Visalia weather in February
In February, Visalia sees average daytime highs of 62°F and overnight lows near 44°F, with 3.5 in of precipitation across 9.7 wet days and about 10.6 hours of daylight. It is the 10th-warmest and 2nd-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 62°F through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 36% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 10 h 12 min at the start of February to 11 h 06 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Visalia's 11th-clearest and 8th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Visalia's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 62°
- 10th warmest
- Overnight low
- 44°
- 3rd coldest
- Precipitation
- 3.5 in
- 9.7 wet days
- Daylight
- 10 h 36 min
- 6:53 AM – 5:30 PM
- Cloud cover
- 54%
- 11th clearest
- Wind
- 3 mph
- 8th windiest
- Solar energy
- 3.46 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 5.3
- out of 10
Visalia is city and county seat of Tulare County, California, United States.
- Density
- 1,340/km²
- people per km²
- Founded
- 1874
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 62°F through the month.
A typical February day in Visalia reaches about 62°F in the afternoon and slips back to 44°F overnight — a 17°F spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 54°F and 70°F. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 3°F warmer than January and about 5°F cooler than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°F) | 60 | 60 | 61 | 61 | 61 | 61 | 61 | 61 | 61 | 62 | 62 | 62 | 62 | 62 | 62 | 62 | 62 | 62 | 62 | 62 | 62 | 62 | 62 | 62 | 62 | 62 | 63 | 63 |
| Avg low (°F) | 43 | 43 | 43 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 |
| Avg high (°F) | Avg low (°F) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 60 | 43 |
| 2 | 60 | 43 |
| 3 | 61 | 43 |
| 4 | 61 | 44 |
| 5 | 61 | 44 |
| 6 | 61 | 44 |
| 7 | 61 | 44 |
| 8 | 61 | 44 |
| 9 | 61 | 44 |
| 10 | 62 | 44 |
| 11 | 62 | 44 |
| 12 | 62 | 44 |
| 13 | 62 | 44 |
| 14 | 62 | 44 |
| 15 | 62 | 44 |
| 16 | 62 | 44 |
| 17 | 62 | 45 |
| 18 | 62 | 45 |
| 19 | 62 | 45 |
| 20 | 62 | 45 |
| 21 | 62 | 45 |
| 22 | 62 | 45 |
| 23 | 62 | 45 |
| 24 | 62 | 45 |
| 25 | 62 | 45 |
| 26 | 62 | 45 |
| 27 | 63 | 45 |
| 28 | 63 | 45 |
How February really feels in Visalia
Once humidity and wind are folded in, February averages 0 days that feel above 90°F and 0 that feel at or below 32°F — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
February sits comfortably in between — no days that feel dangerously hot or drop to a hard freeze once humidity and wind are folded in.
Visalia weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 10th-warmest and 2nd-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°F) | Rainfall (inches) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 58° / 42° | 3.6 | 8 | 9.8 | 4.7 |
| Feb | 62° / 44° | 3.5 | 9.7 | 10.6 | 5.3 |
| Mar | 66° / 48° | 3.4 | 9.2 | 11.7 | 6.4 |
| Apr | 72° / 51° | 1.7 | 5.9 | 12.9 | 7.6 |
| May | 80° / 58° | 0.9 | 3.4 | 13.9 | 7.9 |
| Jun | 89° / 65° | 0.3 | 1 | 14.4 | 5.4 |
| Jul | 96° / 71° | 0.1 | 0.5 | 14.2 | 3.0 |
| Aug | 96° / 70° | 0.0 | 0.2 | 13.4 | 3.1 |
| Sep | 90° / 65° | 0.1 | 0.4 | 12.2 | 5.4 |
| Oct | 79° / 56° | 0.9 | 2.7 | 11.1 | 8.3 |
| Nov | 66° / 47° | 1.7 | 5.5 | 10.1 | 7.0 |
| Dec | 58° / 41° | 2.9 | 7.5 | 9.6 | 4.6 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 36% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 16% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 48%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 52 | 52 | 53 | 53 | 53 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 51 | 51 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 51 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 51 | 51 | 51 | 51 | 51 |
| Cloudier (%) | 48 | 48 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 49 | 49 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 49 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 52 | 48 |
| 2 | 52 | 48 |
| 3 | 53 | 47 |
| 4 | 53 | 47 |
| 5 | 53 | 47 |
| 6 | 52 | 48 |
| 7 | 52 | 48 |
| 8 | 52 | 48 |
| 9 | 52 | 48 |
| 10 | 52 | 48 |
| 11 | 52 | 48 |
| 12 | 52 | 48 |
| 13 | 52 | 48 |
| 14 | 51 | 49 |
| 15 | 51 | 49 |
| 16 | 52 | 48 |
| 17 | 52 | 48 |
| 18 | 52 | 48 |
| 19 | 51 | 49 |
| 20 | 52 | 48 |
| 21 | 52 | 48 |
| 22 | 52 | 48 |
| 23 | 52 | 48 |
| 24 | 51 | 49 |
| 25 | 51 | 49 |
| 26 | 51 | 49 |
| 27 | 51 | 49 |
| 28 | 51 | 49 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Visalia gets around 3.5 in of rain and snow over 9.7 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 34% and peaks near 39% on the wettest days, and about 0 day brings snow. The odds climb toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 25 | 26 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 36 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 38 | 38 | 37 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 25 |
| 2 | 26 |
| 3 | 26 |
| 4 | 27 |
| 5 | 28 |
| 6 | 29 |
| 7 | 29 |
| 8 | 30 |
| 9 | 31 |
| 10 | 32 |
| 11 | 33 |
| 12 | 34 |
| 13 | 35 |
| 14 | 36 |
| 15 | 36 |
| 16 | 37 |
| 17 | 37 |
| 18 | 37 |
| 19 | 37 |
| 20 | 38 |
| 21 | 38 |
| 22 | 38 |
| 23 | 39 |
| 24 | 39 |
| 25 | 39 |
| 26 | 38 |
| 27 | 38 |
| 28 | 37 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 99% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 99 |
| Comfortable (%) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 99 | 1 |
| 2 | 99 | 1 |
| 3 | 99 | 1 |
| 4 | 99 | 1 |
| 5 | 99 | 1 |
| 6 | 98 | 2 |
| 7 | 98 | 2 |
| 8 | 98 | 2 |
| 9 | 98 | 2 |
| 10 | 98 | 2 |
| 11 | 98 | 2 |
| 12 | 98 | 2 |
| 13 | 98 | 2 |
| 14 | 98 | 2 |
| 15 | 98 | 2 |
| 16 | 98 | 2 |
| 17 | 99 | 1 |
| 18 | 99 | 1 |
| 19 | 99 | 1 |
| 20 | 99 | 1 |
| 21 | 99 | 1 |
| 22 | 99 | 1 |
| 23 | 99 | 1 |
| 24 | 99 | 1 |
| 25 | 100 | 0 |
| 26 | 100 | 0 |
| 27 | 100 | 0 |
| 28 | 99 | 1 |
Wind in February
Winds average 3 mph in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 3 mph on the calmest days to 3 mph at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (mph) | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (mph) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 3 | calm |
| 2 | 3 | calm |
| 3 | 3 | calm |
| 4 | 3 | calm |
| 5 | 3 | calm |
| 6 | 3 | calm |
| 7 | 3 | calm |
| 8 | 3 | calm |
| 9 | 3 | calm |
| 10 | 3 | calm |
| 11 | 3 | calm |
| 12 | 3 | calm |
| 13 | 3 | calm |
| 14 | 3 | calm |
| 15 | 3 | calm |
| 16 | 3 | calm |
| 17 | 3 | calm |
| 18 | 3 | calm |
| 19 | 3 | calm |
| 20 | 3 | calm |
| 21 | 3 | calm |
| 22 | 3 | calm |
| 23 | 3 | calm |
| 24 | 3 | calm |
| 25 | 3 | calm |
| 26 | 3 | calm |
| 27 | 3 | calm |
| 28 | 3 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 10 h 12 min at the start of February to 11 h 06 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 54 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 7:05 AM to 6:38 AM, and sunset from 5:16 PM to 5:43 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 10.2 | 10.2 | 10.2 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.1 | 11.1 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 7:05 | 7:05 | 7:04 | 7:03 | 7:02 | 7:02 | 7:01 | 7:00 | 6:59 | 6:58 | 6:57 | 6:56 | 6:55 | 6:54 | 6:53 | 6:52 | 6:51 | 6:50 | 6:49 | 6:48 | 6:46 | 6:45 | 6:44 | 6:43 | 6:42 | 6:40 | 6:39 | 6:38 |
| Sunset (PM) | 5:16 | 5:17 | 5:18 | 5:19 | 5:20 | 5:21 | 5:22 | 5:23 | 5:24 | 5:25 | 5:26 | 5:27 | 5:28 | 5:29 | 5:30 | 5:31 | 5:33 | 5:34 | 5:35 | 5:36 | 5:37 | 5:38 | 5:39 | 5:40 | 5:40 | 5:41 | 5:42 | 5:43 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10.2 | 7:05 | 5:16 |
| 2 | 10.2 | 7:05 | 5:17 |
| 3 | 10.2 | 7:04 | 5:18 |
| 4 | 10.3 | 7:03 | 5:19 |
| 5 | 10.3 | 7:02 | 5:20 |
| 6 | 10.3 | 7:02 | 5:21 |
| 7 | 10.4 | 7:01 | 5:22 |
| 8 | 10.4 | 7:00 | 5:23 |
| 9 | 10.4 | 6:59 | 5:24 |
| 10 | 10.5 | 6:58 | 5:25 |
| 11 | 10.5 | 6:57 | 5:26 |
| 12 | 10.5 | 6:56 | 5:27 |
| 13 | 10.6 | 6:55 | 5:28 |
| 14 | 10.6 | 6:54 | 5:29 |
| 15 | 10.6 | 6:53 | 5:30 |
| 16 | 10.7 | 6:52 | 5:31 |
| 17 | 10.7 | 6:51 | 5:33 |
| 18 | 10.7 | 6:50 | 5:34 |
| 19 | 10.8 | 6:49 | 5:35 |
| 20 | 10.8 | 6:48 | 5:36 |
| 21 | 10.8 | 6:46 | 5:37 |
| 22 | 10.9 | 6:45 | 5:38 |
| 23 | 10.9 | 6:44 | 5:39 |
| 24 | 10.9 | 6:43 | 5:40 |
| 25 | 11.0 | 6:42 | 5:40 |
| 26 | 11.0 | 6:40 | 5:41 |
| 27 | 11.1 | 6:39 | 5:42 |
| 28 | 11.1 | 6:38 | 5:43 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 3.46 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 2.46 kWh/m² to a high of 8.2 kWh/m² in June across the year — February's 3.46 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 4.0 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 3.0 | Moderate |
| 2 | 3.0 | Moderate |
| 3 | 3.1 | Moderate |
| 4 | 3.1 | Moderate |
| 5 | 3.1 | Moderate |
| 6 | 3.2 | Moderate |
| 7 | 3.2 | Moderate |
| 8 | 3.2 | Moderate |
| 9 | 3.3 | Moderate |
| 10 | 3.3 | Moderate |
| 11 | 3.3 | Moderate |
| 12 | 3.4 | Moderate |
| 13 | 3.4 | Moderate |
| 14 | 3.4 | Moderate |
| 15 | 3.5 | Moderate |
| 16 | 3.5 | Moderate |
| 17 | 3.5 | Moderate |
| 18 | 3.6 | Moderate |
| 19 | 3.6 | Moderate |
| 20 | 3.7 | Moderate |
| 21 | 3.7 | Moderate |
| 22 | 3.7 | Moderate |
| 23 | 3.8 | Moderate |
| 24 | 3.8 | Moderate |
| 25 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 26 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 27 | 4.0 | Moderate |
| 28 | 4.0 | Bright |
Is February a good time to visit Visalia?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a reasonable time to visit Visalia for sightseeing.
What to pack for Visalia in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Visalia sees daytime highs around 62°F and nights near 44°F. Worth packing: a warm layer and rain gear. About 10 days see rain.
UV index in Visalia in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 4 — enough to warrant sun protection. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Visalia peaks around June 21 at about 10 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 15 at about 2 (moderate).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 9 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 3 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 2 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | High | Very high | Extreme | Very high | Very high | High | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 3 | Moderate |
| Feb | 4 | Moderate |
| Mar | 5 | Moderate |
| Apr | 7 | High |
| May | 8 | Very high |
| Jun | 10 | Extreme |
| Jul | 10 | Very high |
| Aug | 10 | Very high |
| Sep | 7 | High |
| Oct | 5 | Moderate |
| Nov | 3 | Moderate |
| Dec | 2 | Moderate |
Air quality in Visalia in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Visalia is worst in September — around 69 µg/m³ PM2.5 (unhealthy), about 7.3× the cleanest month (May, 10 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 10 | 13 | 15 | 12 | 10 | 10 | 17 | 33 | 69 | 36 | 16 | 14 |
| Level | Good | Moderate | Moderate | Good | Good | Good | Moderate | Moderate | Unhealthy | Poor | Moderate | Moderate |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 10 | Good |
| Feb | 13 | Moderate |
| Mar | 15 | Moderate |
| Apr | 12 | Good |
| May | 10 | Good |
| Jun | 10 | Good |
| Jul | 17 | Moderate |
| Aug | 33 | Moderate |
| Sep | 69 | Unhealthy |
| Oct | 36 | Poor |
| Nov | 16 | Moderate |
| Dec | 14 | Moderate |
Where is Visalia?
Visalia sits at 36.3°N, 119.3°W, 331 ft above sea level, in United States. The nearest listed city is Tulare, 8.7 mi away.
Topography around Visalia
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 2, 10 and 50 miles of Visalia.
Within 2 miles, the terrain around Visalia has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 62 ft around an average of 335 ft above sea level; within 10 miles, only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 607 ft; within 50 miles, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 13,520 ft.
The land around Visalia is covered by artificial surfaces (76%) within 2 miles, cropland (37%) and trees (27%) within 10 miles, and trees (33%), grassland (33%) and cropland (24%) within 50 miles.
United States travel facts
- Power plugs
- Type A / B
- 120 V · 60 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 100% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $90,027
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.8 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 98%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 5.8
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 12.7
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Visalia (36.3302°, -119.2921°, elevation 331 ft), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).