 13 | 10.4 | 7:12 | 5:37 |
| 14 | 10.5 | 7:11 | 5:38 |
| 15 | 10.5 | 7:10 | 5:39 |
| 16 | 10.5 | 7:08 | 5:40 |
| 17 | 10.6 | 7:07 | 5:42 |
| 18 | 10.6 | 7:06 | 5:43 |
| 19 | 10.6 | 7:05 | 5:44 |
| 20 | 10.7 | 7:04 | 5:45 |
| 21 | 10.7 | 7:02 | 5:46 |
| 22 | 10.8 | 7:01 | 5:47 |
| 23 | 10.8 | 7:00 | 5:48 |
| 24 | 10.8 | 6:58 | 5:49 |
| 25 | 10.9 | 6:57 | 5:50 |
| 26 | 10.9 | 6:56 | 5:51 |
| 27 | 11.0 | 6:54 | 5:53 |
| 28 | 11.0 | 6:53 | 5:54 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 3.15 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 1.99 kWh/m² to a high of 6.15 kWh/m² in June across the year — February's 3.15 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 3.6 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2.8 | Moderate |
| 2 | 2.8 | Moderate |
| 3 | 2.8 | Moderate |
| 4 | 2.8 | Moderate |
| 5 | 2.9 | Moderate |
| 6 | 2.9 | Moderate |
| 7 | 2.9 | Moderate |
| 8 | 3.0 | Moderate |
| 9 | 3.0 | Moderate |
| 10 | 3.0 | Moderate |
| 11 | 3.1 | Moderate |
| 12 | 3.1 | Moderate |
| 13 | 3.1 | Moderate |
| 14 | 3.1 | Moderate |
| 15 | 3.2 | Moderate |
| 16 | 3.2 | Moderate |
| 17 | 3.2 | Moderate |
| 18 | 3.3 | Moderate |
| 19 | 3.3 | Moderate |
| 20 | 3.3 | Moderate |
| 21 | 3.4 | Moderate |
| 22 | 3.4 | Moderate |
| 23 | 3.4 | Moderate |
| 24 | 3.5 | Moderate |
| 25 | 3.5 | Moderate |
| 26 | 3.5 | Moderate |
| 27 | 3.6 | Moderate |
| 28 | 3.6 | Moderate |
Is February a good time to visit Manassas Park?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Manassas Park.
What to pack for Manassas Park in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Manassas Park sees daytime highs around 47°F and nights near 30°F. Pack a warm layer. Worth having: rain gear. About 8 days see rain.
UV index in Manassas Park in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 3 — enough to warrant sun protection. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Manassas Park peaks around July 11 at about 9 (very high) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 19 at about 2 (low).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 9 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 7 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 2 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | High | High | Very high | Very high | Very high | Very high | High | Moderate | Moderate | Low |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 2 | Moderate |
| Feb | 3 | Moderate |
| Mar | 5 | High |
| Apr | 6 | High |
| May | 8 | Very high |
| Jun | 9 | Very high |
| Jul | 9 | Very high |
| Aug | 7 | Very high |
| Sep | 6 | High |
| Oct | 4 | Moderate |
| Nov | 3 | Moderate |
| Dec | 2 | Low |
Air quality in Manassas Park in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Manassas Park is worst in July — around 17 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), about 1.9× the cleanest month (November, 9 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 11 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 15 | 12 | 9 | 9 | 10 |
| Level | Good | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Good | Good | Good |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 11 | Good |
| Feb | 12 | Moderate |
| Mar | 13 | Moderate |
| Apr | 13 | Moderate |
| May | 15 | Moderate |
| Jun | 16 | Moderate |
| Jul | 17 | Moderate |
| Aug | 15 | Moderate |
| Sep | 12 | Moderate |
| Oct | 9 | Good |
| Nov | 9 | Good |
| Dec | 10 | Good |
Where is Manassas Park?
Manassas Park sits at 38.8°N, 77.5°W, 203 ft above sea level, in United States. The nearest listed city is Sudley, 1.9 mi away.
Topography around Manassas Park
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 2, 10 and 50 miles of Manassas Park.
Within 2 miles, the terrain around Manassas Park has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 187 ft around an average of 226 ft above sea level; within 10 miles, only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 768 ft; within 50 miles, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 3,907 ft.
The land around Manassas Park is covered by trees (63%) and artificial surfaces (26%) within 2 miles, trees (70%) within 10 miles, and trees (68%) within 50 miles.
United States travel facts
- Power plugs
- Type A / B
- 120 V · 60 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 100% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $90,027
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.8 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 98%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 5.8
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 12.7
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Manassas Park (38.784°, -77.4697°, elevation 203 ft), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).