University Place weather in February
In February, University Place sees average daytime highs of 49°F and overnight lows near 40°F, with 4.5 in of precipitation across 13.4 wet days and about 10 hours of daylight. It is the 10th-warmest and 5th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 49°F through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 18% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 9 h 18 min at the start of February to 10 h 42 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is University Place's 8th-clearest and 5th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see University Place's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 49°
- 10th warmest
- Overnight low
- 40°
- 3rd coldest
- Precipitation
- 4.5 in
- 13.4 wet days
- Daylight
- 10 hours
- 7:26 AM – 5:24 PM
- Cloud cover
- 71%
- 8th clearest
- Wind
- 6 mph
- 5th windiest
- Solar energy
- 1.93 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 1.6
- out of 10
University Place is city in Pierce County, Washington, United States.
- Density
- 1,480/km²
- people per km²
- Founded
- 1888
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 49°F through the month.
A typical February day in University Place reaches about 49°F in the afternoon and slips back to 40°F overnight — a 9°F spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 43°F and 54°F. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 2°F warmer than January and about 3°F cooler than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°F) | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 50 |
| Avg low (°F) | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 39 | 39 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 |
| Avg high (°F) | Avg low (°F) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 48 | 40 |
| 2 | 48 | 40 |
| 3 | 48 | 40 |
| 4 | 48 | 40 |
| 5 | 48 | 40 |
| 6 | 48 | 40 |
| 7 | 48 | 40 |
| 8 | 48 | 40 |
| 9 | 48 | 40 |
| 10 | 48 | 40 |
| 11 | 48 | 40 |
| 12 | 48 | 40 |
| 13 | 49 | 40 |
| 14 | 49 | 40 |
| 15 | 49 | 40 |
| 16 | 49 | 40 |
| 17 | 49 | 40 |
| 18 | 49 | 40 |
| 19 | 49 | 40 |
| 20 | 49 | 39 |
| 21 | 49 | 39 |
| 22 | 49 | 40 |
| 23 | 49 | 40 |
| 24 | 49 | 40 |
| 25 | 49 | 40 |
| 26 | 49 | 40 |
| 27 | 49 | 40 |
| 28 | 50 | 40 |
University Place weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 10th-warmest and 5th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°F) | Rainfall (inches) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 46° / 39° | 6.5 | 17.1 | 1.5 | 8.7 | 1.1 |
| Feb | 49° / 40° | 4.5 | 13.4 | 1.3 | 10 | 1.6 |
| Mar | 52° / 41° | 5.2 | 16.5 | 0.4 | 11.6 | 2.3 |
| Apr | 57° / 45° | 3.9 | 13.6 | 0 | 13.3 | 3.6 |
| May | 63° / 50° | 2.4 | 10.1 | 0 | 14.8 | 5.5 |
| Jun | 68° / 54° | 1.6 | 7 | 0 | 15.6 | 6.7 |
| Jul | 74° / 58° | 0.6 | 2.9 | 0 | 15.3 | 8.3 |
| Aug | 75° / 59° | 0.9 | 4 | 0 | 14 | 8.2 |
| Sep | 69° / 55° | 2.0 | 7.1 | 0 | 12.4 | 7.0 |
| Oct | 60° / 49° | 4.4 | 12.6 | 0 | 10.6 | 4.4 |
| Nov | 51° / 43° | 7.2 | 17 | 0.3 | 9.1 | 2.0 |
| Dec | 46° / 39° | 6.8 | 16.6 | 1.3 | 8.3 | 1.0 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 18% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 12% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 70%. Skies tend to open up as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 24 | 25 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 29 | 29 | 30 | 30 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 33 | 32 | 34 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 32 |
| Cloudier (%) | 76 | 75 | 75 | 74 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 71 | 71 | 70 | 70 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 68 | 67 | 67 | 68 | 66 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 68 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 24 | 76 |
| 2 | 25 | 75 |
| 3 | 25 | 75 |
| 4 | 26 | 74 |
| 5 | 27 | 73 |
| 6 | 27 | 73 |
| 7 | 27 | 73 |
| 8 | 27 | 73 |
| 9 | 28 | 72 |
| 10 | 28 | 72 |
| 11 | 28 | 72 |
| 12 | 28 | 72 |
| 13 | 29 | 71 |
| 14 | 29 | 71 |
| 15 | 30 | 70 |
| 16 | 30 | 70 |
| 17 | 31 | 69 |
| 18 | 31 | 69 |
| 19 | 31 | 69 |
| 20 | 32 | 68 |
| 21 | 33 | 67 |
| 22 | 33 | 67 |
| 23 | 32 | 68 |
| 24 | 34 | 66 |
| 25 | 33 | 67 |
| 26 | 33 | 67 |
| 27 | 33 | 67 |
| 28 | 32 | 68 |
Chance of precipitation in February
University Place gets around 4.5 in of rain and snow over 13.4 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 49% and peaks near 50% on the wettest days, and about 1 day brings snow.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 50 | 50 | 49 | 49 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 49 | 49 |
| Snow chance (%) | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 |
| Rain chance (%) | Snow chance (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 50 | 4 |
| 2 | 50 | 4 |
| 3 | 49 | 4 |
| 4 | 49 | 4 |
| 5 | 48 | 4 |
| 6 | 48 | 5 |
| 7 | 48 | 5 |
| 8 | 48 | 5 |
| 9 | 48 | 5 |
| 10 | 48 | 5 |
| 11 | 49 | 5 |
| 12 | 49 | 5 |
| 13 | 49 | 5 |
| 14 | 49 | 5 |
| 15 | 50 | 5 |
| 16 | 50 | 5 |
| 17 | 50 | 5 |
| 18 | 50 | 5 |
| 19 | 50 | 4 |
| 20 | 50 | 4 |
| 21 | 50 | 4 |
| 22 | 50 | 4 |
| 23 | 50 | 4 |
| 24 | 50 | 4 |
| 25 | 50 | 4 |
| 26 | 50 | 4 |
| 27 | 49 | 3 |
| 28 | 49 | 3 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
Wind in February
Winds average 6 mph in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 6 mph on the calmest days to 6 mph at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (mph) | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (mph) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6 | calm |
| 2 | 6 | calm |
| 3 | 6 | calm |
| 4 | 6 | calm |
| 5 | 6 | calm |
| 6 | 6 | calm |
| 7 | 6 | calm |
| 8 | 6 | calm |
| 9 | 6 | calm |
| 10 | 6 | calm |
| 11 | 6 | calm |
| 12 | 6 | calm |
| 13 | 6 | calm |
| 14 | 6 | calm |
| 15 | 6 | calm |
| 16 | 6 | calm |
| 17 | 6 | calm |
| 18 | 6 | calm |
| 19 | 6 | calm |
| 20 | 6 | calm |
| 21 | 6 | calm |
| 22 | 6 | calm |
| 23 | 6 | calm |
| 24 | 6 | calm |
| 25 | 6 | calm |
| 26 | 6 | calm |
| 27 | 6 | calm |
| 28 | 6 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 9 h 18 min at the start of February to 10 h 42 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 84 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 7:45 AM to 7:04 AM, and sunset from 5:02 PM to 5:44 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 9.3 | 9.3 | 9.4 | 9.4 | 9.5 | 9.5 | 9.6 | 9.6 | 9.7 | 9.7 | 9.8 | 9.8 | 9.9 | 9.9 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.1 | 10.1 | 10.2 | 10.2 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.5 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.7 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 7:45 | 7:44 | 7:43 | 7:42 | 7:40 | 7:39 | 7:38 | 7:36 | 7:35 | 7:33 | 7:32 | 7:30 | 7:29 | 7:27 | 7:26 | 7:24 | 7:23 | 7:21 | 7:19 | 7:18 | 7:16 | 7:14 | 7:13 | 7:11 | 7:09 | 7:07 | 7:05 | 7:04 |
| Sunset (PM) | 5:02 | 5:04 | 5:05 | 5:07 | 5:08 | 5:10 | 5:11 | 5:13 | 5:14 | 5:16 | 5:18 | 5:19 | 5:21 | 5:22 | 5:24 | 5:25 | 5:27 | 5:28 | 5:30 | 5:31 | 5:33 | 5:34 | 5:36 | 5:37 | 5:39 | 5:41 | 5:42 | 5:44 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 9.3 | 7:45 | 5:02 |
| 2 | 9.3 | 7:44 | 5:04 |
| 3 | 9.4 | 7:43 | 5:05 |
| 4 | 9.4 | 7:42 | 5:07 |
| 5 | 9.5 | 7:40 | 5:08 |
| 6 | 9.5 | 7:39 | 5:10 |
| 7 | 9.6 | 7:38 | 5:11 |
| 8 | 9.6 | 7:36 | 5:13 |
| 9 | 9.7 | 7:35 | 5:14 |
| 10 | 9.7 | 7:33 | 5:16 |
| 11 | 9.8 | 7:32 | 5:18 |
| 12 | 9.8 | 7:30 | 5:19 |
| 13 | 9.9 | 7:29 | 5:21 |
| 14 | 9.9 | 7:27 | 5:22 |
| 15 | 10.0 | 7:26 | 5:24 |
| 16 | 10.0 | 7:24 | 5:25 |
| 17 | 10.1 | 7:23 | 5:27 |
| 18 | 10.1 | 7:21 | 5:28 |
| 19 | 10.2 | 7:19 | 5:30 |
| 20 | 10.2 | 7:18 | 5:31 |
| 21 | 10.3 | 7:16 | 5:33 |
| 22 | 10.3 | 7:14 | 5:34 |
| 23 | 10.4 | 7:13 | 5:36 |
| 24 | 10.4 | 7:11 | 5:37 |
| 25 | 10.5 | 7:09 | 5:39 |
| 26 | 10.6 | 7:07 | 5:41 |
| 27 | 10.6 | 7:05 | 5:42 |
| 28 | 10.7 | 7:04 | 5:44 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 1.93 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 0.89 kWh/m² to a high of 6.22 kWh/m² in July across the year — February's 1.93 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.4 |
| Level | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1.4 | Dim |
| 2 | 1.5 | Dim |
| 3 | 1.5 | Dim |
| 4 | 1.5 | Dim |
| 5 | 1.6 | Dim |
| 6 | 1.6 | Dim |
| 7 | 1.6 | Dim |
| 8 | 1.7 | Dim |
| 9 | 1.7 | Dim |
| 10 | 1.7 | Dim |
| 11 | 1.8 | Dim |
| 12 | 1.8 | Dim |
| 13 | 1.9 | Dim |
| 14 | 1.9 | Dim |
| 15 | 1.9 | Dim |
| 16 | 2.0 | Dim |
| 17 | 2.0 | Moderate |
| 18 | 2.0 | Moderate |
| 19 | 2.1 | Moderate |
| 20 | 2.1 | Moderate |
| 21 | 2.2 | Moderate |
| 22 | 2.2 | Moderate |
| 23 | 2.3 | Moderate |
| 24 | 2.3 | Moderate |
| 25 | 2.3 | Moderate |
| 26 | 2.4 | Moderate |
| 27 | 2.4 | Moderate |
| 28 | 2.4 | Moderate |
Hazard calendar for University Place
In February, University Place sits inside its rainy season season. The full year is below, with each hazard's peak months called out.
University Place's rainy season runs October–April, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is February a good time to visit University Place?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in University Place.
What to pack for University Place in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, University Place sees daytime highs around 49°F and nights near 40°F. Pack a warm layer and rain gear. About 13 days see rain.
UV index in University Place in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 1. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in University Place peaks around July 17 at about 8 (very high) — sunscreen and a hat are worth it in the middle of the day. It bottoms out near December 18 at about 1 (low).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 8 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 1 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 6 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
| Level | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Very high | High | Very high | High | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 1 | Low |
| Feb | 1 | Low |
| Mar | 4 | Moderate |
| Apr | 5 | Moderate |
| May | 7 | Very high |
| Jun | 6 | High |
| Jul | 8 | Very high |
| Aug | 6 | High |
| Sep | 4 | Moderate |
| Oct | 3 | Moderate |
| Nov | 1 | Low |
| Dec | 1 | Low |
Air quality in University Place in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in University Place is worst in September — around 22 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), about 3.4× the cleanest month (December, 7 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 8 | 9 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 18 | 22 | 12 | 8 | 7 |
| Level | Good | Good | Moderate | Good | Good | Good | Good | Moderate | Moderate | Good | Good | Good |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 8 | Good |
| Feb | 9 | Good |
| Mar | 12 | Moderate |
| Apr | 12 | Good |
| May | 11 | Good |
| Jun | 10 | Good |
| Jul | 10 | Good |
| Aug | 18 | Moderate |
| Sep | 22 | Moderate |
| Oct | 12 | Good |
| Nov | 8 | Good |
| Dec | 7 | Good |
Where is University Place?
University Place sits at 47.2°N, 122.6°W, 207 ft above sea level, in United States. The nearest listed city is Lakewood, 4.3 mi away.
Topography around University Place
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 2, 10 and 50 miles of University Place.
Within 2 miles, the terrain around University Place has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 502 ft around an average of 197 ft above sea level; within 10 miles, only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 558 ft; within 50 miles, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 14,403 ft.
The land around University Place is covered by trees (37%), water (33%) and artificial surfaces (23%) within 2 miles, trees (41%) and water (34%) within 10 miles, and trees (77%) within 50 miles.
United States travel facts
- Power plugs
- Type A / B
- 120 V · 60 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 100% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $90,027
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.8 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 98%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 5.8
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 12.7
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for University Place (47.2356°, -122.5504°, elevation 207 ft), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).