Mpulungu weather in February
In February, Mpulungu sees average daytime highs of 26°C and overnight lows near 20°C, with 215 mm of rain across 23.5 wet days and about 12.3 hours of daylight. It is the 10th-warmest and 4th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 26°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 4% of the time in February, and the air most often feels muggy.
Daylight stretches from about 12 h 24 min at the start of February to 12 h 12 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Mpulungu's 11th-clearest and 10th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Mpulungu's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 26°
- 10th warmest
- Overnight low
- 20°
- 10th coldest
- Rainfall
- 215 mm
- 23.5 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 h 18 min
- 6:02 AM – 6:19 PM
- Cloud cover
- 84%
- 11th clearest
- Wind
- 5 km/h
- 10th windiest
- Solar energy
- 5.62 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 4.1
- out of 10
Mpulungu is human settlement in Zambia.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 26°C through the month.
A typical February day in Mpulungu reaches about 26°C in the afternoon and slips back to 20°C overnight — a 6°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 23°C and 28°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs on par with January and on par with March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 |
| Avg low (°C) | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 25 | 20 |
| 2 | 25 | 20 |
| 3 | 25 | 20 |
| 4 | 25 | 20 |
| 5 | 26 | 20 |
| 6 | 26 | 20 |
| 7 | 26 | 20 |
| 8 | 26 | 20 |
| 9 | 26 | 20 |
| 10 | 26 | 20 |
| 11 | 26 | 20 |
| 12 | 26 | 20 |
| 13 | 26 | 20 |
| 14 | 26 | 20 |
| 15 | 26 | 20 |
| 16 | 26 | 20 |
| 17 | 26 | 20 |
| 18 | 26 | 20 |
| 19 | 26 | 20 |
| 20 | 26 | 20 |
| 21 | 26 | 20 |
| 22 | 26 | 20 |
| 23 | 26 | 20 |
| 24 | 26 | 20 |
| 25 | 26 | 20 |
| 26 | 26 | 20 |
| 27 | 26 | 20 |
| 28 | 26 | 20 |
Mpulungu weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 10th-warmest and 4th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 25° / 20° | 271 | 27.3 | 12.5 | 3.9 |
| Feb | 26° / 20° | 215 | 23.5 | 12.3 | 4.1 |
| Mar | 26° / 20° | 227 | 26.7 | 12.1 | 4.0 |
| Apr | 27° / 20° | 102 | 15.1 | 11.8 | 5.7 |
| May | 27° / 19° | 10 | 2.4 | 11.6 | 7.9 |
| Jun | 27° / 17° | 0 | 0 | 11.5 | 8.6 |
| Jul | 26° / 17° | 0 | 0 | 11.5 | 8.8 |
| Aug | 28° / 18° | 0 | 0.1 | 11.7 | 8.2 |
| Sep | 29° / 20° | 3 | 0.8 | 11.9 | 6.7 |
| Oct | 29° / 21° | 48 | 8.6 | 12.2 | 5.6 |
| Nov | 27° / 20° | 178 | 22.2 | 12.4 | 4.5 |
| Dec | 25° / 20° | 267 | 28 | 12.5 | 3.9 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 4% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 6% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 89%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 |
| Cloudier (%) | 91 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 9 | 91 |
| 2 | 8 | 92 |
| 3 | 8 | 92 |
| 4 | 8 | 92 |
| 5 | 8 | 92 |
| 6 | 8 | 92 |
| 7 | 8 | 92 |
| 8 | 10 | 90 |
| 9 | 10 | 90 |
| 10 | 10 | 90 |
| 11 | 10 | 90 |
| 12 | 10 | 90 |
| 13 | 10 | 90 |
| 14 | 11 | 89 |
| 15 | 11 | 89 |
| 16 | 11 | 89 |
| 17 | 11 | 89 |
| 18 | 11 | 89 |
| 19 | 11 | 89 |
| 20 | 11 | 89 |
| 21 | 12 | 88 |
| 22 | 12 | 88 |
| 23 | 12 | 88 |
| 24 | 12 | 88 |
| 25 | 13 | 87 |
| 26 | 13 | 87 |
| 27 | 13 | 87 |
| 28 | 13 | 87 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Mpulungu gets around 215 mm of rain over 23.5 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 84% and peaks near 86% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 85 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 83 | 83 | 83 | 83 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 83 | 83 | 84 | 84 | 85 | 85 | 86 | 86 | 86 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 85 |
| 2 | 85 |
| 3 | 85 |
| 4 | 85 |
| 5 | 85 |
| 6 | 85 |
| 7 | 85 |
| 8 | 84 |
| 9 | 84 |
| 10 | 84 |
| 11 | 84 |
| 12 | 84 |
| 13 | 83 |
| 14 | 83 |
| 15 | 83 |
| 16 | 83 |
| 17 | 82 |
| 18 | 82 |
| 19 | 82 |
| 20 | 83 |
| 21 | 83 |
| 22 | 84 |
| 23 | 84 |
| 24 | 85 |
| 25 | 85 |
| 26 | 86 |
| 27 | 86 |
| 28 | 86 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels muggy — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the muggy band about 84% of days. Sticky, muggy-or-worse air turns up on roughly 84% of them.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Humid (%) | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 17 | 17 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 |
| Muggy (%) | 85 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 84 | 84 | 83 | 83 | 83 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 83 | 83 | 84 | 84 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 |
| Humid (%) | Muggy (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 15 | 85 |
| 2 | 15 | 85 |
| 3 | 15 | 85 |
| 4 | 15 | 85 |
| 5 | 16 | 84 |
| 6 | 16 | 84 |
| 7 | 17 | 83 |
| 8 | 17 | 83 |
| 9 | 17 | 83 |
| 10 | 18 | 82 |
| 11 | 18 | 82 |
| 12 | 18 | 82 |
| 13 | 18 | 82 |
| 14 | 18 | 82 |
| 15 | 18 | 82 |
| 16 | 18 | 82 |
| 17 | 18 | 82 |
| 18 | 17 | 83 |
| 19 | 17 | 83 |
| 20 | 16 | 84 |
| 21 | 16 | 84 |
| 22 | 15 | 85 |
| 23 | 15 | 85 |
| 24 | 15 | 85 |
| 25 | 14 | 86 |
| 26 | 14 | 86 |
| 27 | 14 | 86 |
| 28 | 14 | 86 |
Wind in February
Winds average 5 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 5 km/h on the calmest days to 5 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5 | calm |
| 2 | 5 | calm |
| 3 | 5 | calm |
| 4 | 5 | calm |
| 5 | 5 | calm |
| 6 | 5 | calm |
| 7 | 5 | calm |
| 8 | 5 | calm |
| 9 | 5 | calm |
| 10 | 5 | calm |
| 11 | 5 | calm |
| 12 | 5 | calm |
| 13 | 5 | calm |
| 14 | 5 | calm |
| 15 | 5 | calm |
| 16 | 5 | calm |
| 17 | 5 | calm |
| 18 | 5 | calm |
| 19 | 5 | calm |
| 20 | 5 | calm |
| 21 | 5 | calm |
| 22 | 5 | calm |
| 23 | 5 | calm |
| 24 | 5 | calm |
| 25 | 5 | calm |
| 26 | 5 | calm |
| 27 | 5 | calm |
| 28 | 5 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 12 h 24 min at the start of February to 12 h 12 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 12 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 5:58 AM to 6:03 AM, and sunset from 6:20 PM to 6:15 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 5:58 | 5:58 | 5:58 | 5:59 | 5:59 | 5:59 | 6:00 | 6:00 | 6:00 | 6:00 | 6:01 | 6:01 | 6:01 | 6:01 | 6:02 | 6:02 | 6:02 | 6:02 | 6:02 | 6:02 | 6:03 | 6:03 | 6:03 | 6:03 | 6:03 | 6:03 | 6:03 | 6:03 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:17 | 6:17 | 6:17 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:15 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12.4 | 5:58 | 6:20 |
| 2 | 12.4 | 5:58 | 6:20 |
| 3 | 12.4 | 5:58 | 6:20 |
| 4 | 12.4 | 5:59 | 6:20 |
| 5 | 12.4 | 5:59 | 6:20 |
| 6 | 12.3 | 5:59 | 6:20 |
| 7 | 12.3 | 6:00 | 6:20 |
| 8 | 12.3 | 6:00 | 6:20 |
| 9 | 12.3 | 6:00 | 6:20 |
| 10 | 12.3 | 6:00 | 6:20 |
| 11 | 12.3 | 6:01 | 6:20 |
| 12 | 12.3 | 6:01 | 6:19 |
| 13 | 12.3 | 6:01 | 6:19 |
| 14 | 12.3 | 6:01 | 6:19 |
| 15 | 12.3 | 6:02 | 6:19 |
| 16 | 12.3 | 6:02 | 6:19 |
| 17 | 12.3 | 6:02 | 6:18 |
| 18 | 12.3 | 6:02 | 6:18 |
| 19 | 12.3 | 6:02 | 6:18 |
| 20 | 12.3 | 6:02 | 6:17 |
| 21 | 12.2 | 6:03 | 6:17 |
| 22 | 12.2 | 6:03 | 6:17 |
| 23 | 12.2 | 6:03 | 6:16 |
| 24 | 12.2 | 6:03 | 6:16 |
| 25 | 12.2 | 6:03 | 6:16 |
| 26 | 12.2 | 6:03 | 6:15 |
| 27 | 12.2 | 6:03 | 6:15 |
| 28 | 12.2 | 6:03 | 6:15 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 5.62 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 5.34 kWh/m² to a high of 6.63 kWh/m² in September across the year — February's 5.62 kWh/m² sits near the bottom.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 2 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 3 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 4 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 5 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 6 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 7 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 9 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 10 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 11 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 12 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 13 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 14 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 15 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 16 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 17 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 18 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 19 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 20 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 21 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 24 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 25 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 26 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 27 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 28 | 5.7 | Bright |
Hazard calendar for Mpulungu
In February, Mpulungu sits inside its cyclone and monsoon season. The full year is below, with each hazard's peak months called out.
Mpulungu sits in the South Indian Ocean cyclone belt; the season peaks January–March.
Mpulungu's monsoon runs November–March, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is February a good time to visit Mpulungu?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a reasonable time to visit Mpulungu for sightseeing.
What to pack for Mpulungu in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Mpulungu sees daytime highs around 26°C and nights near 20°C. Pack rain gear. Worth having: light clothes and sun protection. About 24 days see rain.
UV index in Mpulungu in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 17 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Mpulungu peaks around February 17 at about 17 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 17 at about 10 (extreme).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 16 | 17 | 16 | 14 | 11 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 12 | 13 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 16 | Extreme |
| Feb | 17 | Extreme |
| Mar | 16 | Extreme |
| Apr | 14 | Extreme |
| May | 11 | Extreme |
| Jun | 10 | Extreme |
| Jul | 11 | Extreme |
| Aug | 11 | Extreme |
| Sep | 12 | Extreme |
| Oct | 13 | Extreme |
| Nov | 12 | Extreme |
| Dec | 13 | Extreme |
Air quality in Mpulungu in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Mpulungu is worst in September — around 51 µg/m³ PM2.5 (poor), about 7.5× the cleanest month (May, 7 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 11 | 11 | 9 | 7 | 7 | 14 | 29 | 51 | 51 | 35 | 13 | 9 |
| Level | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Moderate | Moderate | Poor | Poor | Poor | Moderate | Good |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 11 | Good |
| Feb | 11 | Good |
| Mar | 9 | Good |
| Apr | 7 | Good |
| May | 7 | Good |
| Jun | 14 | Moderate |
| Jul | 29 | Moderate |
| Aug | 51 | Poor |
| Sep | 51 | Poor |
| Oct | 35 | Poor |
| Nov | 13 | Moderate |
| Dec | 9 | Good |
Where is Mpulungu?
Mpulungu sits at 8.8°S, 31.1°E, 800 m above sea level, in Zambia. The nearest listed city is Mbala, 29 km away.
Topography around Mpulungu
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Mpulungu.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Mpulungu has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 176 m around an average of 790 m above sea level; within 16 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,008 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,496 m.
The land around Mpulungu is covered by water (43%) within 3 km, water (44%) and trees (25%) within 16 km, and trees (37%) within 80 km.
Zambia travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 1
- Exercise Normal Precautions
- Power plugs
- Type C / D / G
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 30% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $1,318
- 2025
- Happiness
- 4.1 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Homicide rate
- 5.2
- per 100k, 2015
- Road deaths
- 20.5
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Lower middle
- World Bank
- English
- High
- EF EPI 573
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Mpulungu (-8.7623°, 31.114°, elevation 800 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. Tropical-cyclone seasons are the published climatological basin seasons (NOAA National Hurricane Center / regional warning centres). UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).