Staunton weather in February
In February, Staunton sees average daytime highs of 45°F and overnight lows near 27°F, with 2.6 in of precipitation across 7.8 wet days and about 10.5 hours of daylight. It is the 10th-warmest and 12th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about 43°F in the first days to 48°F by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 32% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 10 hours at the start of February to 11 hours by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Staunton's 8th-clearest and 2nd-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Staunton's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 45°
- 10th warmest
- Overnight low
- 27°
- 2nd coldest
- Precipitation
- 2.6 in
- 7.8 wet days
- Daylight
- 10 h 30 min
- 7:15 AM – 5:47 PM
- Cloud cover
- 60%
- 8th clearest
- Wind
- 6 mph
- 2nd windiest
- Solar energy
- 3.28 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 1.0
- out of 10
Staunton is independent city in Virginia, United States.
- Density
- 471/km²
- people per km²
- Founded
- 1747
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Highs climb over the month, from about 43°F in the first days to 48°F by the end.
A typical February day in Staunton reaches about 45°F in the afternoon and slips back to 27°F overnight — a 18°F spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 31°F and 59°F. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 3°F warmer than January and about 8°F cooler than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°F) | 42 | 42 | 43 | 43 | 43 | 43 | 43 | 43 | 43 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 48 | 48 |
| Avg low (°F) | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 |
| Avg high (°F) | Avg low (°F) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 42 | 25 |
| 2 | 42 | 25 |
| 3 | 43 | 25 |
| 4 | 43 | 25 |
| 5 | 43 | 25 |
| 6 | 43 | 25 |
| 7 | 43 | 25 |
| 8 | 43 | 25 |
| 9 | 43 | 26 |
| 10 | 44 | 26 |
| 11 | 44 | 26 |
| 12 | 44 | 26 |
| 13 | 44 | 26 |
| 14 | 44 | 26 |
| 15 | 44 | 26 |
| 16 | 45 | 27 |
| 17 | 45 | 27 |
| 18 | 45 | 27 |
| 19 | 46 | 27 |
| 20 | 46 | 28 |
| 21 | 46 | 28 |
| 22 | 46 | 28 |
| 23 | 47 | 28 |
| 24 | 47 | 28 |
| 25 | 47 | 29 |
| 26 | 47 | 29 |
| 27 | 48 | 29 |
| 28 | 48 | 29 |
How February really feels in Staunton
Once humidity and wind are folded in, February averages 0 days that feel above 90°F and 28 that feel at or below 32°F — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
The story in February is cold — wind chill drags the overnight "feels like" below the raw low.
Staunton weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 10th-warmest and 12th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°F) | Rainfall (inches) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 42° / 25° | 2.9 | 8.1 | 3.2 | 9.7 | 0.2 |
| Feb | 45° / 27° | 2.6 | 7.8 | 3.1 | 10.5 | 1.0 |
| Mar | 53° / 34° | 3.6 | 10.4 | 2.3 | 11.7 | 3.1 |
| Apr | 64° / 43° | 3.3 | 10 | 0.4 | 13 | 5.6 |
| May | 72° / 52° | 3.9 | 12.8 | 0 | 14 | 6.2 |
| Jun | 79° / 60° | 3.2 | 11.5 | 0 | 14.6 | 6.3 |
| Jul | 83° / 64° | 3.6 | 11.8 | 0 | 14.4 | 5.6 |
| Aug | 82° / 63° | 2.8 | 10.5 | 0 | 13.5 | 6.3 |
| Sep | 75° / 56° | 4.0 | 8.8 | 0 | 12.3 | 7.0 |
| Oct | 65° / 44° | 3.0 | 7.1 | 0.2 | 11 | 6.3 |
| Nov | 54° / 35° | 2.8 | 7.4 | 0.5 | 9.9 | 3.5 |
| Dec | 45° / 29° | 3.1 | 8.3 | 2.2 | 9.4 | 1.0 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 32% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 16% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 52%. Skies tend to cloud over as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 49 | 49 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 47 | 48 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 46 | 47 | 47 | 46 | 46 | 47 | 46 | 46 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 48 | 49 |
| Cloudier (%) | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 51 | 51 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 53 | 52 | 53 | 53 | 53 | 54 | 53 | 53 | 54 | 54 | 53 | 54 | 54 | 53 | 53 | 53 | 53 | 52 | 51 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 50 | 50 |
| 2 | 50 | 50 |
| 3 | 50 | 50 |
| 4 | 50 | 50 |
| 5 | 49 | 51 |
| 6 | 49 | 51 |
| 7 | 48 | 52 |
| 8 | 48 | 52 |
| 9 | 48 | 52 |
| 10 | 47 | 53 |
| 11 | 48 | 52 |
| 12 | 47 | 53 |
| 13 | 47 | 53 |
| 14 | 47 | 53 |
| 15 | 46 | 54 |
| 16 | 47 | 53 |
| 17 | 47 | 53 |
| 18 | 46 | 54 |
| 19 | 46 | 54 |
| 20 | 47 | 53 |
| 21 | 46 | 54 |
| 22 | 46 | 54 |
| 23 | 47 | 53 |
| 24 | 47 | 53 |
| 25 | 47 | 53 |
| 26 | 47 | 53 |
| 27 | 48 | 52 |
| 28 | 49 | 51 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Staunton gets around 2.6 in of rain and snow over 7.8 wet days in February, the driest month. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 28% and peaks near 31% on the wettest days, and about 3 days bring snow.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 25 | 25 | 25 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 31 | 31 |
| Snow chance (%) | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| Rain chance (%) | Snow chance (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 25 | 12 |
| 2 | 25 | 12 |
| 3 | 25 | 12 |
| 4 | 26 | 12 |
| 5 | 26 | 12 |
| 6 | 26 | 12 |
| 7 | 26 | 12 |
| 8 | 27 | 12 |
| 9 | 27 | 12 |
| 10 | 27 | 12 |
| 11 | 27 | 12 |
| 12 | 27 | 12 |
| 13 | 27 | 12 |
| 14 | 28 | 12 |
| 15 | 28 | 11 |
| 16 | 28 | 11 |
| 17 | 29 | 11 |
| 18 | 29 | 11 |
| 19 | 29 | 11 |
| 20 | 30 | 11 |
| 21 | 30 | 11 |
| 22 | 30 | 10 |
| 23 | 30 | 10 |
| 24 | 30 | 10 |
| 25 | 30 | 10 |
| 26 | 30 | 10 |
| 27 | 31 | 10 |
| 28 | 31 | 10 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
Wind in February
Winds average 6 mph in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 6 mph on the calmest days to 6 mph at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (mph) | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (mph) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6 | calm |
| 2 | 6 | calm |
| 3 | 6 | calm |
| 4 | 6 | calm |
| 5 | 6 | calm |
| 6 | 6 | calm |
| 7 | 6 | calm |
| 8 | 6 | calm |
| 9 | 6 | calm |
| 10 | 6 | calm |
| 11 | 6 | calm |
| 12 | 6 | calm |
| 13 | 6 | calm |
| 14 | 6 | calm |
| 15 | 6 | calm |
| 16 | 6 | calm |
| 17 | 6 | calm |
| 18 | 6 | calm |
| 19 | 6 | calm |
| 20 | 6 | calm |
| 21 | 6 | calm |
| 22 | 6 | calm |
| 23 | 6 | calm |
| 24 | 6 | calm |
| 25 | 6 | calm |
| 26 | 6 | calm |
| 27 | 6 | calm |
| 28 | 6 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 10 hours at the start of February to 11 hours by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 60 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 7:28 AM to 6:59 AM, and sunset from 5:31 PM to 6:01 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 10.0 | 10.1 | 10.1 | 10.1 | 10.2 | 10.2 | 10.2 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.0 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 7:28 | 7:28 | 7:27 | 7:26 | 7:25 | 7:24 | 7:23 | 7:22 | 7:21 | 7:20 | 7:19 | 7:18 | 7:17 | 7:16 | 7:15 | 7:14 | 7:13 | 7:12 | 7:10 | 7:09 | 7:08 | 7:07 | 7:05 | 7:04 | 7:03 | 7:01 | 7:00 | 6:59 |
| Sunset (PM) | 5:31 | 5:32 | 5:33 | 5:35 | 5:36 | 5:37 | 5:38 | 5:39 | 5:40 | 5:41 | 5:42 | 5:43 | 5:45 | 5:46 | 5:47 | 5:48 | 5:49 | 5:50 | 5:51 | 5:52 | 5:53 | 5:54 | 5:55 | 5:56 | 5:58 | 5:59 | 6:00 | 6:01 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10.0 | 7:28 | 5:31 |
| 2 | 10.1 | 7:28 | 5:32 |
| 3 | 10.1 | 7:27 | 5:33 |
| 4 | 10.1 | 7:26 | 5:35 |
| 5 | 10.2 | 7:25 | 5:36 |
| 6 | 10.2 | 7:24 | 5:37 |
| 7 | 10.2 | 7:23 | 5:38 |
| 8 | 10.3 | 7:22 | 5:39 |
| 9 | 10.3 | 7:21 | 5:40 |
| 10 | 10.3 | 7:20 | 5:41 |
| 11 | 10.4 | 7:19 | 5:42 |
| 12 | 10.4 | 7:18 | 5:43 |
| 13 | 10.5 | 7:17 | 5:45 |
| 14 | 10.5 | 7:16 | 5:46 |
| 15 | 10.5 | 7:15 | 5:47 |
| 16 | 10.6 | 7:14 | 5:48 |
| 17 | 10.6 | 7:13 | 5:49 |
| 18 | 10.6 | 7:12 | 5:50 |
| 19 | 10.7 | 7:10 | 5:51 |
| 20 | 10.7 | 7:09 | 5:52 |
| 21 | 10.8 | 7:08 | 5:53 |
| 22 | 10.8 | 7:07 | 5:54 |
| 23 | 10.8 | 7:05 | 5:55 |
| 24 | 10.9 | 7:04 | 5:56 |
| 25 | 10.9 | 7:03 | 5:58 |
| 26 | 11.0 | 7:01 | 5:59 |
| 27 | 11.0 | 7:00 | 6:00 |
| 28 | 11.0 | 6:59 | 6:01 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 3.28 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 2.1 kWh/m² to a high of 6.15 kWh/m² in June across the year — February's 3.28 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.8 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2.9 | Moderate |
| 2 | 2.9 | Moderate |
| 3 | 2.9 | Moderate |
| 4 | 3.0 | Moderate |
| 5 | 3.0 | Moderate |
| 6 | 3.0 | Moderate |
| 7 | 3.1 | Moderate |
| 8 | 3.1 | Moderate |
| 9 | 3.1 | Moderate |
| 10 | 3.2 | Moderate |
| 11 | 3.2 | Moderate |
| 12 | 3.2 | Moderate |
| 13 | 3.2 | Moderate |
| 14 | 3.3 | Moderate |
| 15 | 3.3 | Moderate |
| 16 | 3.3 | Moderate |
| 17 | 3.4 | Moderate |
| 18 | 3.4 | Moderate |
| 19 | 3.4 | Moderate |
| 20 | 3.5 | Moderate |
| 21 | 3.5 | Moderate |
| 22 | 3.5 | Moderate |
| 23 | 3.5 | Moderate |
| 24 | 3.6 | Moderate |
| 25 | 3.6 | Moderate |
| 26 | 3.7 | Moderate |
| 27 | 3.7 | Moderate |
| 28 | 3.8 | Moderate |
Is February a good time to visit Staunton?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Staunton.
What to pack for Staunton in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Staunton sees daytime highs around 45°F and nights near 27°F. Pack a warm layer and a heavy coat. Worth having: rain gear. About 8 days see rain.
UV index in Staunton in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 3 — enough to warrant sun protection. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Staunton peaks around June 22 at about 10 (very high) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 19 at about 2 (moderate).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 9 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 10 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 2 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | High | High | Very high | Very high | Very high | Very high | High | Moderate | Moderate | Low |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 2 | Moderate |
| Feb | 3 | Moderate |
| Mar | 5 | High |
| Apr | 7 | High |
| May | 8 | Very high |
| Jun | 10 | Very high |
| Jul | 10 | Very high |
| Aug | 8 | Very high |
| Sep | 6 | High |
| Oct | 4 | Moderate |
| Nov | 3 | Moderate |
| Dec | 2 | Low |
Air quality in Staunton in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Staunton is worst in July — around 16 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), about 2.3× the cleanest month (November, 7 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 8 | 9 | 10 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 14 | 10 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
| Level | Good | Good | Good | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Good | Good | Good | Good |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 8 | Good |
| Feb | 9 | Good |
| Mar | 10 | Good |
| Apr | 14 | Moderate |
| May | 14 | Moderate |
| Jun | 15 | Moderate |
| Jul | 16 | Moderate |
| Aug | 14 | Moderate |
| Sep | 10 | Good |
| Oct | 7 | Good |
| Nov | 7 | Good |
| Dec | 7 | Good |
Where is Staunton?
Staunton sits at 38.1°N, 79.1°W, 1,417 ft above sea level, in United States. The nearest listed city is Waynesboro, 11 mi away.
Topography around Staunton
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 2, 10 and 50 miles of Staunton.
Within 2 miles, the terrain around Staunton has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 719 ft around an average of 1,526 ft above sea level; within 10 miles, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,686 ft; within 50 miles, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 4,701 ft.
The land around Staunton is covered by trees (58%) and grassland (22%) within 2 miles, grassland (46%) and trees (41%) within 10 miles, and trees (80%) within 50 miles.
United States travel facts
- Power plugs
- Type A / B
- 120 V · 60 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 100% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $90,027
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.8 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 98%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 5.8
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 12.7
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Staunton (38.1499°, -79.0732°, elevation 1,417 ft), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).