Mpika weather in February
In February, Mpika sees average daytime highs of 24°C and overnight lows near 17°C, with 244 mm of rain across 25.4 wet days and about 12.4 hours of daylight. It is the 5th-warmest and 3rd-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 24°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 1% of the time in February, and the air most often feels humid.
Daylight stretches from about 12 h 30 min at the start of February to 12 h 18 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Mpika's 11th-clearest and 12th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Mpika's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 24°
- 5th warmest
- Overnight low
- 17°
- 8th coldest
- Rainfall
- 244 mm
- 25.4 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 h 24 min
- 5:57 AM – 6:20 PM
- Cloud cover
- 89%
- 11th clearest
- Wind
- 7 km/h
- 12th windiest
- Solar energy
- 5.01 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 3.9
- out of 10
Mpika is human settlement.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 24°C through the month.
A typical February day in Mpika reaches about 24°C in the afternoon and slips back to 17°C overnight — a 8°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 22°C and 26°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs on par with January and on par with March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 |
| Avg low (°C) | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 24 | 17 |
| 2 | 24 | 17 |
| 3 | 24 | 17 |
| 4 | 24 | 17 |
| 5 | 24 | 17 |
| 6 | 24 | 17 |
| 7 | 24 | 17 |
| 8 | 24 | 17 |
| 9 | 24 | 17 |
| 10 | 24 | 17 |
| 11 | 24 | 17 |
| 12 | 24 | 17 |
| 13 | 24 | 17 |
| 14 | 24 | 17 |
| 15 | 24 | 17 |
| 16 | 24 | 17 |
| 17 | 24 | 17 |
| 18 | 24 | 17 |
| 19 | 24 | 17 |
| 20 | 24 | 17 |
| 21 | 24 | 17 |
| 22 | 24 | 17 |
| 23 | 24 | 17 |
| 24 | 24 | 17 |
| 25 | 24 | 17 |
| 26 | 24 | 17 |
| 27 | 24 | 17 |
| 28 | 24 | 17 |
Mpika weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 5th-warmest and 3rd-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 24° / 17° | 294 | 29 | 12.6 | 3.7 |
| Feb | 24° / 17° | 244 | 25.4 | 12.4 | 3.9 |
| Mar | 24° / 17° | 182 | 25 | 12.1 | 4.5 |
| Apr | 23° / 15° | 48 | 11.3 | 11.7 | 6.7 |
| May | 23° / 13° | 4 | 1.2 | 11.5 | 8.7 |
| Jun | 22° / 11° | 1 | 0.2 | 11.3 | 8.8 |
| Jul | 22° / 10° | 1 | 0.3 | 11.4 | 8.8 |
| Aug | 24° / 12° | 1 | 0.2 | 11.6 | 9.2 |
| Sep | 27° / 15° | 2 | 0.5 | 11.9 | 8.5 |
| Oct | 29° / 17° | 15 | 3.1 | 12.3 | 6.7 |
| Nov | 28° / 18° | 101 | 12.1 | 12.5 | 5.6 |
| Dec | 25° / 17° | 277 | 25.8 | 12.7 | 4.2 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 1% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 6% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 93%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 |
| Cloudier (%) | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 94 | 94 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 92 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4 | 96 |
| 2 | 4 | 96 |
| 3 | 4 | 96 |
| 4 | 4 | 96 |
| 5 | 4 | 96 |
| 6 | 5 | 95 |
| 7 | 5 | 95 |
| 8 | 5 | 95 |
| 9 | 6 | 94 |
| 10 | 6 | 94 |
| 11 | 7 | 93 |
| 12 | 7 | 93 |
| 13 | 7 | 93 |
| 14 | 7 | 93 |
| 15 | 8 | 92 |
| 16 | 8 | 92 |
| 17 | 8 | 92 |
| 18 | 8 | 92 |
| 19 | 8 | 92 |
| 20 | 8 | 92 |
| 21 | 8 | 92 |
| 22 | 8 | 92 |
| 23 | 8 | 92 |
| 24 | 7 | 93 |
| 25 | 7 | 93 |
| 26 | 7 | 93 |
| 27 | 7 | 93 |
| 28 | 8 | 92 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Mpika gets around 244 mm of rain over 25.4 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 91% and peaks near 93% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 93 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 90 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 93 |
| 2 | 92 |
| 3 | 92 |
| 4 | 92 |
| 5 | 92 |
| 6 | 91 |
| 7 | 91 |
| 8 | 91 |
| 9 | 90 |
| 10 | 90 |
| 11 | 90 |
| 12 | 90 |
| 13 | 90 |
| 14 | 90 |
| 15 | 90 |
| 16 | 90 |
| 17 | 90 |
| 18 | 90 |
| 19 | 90 |
| 20 | 90 |
| 21 | 90 |
| 22 | 91 |
| 23 | 91 |
| 24 | 91 |
| 25 | 91 |
| 26 | 91 |
| 27 | 91 |
| 28 | 90 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels humid — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the humid band about 84% of days. Sticky, muggy-or-worse air turns up on roughly 14% of them.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Comfortable (%) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Humid (%) | 87 | 87 | 87 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 85 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 83 | 83 | 83 | 83 | 82 | 82 | 83 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 83 | 83 | 83 | 83 | 83 | 83 |
| Muggy (%) | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 |
| Comfortable (%) | Humid (%) | Muggy (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1 | 87 | 12 |
| 2 | 1 | 87 | 12 |
| 3 | 1 | 87 | 12 |
| 4 | 2 | 86 | 12 |
| 5 | 2 | 86 | 12 |
| 6 | 2 | 86 | 12 |
| 7 | 2 | 85 | 13 |
| 8 | 3 | 84 | 13 |
| 9 | 3 | 84 | 13 |
| 10 | 3 | 84 | 13 |
| 11 | 3 | 83 | 14 |
| 12 | 3 | 83 | 14 |
| 13 | 3 | 83 | 14 |
| 14 | 3 | 83 | 14 |
| 15 | 3 | 82 | 15 |
| 16 | 3 | 82 | 15 |
| 17 | 2 | 83 | 15 |
| 18 | 2 | 82 | 16 |
| 19 | 2 | 82 | 16 |
| 20 | 2 | 82 | 16 |
| 21 | 2 | 82 | 16 |
| 22 | 2 | 82 | 16 |
| 23 | 1 | 83 | 16 |
| 24 | 1 | 83 | 16 |
| 25 | 1 | 83 | 16 |
| 26 | 1 | 83 | 16 |
| 27 | 1 | 83 | 16 |
| 28 | 1 | 83 | 16 |
Wind in February
Winds average 7 km/h in February, the calmest month.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 7 km/h on the calmest days to 7 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 7 | calm |
| 2 | 7 | calm |
| 3 | 7 | calm |
| 4 | 7 | calm |
| 5 | 7 | calm |
| 6 | 7 | calm |
| 7 | 7 | calm |
| 8 | 7 | calm |
| 9 | 7 | calm |
| 10 | 7 | calm |
| 11 | 7 | calm |
| 12 | 7 | calm |
| 13 | 7 | calm |
| 14 | 7 | calm |
| 15 | 7 | calm |
| 16 | 7 | calm |
| 17 | 7 | calm |
| 18 | 7 | calm |
| 19 | 7 | calm |
| 20 | 7 | calm |
| 21 | 7 | calm |
| 22 | 7 | calm |
| 23 | 7 | calm |
| 24 | 7 | calm |
| 25 | 7 | calm |
| 26 | 7 | calm |
| 27 | 7 | calm |
| 28 | 7 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 12 h 30 min at the start of February to 12 h 18 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 12 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 5:52 AM to 6:00 AM, and sunset from 6:23 PM to 6:15 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 5:52 | 5:53 | 5:53 | 5:53 | 5:54 | 5:54 | 5:55 | 5:55 | 5:55 | 5:56 | 5:56 | 5:56 | 5:56 | 5:57 | 5:57 | 5:57 | 5:58 | 5:58 | 5:58 | 5:58 | 5:59 | 5:59 | 5:59 | 5:59 | 5:59 | 6:00 | 6:00 | 6:00 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:22 | 6:22 | 6:22 | 6:22 | 6:22 | 6:21 | 6:21 | 6:21 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:17 | 6:17 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:15 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12.5 | 5:52 | 6:23 |
| 2 | 12.5 | 5:53 | 6:23 |
| 3 | 12.5 | 5:53 | 6:23 |
| 4 | 12.5 | 5:53 | 6:23 |
| 5 | 12.5 | 5:54 | 6:23 |
| 6 | 12.5 | 5:54 | 6:23 |
| 7 | 12.5 | 5:55 | 6:22 |
| 8 | 12.5 | 5:55 | 6:22 |
| 9 | 12.4 | 5:55 | 6:22 |
| 10 | 12.4 | 5:56 | 6:22 |
| 11 | 12.4 | 5:56 | 6:22 |
| 12 | 12.4 | 5:56 | 6:21 |
| 13 | 12.4 | 5:56 | 6:21 |
| 14 | 12.4 | 5:57 | 6:21 |
| 15 | 12.4 | 5:57 | 6:20 |
| 16 | 12.4 | 5:57 | 6:20 |
| 17 | 12.4 | 5:58 | 6:20 |
| 18 | 12.4 | 5:58 | 6:20 |
| 19 | 12.4 | 5:58 | 6:19 |
| 20 | 12.3 | 5:58 | 6:19 |
| 21 | 12.3 | 5:59 | 6:18 |
| 22 | 12.3 | 5:59 | 6:18 |
| 23 | 12.3 | 5:59 | 6:18 |
| 24 | 12.3 | 5:59 | 6:17 |
| 25 | 12.3 | 5:59 | 6:17 |
| 26 | 12.3 | 6:00 | 6:16 |
| 27 | 12.3 | 6:00 | 6:16 |
| 28 | 12.3 | 6:00 | 6:15 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 5.01 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.85 kWh/m² to a high of 7.16 kWh/m² in October across the year — February's 5.01 kWh/m² sits near the bottom.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.0 | 5.0 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 2 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 3 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 4 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 5 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 6 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 7 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 9 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 10 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 11 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 12 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 13 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 14 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 15 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 16 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 17 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 18 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 19 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 20 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 21 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 24 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 25 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 26 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 27 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 28 | 5.0 | Bright |
Hazard calendar for Mpika
In February, Mpika sits inside its monsoon season. The full year is below, with each hazard's peak months called out.
Mpika's monsoon runs December–March, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is February a good time to visit Mpika?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Mpika.
What to pack for Mpika in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Mpika sees daytime highs around 24°C and nights near 17°C. Pack rain gear. Worth having: light clothes and sun protection. About 25 days see rain.
UV index in Mpika in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 16 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Mpika peaks around February 19 at about 16 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 17 at about 9 (very high).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 15 | 16 | 16 | 13 | 10 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 13 | 13 | 13 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 15 | Extreme |
| Feb | 16 | Extreme |
| Mar | 16 | Extreme |
| Apr | 13 | Extreme |
| May | 10 | Extreme |
| Jun | 9 | Very high |
| Jul | 10 | Very high |
| Aug | 11 | Extreme |
| Sep | 11 | Extreme |
| Oct | 13 | Extreme |
| Nov | 13 | Extreme |
| Dec | 13 | Extreme |
Air quality in Mpika in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Mpika is worst in September — around 55 µg/m³ PM2.5 (poor), about 8.8× the cleanest month (December, 6 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 9 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 10 | 18 | 34 | 55 | 36 | 11 | 6 |
| Level | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Moderate | Moderate | Poor | Poor | Good | Good |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 9 | Good |
| Feb | 9 | Good |
| Mar | 8 | Good |
| Apr | 7 | Good |
| May | 7 | Good |
| Jun | 10 | Good |
| Jul | 18 | Moderate |
| Aug | 34 | Moderate |
| Sep | 55 | Poor |
| Oct | 36 | Poor |
| Nov | 11 | Good |
| Dec | 6 | Good |
Where is Mpika?
Mpika sits at 11.8°S, 31.5°E, 1,428 m above sea level, in Zambia. The nearest listed city is Chinsali, 159 km away.
Topography around Mpika
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Mpika.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Mpika has significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 340 m around an average of 1,448 m above sea level; within 16 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 458 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,287 m.
The land around Mpika is covered by cropland (44%), shrubs (21%) and artificial surfaces (21%) within 3 km, shrubs (36%), trees (24%) and cropland (22%) within 16 km, and trees (61%) and shrubs (23%) within 80 km.
Zambia travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 1
- Exercise Normal Precautions
- Power plugs
- Type C / D / G
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 30% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $1,318
- 2025
- Happiness
- 4.1 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Homicide rate
- 5.2
- per 100k, 2015
- Road deaths
- 20.5
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Lower middle
- World Bank
- English
- High
- EF EPI 573
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Mpika (-11.8343°, 31.4529°, elevation 1,428 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).