Palmdale weather in February
In February, Palmdale sees average daytime highs of 56°F and overnight lows near 40°F, with 2.9 in of precipitation across 6.6 wet days and about 10.7 hours of daylight. It is the 10th-warmest and 1st-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 56°F through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 44% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 10 h 18 min at the start of February to 11 h 12 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Palmdale's 12th-clearest and 5th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Palmdale's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 56°
- 10th warmest
- Overnight low
- 40°
- 3rd coldest
- Precipitation
- 2.9 in
- 6.6 wet days
- Daylight
- 10 h 42 min
- 6:46 AM – 5:28 PM
- Cloud cover
- 47%
- 12th clearest
- Wind
- 5 mph
- 5th windiest
- Solar energy
- 4.11 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 4.1
- out of 10
Palmdale is city in Los Angeles County, California, United States.
- Density
- 576/km²
- people per km²
- Founded
- 1886
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 56°F through the month.
A typical February day in Palmdale reaches about 56°F in the afternoon and slips back to 40°F overnight — a 16°F spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 45°F and 68°F. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 1°F warmer than January and about 5°F cooler than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°F) | 55 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 56 |
| Avg low (°F) | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 |
| Avg high (°F) | Avg low (°F) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 55 | 40 |
| 2 | 56 | 40 |
| 3 | 56 | 40 |
| 4 | 56 | 40 |
| 5 | 56 | 40 |
| 6 | 56 | 40 |
| 7 | 56 | 40 |
| 8 | 56 | 40 |
| 9 | 56 | 40 |
| 10 | 56 | 40 |
| 11 | 56 | 40 |
| 12 | 56 | 40 |
| 13 | 56 | 40 |
| 14 | 56 | 40 |
| 15 | 56 | 40 |
| 16 | 56 | 40 |
| 17 | 56 | 40 |
| 18 | 56 | 40 |
| 19 | 56 | 40 |
| 20 | 56 | 40 |
| 21 | 56 | 40 |
| 22 | 56 | 40 |
| 23 | 56 | 40 |
| 24 | 56 | 40 |
| 25 | 56 | 40 |
| 26 | 56 | 40 |
| 27 | 56 | 40 |
| 28 | 56 | 40 |
Palmdale weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 10th-warmest and 1st-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°F) | Rainfall (inches) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 54° / 40° | 2.5 | 5.7 | 1.6 | 9.9 | 3.9 |
| Feb | 56° / 40° | 2.9 | 6.6 | 2.2 | 10.7 | 4.1 |
| Mar | 60° / 42° | 2.0 | 6.3 | 1.3 | 11.7 | 5.5 |
| Apr | 66° / 46° | 0.9 | 4 | 0.6 | 12.8 | 7.3 |
| May | 73° / 52° | 0.5 | 3.2 | 0.1 | 13.8 | 8.5 |
| Jun | 82° / 59° | 0.2 | 1.1 | 0 | 14.3 | 8.1 |
| Jul | 88° / 65° | 0.7 | 3.6 | 0 | 14.1 | 5.8 |
| Aug | 88° / 65° | 0.5 | 2.8 | 0 | 13.3 | 5.7 |
| Sep | 83° / 61° | 0.4 | 2.5 | 0 | 12.2 | 7.7 |
| Oct | 73° / 53° | 0.7 | 2.7 | 0 | 11.1 | 8.6 |
| Nov | 62° / 45° | 0.7 | 3 | 0.4 | 10.2 | 6.5 |
| Dec | 54° / 39° | 1.9 | 5 | 1.1 | 9.7 | 3.8 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 44% of the time in February, the cloudiest month of the year.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 12% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 44%. Skies tend to cloud over as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 61 | 61 | 61 | 62 | 62 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 58 | 57 | 57 | 56 | 55 | 54 | 53 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 53 | 53 | 53 | 53 | 53 | 54 | 54 | 54 |
| Cloudier (%) | 39 | 39 | 39 | 38 | 38 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 42 | 43 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 46 | 47 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 46 | 46 | 46 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 61 | 39 |
| 2 | 61 | 39 |
| 3 | 61 | 39 |
| 4 | 62 | 38 |
| 5 | 62 | 38 |
| 6 | 60 | 40 |
| 7 | 60 | 40 |
| 8 | 60 | 40 |
| 9 | 58 | 42 |
| 10 | 57 | 43 |
| 11 | 57 | 43 |
| 12 | 56 | 44 |
| 13 | 55 | 45 |
| 14 | 54 | 46 |
| 15 | 53 | 47 |
| 16 | 54 | 46 |
| 17 | 54 | 46 |
| 18 | 54 | 46 |
| 19 | 54 | 46 |
| 20 | 54 | 46 |
| 21 | 53 | 47 |
| 22 | 53 | 47 |
| 23 | 53 | 47 |
| 24 | 53 | 47 |
| 25 | 53 | 47 |
| 26 | 54 | 46 |
| 27 | 54 | 46 |
| 28 | 54 | 46 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Palmdale gets around 2.9 in of rain and snow over 6.6 wet days in February, the wettest month. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 23% and peaks near 27% on the wettest days, and about 2 days bring snow. The odds climb toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 17 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 24 | 25 | 25 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 26 | 26 |
| Snow chance (%) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
| Rain chance (%) | Snow chance (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 17 | 5 |
| 2 | 17 | 5 |
| 3 | 18 | 5 |
| 4 | 18 | 5 |
| 5 | 18 | 5 |
| 6 | 19 | 5 |
| 7 | 19 | 5 |
| 8 | 20 | 5 |
| 9 | 21 | 6 |
| 10 | 22 | 6 |
| 11 | 22 | 6 |
| 12 | 23 | 7 |
| 13 | 24 | 7 |
| 14 | 24 | 7 |
| 15 | 25 | 8 |
| 16 | 25 | 8 |
| 17 | 26 | 8 |
| 18 | 26 | 9 |
| 19 | 26 | 9 |
| 20 | 27 | 9 |
| 21 | 27 | 9 |
| 22 | 27 | 9 |
| 23 | 27 | 9 |
| 24 | 27 | 9 |
| 25 | 27 | 9 |
| 26 | 27 | 8 |
| 27 | 26 | 8 |
| 28 | 26 | 8 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
Wind in February
Winds average 5 mph in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 5 mph on the calmest days to 5 mph at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (mph) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (mph) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5 | calm |
| 2 | 5 | calm |
| 3 | 5 | calm |
| 4 | 5 | calm |
| 5 | 5 | calm |
| 6 | 5 | calm |
| 7 | 5 | calm |
| 8 | 5 | calm |
| 9 | 5 | calm |
| 10 | 5 | calm |
| 11 | 5 | calm |
| 12 | 5 | calm |
| 13 | 5 | calm |
| 14 | 5 | calm |
| 15 | 5 | calm |
| 16 | 5 | calm |
| 17 | 5 | calm |
| 18 | 5 | calm |
| 19 | 5 | calm |
| 20 | 5 | calm |
| 21 | 5 | calm |
| 22 | 5 | calm |
| 23 | 5 | calm |
| 24 | 5 | calm |
| 25 | 5 | calm |
| 26 | 5 | calm |
| 27 | 5 | calm |
| 28 | 5 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 10 h 18 min at the start of February to 11 h 12 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 54 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 6:57 AM to 6:31 AM, and sunset from 5:15 PM to 5:40 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 10.3 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.2 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:57 | 6:57 | 6:56 | 6:55 | 6:54 | 6:54 | 6:53 | 6:52 | 6:51 | 6:50 | 6:50 | 6:49 | 6:48 | 6:47 | 6:46 | 6:45 | 6:44 | 6:43 | 6:42 | 6:41 | 6:39 | 6:38 | 6:37 | 6:36 | 6:35 | 6:34 | 6:33 | 6:31 |
| Sunset (PM) | 5:15 | 5:16 | 5:17 | 5:18 | 5:19 | 5:20 | 5:21 | 5:22 | 5:23 | 5:24 | 5:25 | 5:25 | 5:26 | 5:27 | 5:28 | 5:29 | 5:30 | 5:31 | 5:32 | 5:33 | 5:34 | 5:35 | 5:36 | 5:37 | 5:38 | 5:39 | 5:40 | 5:40 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10.3 | 6:57 | 5:15 |
| 2 | 10.3 | 6:57 | 5:16 |
| 3 | 10.3 | 6:56 | 5:17 |
| 4 | 10.4 | 6:55 | 5:18 |
| 5 | 10.4 | 6:54 | 5:19 |
| 6 | 10.4 | 6:54 | 5:20 |
| 7 | 10.5 | 6:53 | 5:21 |
| 8 | 10.5 | 6:52 | 5:22 |
| 9 | 10.5 | 6:51 | 5:23 |
| 10 | 10.6 | 6:50 | 5:24 |
| 11 | 10.6 | 6:50 | 5:25 |
| 12 | 10.6 | 6:49 | 5:25 |
| 13 | 10.6 | 6:48 | 5:26 |
| 14 | 10.7 | 6:47 | 5:27 |
| 15 | 10.7 | 6:46 | 5:28 |
| 16 | 10.7 | 6:45 | 5:29 |
| 17 | 10.8 | 6:44 | 5:30 |
| 18 | 10.8 | 6:43 | 5:31 |
| 19 | 10.8 | 6:42 | 5:32 |
| 20 | 10.9 | 6:41 | 5:33 |
| 21 | 10.9 | 6:39 | 5:34 |
| 22 | 10.9 | 6:38 | 5:35 |
| 23 | 11.0 | 6:37 | 5:36 |
| 24 | 11.0 | 6:36 | 5:37 |
| 25 | 11.0 | 6:35 | 5:38 |
| 26 | 11.1 | 6:34 | 5:39 |
| 27 | 11.1 | 6:33 | 5:40 |
| 28 | 11.2 | 6:31 | 5:40 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 4.11 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 3.02 kWh/m² to a high of 8.4 kWh/m² in June across the year — February's 4.11 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.7 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 3.7 | Moderate |
| 2 | 3.7 | Moderate |
| 3 | 3.7 | Moderate |
| 4 | 3.8 | Moderate |
| 5 | 3.8 | Moderate |
| 6 | 3.8 | Moderate |
| 7 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 8 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 9 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 10 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 11 | 4.0 | Moderate |
| 12 | 4.0 | Bright |
| 13 | 4.0 | Bright |
| 14 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 15 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 16 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 17 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 18 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 19 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 20 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 21 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 22 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 23 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 24 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 25 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 26 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 27 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 28 | 4.7 | Bright |
Is February a good time to visit Palmdale?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a reasonable time to visit Palmdale for sightseeing.
What to pack for Palmdale in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Palmdale sees daytime highs around 56°F and nights near 40°F. Worth packing: a warm layer. About 7 days see rain.
UV index in Palmdale in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 5 — enough to warrant sun protection. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Palmdale peaks around June 23 at about 11 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 15 at about 3 (moderate).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 11 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 4 | 5 | 5 | 8 | 8 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 8 | 6 | 3 | 3 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | High | Very high | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | High | Moderate | Moderate |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 4 | Moderate |
| Feb | 5 | Moderate |
| Mar | 5 | High |
| Apr | 8 | Very high |
| May | 8 | Very high |
| Jun | 11 | Extreme |
| Jul | 11 | Extreme |
| Aug | 11 | Extreme |
| Sep | 8 | Very high |
| Oct | 6 | High |
| Nov | 3 | Moderate |
| Dec | 3 | Moderate |
Air quality in Palmdale in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Palmdale is worst in September — around 39 µg/m³ PM2.5 (poor), about 3.2× the cleanest month (May, 12 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 14 | 15 | 16 | 14 | 12 | 15 | 18 | 22 | 39 | 15 | 17 | 14 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Poor | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 14 | Moderate |
| Feb | 15 | Moderate |
| Mar | 16 | Moderate |
| Apr | 14 | Moderate |
| May | 12 | Moderate |
| Jun | 15 | Moderate |
| Jul | 18 | Moderate |
| Aug | 22 | Moderate |
| Sep | 39 | Poor |
| Oct | 15 | Moderate |
| Nov | 17 | Moderate |
| Dec | 14 | Moderate |
Where is Palmdale?
Palmdale sits at 34.6°N, 118.1°W, 2,657 ft above sea level, in United States. The nearest listed city is Vincent, 5.6 mi away.
Topography around Palmdale
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 2, 10 and 50 miles of Palmdale.
Within 2 miles, the terrain around Palmdale has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 594 ft around an average of 2,687 ft above sea level; within 10 miles, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,979 ft; within 50 miles, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 10,000 ft.
The land around Palmdale is covered by artificial surfaces (45%) and grassland (30%) within 2 miles, grassland (46%) within 10 miles, and grassland (33%) and shrubs (20%) within 50 miles.
United States travel facts
- Power plugs
- Type A / B
- 120 V · 60 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 100% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $90,027
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.8 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 98%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 5.8
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 12.7
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Palmdale (34.5794°, -118.1165°, elevation 2,657 ft), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).