Mansa weather in February
In February, Mansa sees average daytime highs of 26°C and overnight lows near 18°C, with 214 mm of rain across 23.7 wet days and about 12.4 hours of daylight. It is the 6th-warmest and 3rd-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 26°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 2% of the time in February, and the air most often feels muggy.
Daylight stretches from about 12 h 30 min at the start of February to 12 h 12 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Mansa's 11th-clearest and 11th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Mansa's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 26°
- 6th warmest
- Overnight low
- 18°
- 9th coldest
- Rainfall
- 214 mm
- 23.7 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 h 24 min
- 6:08 AM – 6:30 PM
- Cloud cover
- 86%
- 11th clearest
- Wind
- 7 km/h
- 11th windiest
- Solar energy
- 5.26 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 4.0
- out of 10
Mansa is city in Zambia.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 26°C through the month.
A typical February day in Mansa reaches about 26°C in the afternoon and slips back to 18°C overnight — a 8°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 24°C and 27°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs on par with January and on par with March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 25 | 25 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 |
| Avg low (°C) | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 25 | 18 |
| 2 | 25 | 18 |
| 3 | 26 | 18 |
| 4 | 26 | 18 |
| 5 | 26 | 18 |
| 6 | 26 | 18 |
| 7 | 26 | 18 |
| 8 | 26 | 18 |
| 9 | 26 | 18 |
| 10 | 26 | 18 |
| 11 | 26 | 18 |
| 12 | 26 | 18 |
| 13 | 26 | 18 |
| 14 | 26 | 18 |
| 15 | 26 | 18 |
| 16 | 26 | 18 |
| 17 | 26 | 18 |
| 18 | 26 | 18 |
| 19 | 26 | 18 |
| 20 | 26 | 18 |
| 21 | 26 | 18 |
| 22 | 26 | 18 |
| 23 | 26 | 18 |
| 24 | 26 | 18 |
| 25 | 26 | 18 |
| 26 | 26 | 18 |
| 27 | 26 | 18 |
| 28 | 26 | 18 |
Mansa weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 6th-warmest and 3rd-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 25° / 18° | 248 | 27.5 | 12.6 | 3.8 |
| Feb | 26° / 18° | 214 | 23.7 | 12.4 | 4.0 |
| Mar | 26° / 18° | 176 | 22.7 | 12.1 | 4.7 |
| Apr | 26° / 17° | 38 | 6.6 | 11.8 | 7.3 |
| May | 26° / 15° | 2 | 0.4 | 11.5 | 8.8 |
| Jun | 25° / 13° | 0 | 0 | 11.4 | 9.4 |
| Jul | 24° / 13° | 0 | 0 | 11.4 | 9.4 |
| Aug | 27° / 15° | 0 | 0 | 11.6 | 8.8 |
| Sep | 30° / 18° | 1 | 0.4 | 11.9 | 6.8 |
| Oct | 31° / 20° | 18 | 3.3 | 12.3 | 5.4 |
| Nov | 29° / 19° | 124 | 15.9 | 12.5 | 4.8 |
| Dec | 26° / 18° | 241 | 26.3 | 12.6 | 4.0 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 2% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 7% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 91%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 15 |
| Cloudier (%) | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 95 | 95 | 94 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 92 | 92 | 91 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 87 | 87 | 86 | 86 | 85 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4 | 96 |
| 2 | 4 | 96 |
| 3 | 4 | 96 |
| 4 | 4 | 96 |
| 5 | 5 | 95 |
| 6 | 5 | 95 |
| 7 | 6 | 94 |
| 8 | 7 | 93 |
| 9 | 7 | 93 |
| 10 | 7 | 93 |
| 11 | 7 | 93 |
| 12 | 8 | 92 |
| 13 | 8 | 92 |
| 14 | 9 | 91 |
| 15 | 10 | 90 |
| 16 | 10 | 90 |
| 17 | 10 | 90 |
| 18 | 11 | 89 |
| 19 | 11 | 89 |
| 20 | 11 | 89 |
| 21 | 12 | 88 |
| 22 | 12 | 88 |
| 23 | 12 | 88 |
| 24 | 13 | 87 |
| 25 | 13 | 87 |
| 26 | 14 | 86 |
| 27 | 14 | 86 |
| 28 | 15 | 85 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Mansa gets around 214 mm of rain over 23.7 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 85% and peaks near 88% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 88 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 85 | 85 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 83 | 83 | 83 | 83 | 83 | 83 | 83 | 83 | 83 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 84 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 88 |
| 2 | 87 |
| 3 | 87 |
| 4 | 87 |
| 5 | 87 |
| 6 | 86 |
| 7 | 86 |
| 8 | 86 |
| 9 | 85 |
| 10 | 85 |
| 11 | 84 |
| 12 | 84 |
| 13 | 84 |
| 14 | 84 |
| 15 | 83 |
| 16 | 83 |
| 17 | 83 |
| 18 | 83 |
| 19 | 83 |
| 20 | 83 |
| 21 | 83 |
| 22 | 83 |
| 23 | 83 |
| 24 | 84 |
| 25 | 84 |
| 26 | 84 |
| 27 | 84 |
| 28 | 84 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels muggy — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the muggy band about 55% of days. Sticky, muggy-or-worse air turns up on roughly 55% of them.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Humid (%) | 45 | 45 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 45 | 45 | 44 | 44 | 43 | 42 | 42 | 41 | 41 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 |
| Muggy (%) | 55 | 55 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 53 | 53 | 53 | 53 | 53 | 53 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 55 | 55 | 56 | 56 | 57 | 58 | 58 | 59 | 59 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 |
| Humid (%) | Muggy (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 45 | 55 |
| 2 | 45 | 55 |
| 3 | 46 | 54 |
| 4 | 46 | 54 |
| 5 | 46 | 54 |
| 6 | 46 | 54 |
| 7 | 47 | 53 |
| 8 | 47 | 53 |
| 9 | 47 | 53 |
| 10 | 47 | 53 |
| 11 | 47 | 53 |
| 12 | 47 | 53 |
| 13 | 46 | 54 |
| 14 | 46 | 54 |
| 15 | 46 | 54 |
| 16 | 45 | 55 |
| 17 | 45 | 55 |
| 18 | 44 | 56 |
| 19 | 44 | 56 |
| 20 | 43 | 57 |
| 21 | 42 | 58 |
| 22 | 42 | 58 |
| 23 | 41 | 59 |
| 24 | 41 | 59 |
| 25 | 40 | 60 |
| 26 | 40 | 60 |
| 27 | 40 | 60 |
| 28 | 40 | 60 |
Wind in February
Winds average 7 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 7 km/h on the calmest days to 7 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 7 | calm |
| 2 | 7 | calm |
| 3 | 7 | calm |
| 4 | 7 | calm |
| 5 | 7 | calm |
| 6 | 7 | calm |
| 7 | 7 | calm |
| 8 | 7 | calm |
| 9 | 7 | calm |
| 10 | 7 | calm |
| 11 | 7 | calm |
| 12 | 7 | calm |
| 13 | 7 | calm |
| 14 | 7 | calm |
| 15 | 7 | calm |
| 16 | 7 | calm |
| 17 | 7 | calm |
| 18 | 7 | calm |
| 19 | 7 | calm |
| 20 | 7 | calm |
| 21 | 7 | calm |
| 22 | 7 | calm |
| 23 | 7 | calm |
| 24 | 7 | calm |
| 25 | 7 | calm |
| 26 | 7 | calm |
| 27 | 7 | calm |
| 28 | 7 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 12 h 30 min at the start of February to 12 h 12 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 18 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 6:03 AM to 6:11 AM, and sunset from 6:33 PM to 6:25 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.2 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:03 | 6:04 | 6:04 | 6:04 | 6:05 | 6:05 | 6:06 | 6:06 | 6:06 | 6:07 | 6:07 | 6:07 | 6:07 | 6:08 | 6:08 | 6:08 | 6:08 | 6:09 | 6:09 | 6:09 | 6:09 | 6:10 | 6:10 | 6:10 | 6:10 | 6:10 | 6:10 | 6:11 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:33 | 6:32 | 6:32 | 6:32 | 6:32 | 6:32 | 6:32 | 6:32 | 6:32 | 6:31 | 6:31 | 6:31 | 6:31 | 6:30 | 6:30 | 6:30 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:25 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12.5 | 6:03 | 6:33 |
| 2 | 12.5 | 6:04 | 6:32 |
| 3 | 12.5 | 6:04 | 6:32 |
| 4 | 12.5 | 6:04 | 6:32 |
| 5 | 12.5 | 6:05 | 6:32 |
| 6 | 12.4 | 6:05 | 6:32 |
| 7 | 12.4 | 6:06 | 6:32 |
| 8 | 12.4 | 6:06 | 6:32 |
| 9 | 12.4 | 6:06 | 6:32 |
| 10 | 12.4 | 6:07 | 6:31 |
| 11 | 12.4 | 6:07 | 6:31 |
| 12 | 12.4 | 6:07 | 6:31 |
| 13 | 12.4 | 6:07 | 6:31 |
| 14 | 12.4 | 6:08 | 6:30 |
| 15 | 12.4 | 6:08 | 6:30 |
| 16 | 12.4 | 6:08 | 6:30 |
| 17 | 12.4 | 6:08 | 6:29 |
| 18 | 12.3 | 6:09 | 6:29 |
| 19 | 12.3 | 6:09 | 6:29 |
| 20 | 12.3 | 6:09 | 6:28 |
| 21 | 12.3 | 6:09 | 6:28 |
| 22 | 12.3 | 6:10 | 6:28 |
| 23 | 12.3 | 6:10 | 6:27 |
| 24 | 12.3 | 6:10 | 6:27 |
| 25 | 12.3 | 6:10 | 6:26 |
| 26 | 12.3 | 6:10 | 6:26 |
| 27 | 12.3 | 6:10 | 6:26 |
| 28 | 12.2 | 6:11 | 6:25 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 5.26 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 5.08 kWh/m² to a high of 6.96 kWh/m² in September across the year — February's 5.26 kWh/m² sits near the bottom.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 2 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 3 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 4 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 5 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 6 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 7 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 9 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 10 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 11 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 12 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 13 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 14 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 15 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 16 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 17 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 18 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 19 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 20 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 21 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 24 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 25 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 26 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 27 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 28 | 5.3 | Bright |
Hazard calendar for Mansa
In February, Mansa sits inside its monsoon season. The full year is below, with each hazard's peak months called out.
Mansa's monsoon runs November–March, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is February a good time to visit Mansa?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a reasonable time to visit Mansa for sightseeing.
What to pack for Mansa in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Mansa sees daytime highs around 26°C and nights near 18°C. Pack rain gear. Worth having: light clothes and sun protection. About 24 days see rain.
UV index in Mansa in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 16 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Mansa peaks around February 20 at about 16 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 20 at about 10 (very high).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 14 | 16 | 16 | 14 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 13 | 13 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 14 | Extreme |
| Feb | 16 | Extreme |
| Mar | 16 | Extreme |
| Apr | 14 | Extreme |
| May | 10 | Extreme |
| Jun | 10 | Very high |
| Jul | 10 | Very high |
| Aug | 11 | Extreme |
| Sep | 12 | Extreme |
| Oct | 11 | Extreme |
| Nov | 13 | Extreme |
| Dec | 13 | Extreme |
Air quality in Mansa in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Mansa is worst in August — around 76 µg/m³ PM2.5 (unhealthy), about 11.5× the cleanest month (May, 7 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 10 | 11 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 10 | 30 | 76 | 74 | 39 | 18 | 9 |
| Level | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Moderate | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Poor | Moderate | Good |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 10 | Good |
| Feb | 11 | Good |
| Mar | 9 | Good |
| Apr | 8 | Good |
| May | 7 | Good |
| Jun | 10 | Good |
| Jul | 30 | Moderate |
| Aug | 76 | Unhealthy |
| Sep | 74 | Unhealthy |
| Oct | 39 | Poor |
| Nov | 18 | Moderate |
| Dec | 9 | Good |
Where is Mansa?
Mansa sits at 11.2°S, 28.9°E, 1,216 m above sea level, in Zambia. The nearest listed city is Samfya, 75 km away.
Topography around Mansa
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Mansa.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Mansa has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 66 m around an average of 1,210 m above sea level; within 16 km, only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 159 m; within 80 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 467 m.
The land around Mansa is covered by artificial surfaces (45%) and cropland (29%) within 3 km, shrubs (36%), grassland (28%) and cropland (26%) within 16 km, and trees (52%) and shrubs (23%) within 80 km.
Zambia travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 1
- Exercise Normal Precautions
- Power plugs
- Type C / D / G
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 30% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $1,318
- 2025
- Happiness
- 4.1 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Homicide rate
- 5.2
- per 100k, 2015
- Road deaths
- 20.5
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Lower middle
- World Bank
- English
- High
- EF EPI 573
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Mansa (-11.1998°, 28.8943°, elevation 1,216 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).