Gweru weather in September

In September, Gweru sees average daytime highs of 27°C and overnight lows near 13°C, with 4 mm of rain across 0.9 wet days and about 11.9 hours of daylight. It is the 3rd-warmest and 9th-wettest month of the year here.

Highs climb over the month, from about 26°C in the first days to 28°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 80% of the time in September, and the air most often feels dry.

Daylight stretches from about 11 h 36 min at the start of September to 12 h 12 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, September is Gweru's 2nd-clearest and 2nd-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Gweru's year-round climate.

Daytime high: 27°; 3rd warmest
Overnight low: 13°; 5th coldest
Rainfall: 4 mm; 0.9 wet days
Daylight: 11 h 54 min; 5:58 AM – 5:52 PM
Cloud cover: 20%; 2nd clearest
Wind: 13 km/h; 2nd windiest
Solar energy: 6.43 kWh/m²
Travel score: 8.3; out of 10

Gweru is city in Zimbabwe.

Founded: 1894

Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.

← August Gweru year-round climate October →Best places to visit in September

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Temperature in September

Average highAverage lowShaded bands: 10–90% of days

Highs climb over the month, from about 26°C in the first days to 28°C by the end.

A typical September day in Gweru reaches about 27°C in the afternoon and slips back to 13°C overnight — a 14°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 22°C and 32°C. Set against its neighbours, September runs about 4°C warmer than August and about 1°C cooler than October.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Avg high (°C)	26	26	26	26	26	27	27	27	27	27	27	27	27	27	28	28	28	28	28	28	28	28	28	28	28	28	28	28	28	29
Avg low (°C)	11	11	11	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	13	13	13	13	13	13	13	14	14	14	14	14	14	14	14	14	14	14

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	26	11
2	26	11
3	26	11
4	26	12
5	26	12
6	27	12
7	27	12
8	27	12
9	27	12
10	27	12
11	27	12
12	27	12
13	27	13
14	27	13
15	28	13
16	28	13
17	28	13
18	28	13
19	28	13
20	28	14
21	28	14
22	28	14
23	28	14
24	28	14
25	28	14
26	28	14
27	28	14
28	28	14
29	28	14
30	29	14

Gweru weather by month

How September compares with the rest of the year at a glance. September is the 3rd-warmest and 9th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.

Month	High / Low (°C)	Rainfall (mm)	Wet days	Daylight (hours)	Travel score
Jan	26° / 17°	161	15.7	13	5.7
Feb	26° / 17°	121	12.7	12.7	6.0
Mar	26° / 16°	82	10.5	12.1	6.8
Apr	25° / 13°	28	4	11.6	8.3
May	23° / 10°	7	1.4	11.1	9.0
Jun	21° / 8°	4	0.7	10.8	8.6
Jul	21° / 7°	3	0.9	10.9	8.4
Aug	24° / 10°	1	0.1	11.3	9.3
Sep	27° / 13°	4	0.9	11.9	8.3
Oct	29° / 15°	25	4.8	12.4	6.6
Nov	28° / 17°	98	12.3	12.9	5.6
Dec	27° / 17°	184	17.6	13.2	5.4

Cloud cover in September

ClearMostly clearPartly cloudyMostly cloudyOvercast

The sky is clear or mostly clear about 80% of the time in September.

Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 10% of September, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 11%. Skies tend to cloud over as the month goes on.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Clearer (%)	93	93	93	93	92	92	92	92	91	91	90	90	90	90	90	89	89	88	88	88	88	87	86	86	86	86	86	86	86	85
Cloudier (%)	7	7	7	7	8	8	8	8	9	9	10	10	10	10	10	11	11	12	12	12	12	13	14	14	14	14	14	14	14	15

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	93	7
2	93	7
3	93	7
4	93	7
5	92	8
6	92	8
7	92	8
8	92	8
9	91	9
10	91	9
11	90	10
12	90	10
13	90	10
14	90	10
15	90	10
16	89	11
17	89	11
18	88	12
19	88	12
20	88	12
21	88	12
22	87	13
23	86	14
24	86	14
25	86	14
26	86	14
27	86	14
28	86	14
29	86	14
30	85	15

Chance of precipitation in September

Any precipitation

Gweru gets around 4 mm of rain over 0.9 wet days in September. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.

Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 3% and peaks near 8% on the wettest days.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Rain chance (%)	1	1	1	1	1	1	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	3	3	3	4	4	4	5	5	6	6	7	8

	Rain chance (%)
1	1
2	1
3	1
4	1
5	1
6	1
7	2
8	2
9	2
10	2
11	2
12	2
13	2
14	2
15	2
16	2
17	2
18	2
19	3
20	3
21	3
22	4
23	4
24	4
25	5
26	5
27	6
28	6
29	7
30	8

Humidity in September

DryComfortableHumidMuggyOppressiveMiserable

Most of September feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.

By dew point, September lands in the dry band about 97% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Dry (%)	100	100	100	100	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	99	98	98	98	98	97	97	97	96	96	94	94	93	93	92	91
Comfortable (%)	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	2	2	2	2	3	3	3	4	4	5	5	6	6	7	8
Humid (%)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)	Humid (%)
1	100	0	0
2	100	0	0
3	100	0	0
4	100	0	0
5	99	1	0
6	99	1	0
7	99	1	0
8	99	1	0
9	99	1	0
10	99	1	0
11	99	1	0
12	99	1	0
13	99	1	0
14	99	1	0
15	99	1	0
16	98	2	0
17	98	2	0
18	98	2	0
19	98	2	0
20	97	3	0
21	97	3	0
22	97	3	0
23	96	4	0
24	96	4	0
25	94	5	1
26	94	5	1
27	93	6	1
28	93	6	1
29	92	7	1
30	91	8	1

Wind in September

Winds average 13 km/h in September.

Across September, daily wind ranges from about 12 km/h on the calmest days to 13 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Wind speed (km/h)	12	13	13	13	13	13	13	13	13	13	13	13	13	13	13	13	13	13	13	13	13	13	13	13	13	13	13	13	13	13
Feels	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze	light breeze

	Wind speed (km/h)	Feels
1	12	light breeze
2	13	light breeze
3	13	light breeze
4	13	light breeze
5	13	light breeze
6	13	light breeze
7	13	light breeze
8	13	light breeze
9	13	light breeze
10	13	light breeze
11	13	light breeze
12	13	light breeze
13	13	light breeze
14	13	light breeze
15	13	light breeze
16	13	light breeze
17	13	light breeze
18	13	light breeze
19	13	light breeze
20	13	light breeze
21	13	light breeze
22	13	light breeze
23	13	light breeze
24	13	light breeze
25	13	light breeze
26	13	light breeze
27	13	light breeze
28	13	light breeze
29	13	light breeze
30	13	light breeze

Sunrise & sunset in September

DaylightNight

Daylight runs from about 11 h 36 min at the start of September to 12 h 12 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.

Days grow by about 36 minutes over September. Sunrise moves from 6:12 AM to 5:45 AM, and sunset from 5:49 PM to 5:55 PM.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Daylight (h)	11.6	11.6	11.6	11.7	11.7	11.7	11.7	11.7	11.8	11.8	11.8	11.8	11.8	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	11.9	12.0	12.0	12.0	12.0	12.0	12.1	12.1	12.1	12.1	12.1	12.2
Sunrise (AM)	6:12	6:11	6:10	6:09	6:09	6:08	6:07	6:06	6:05	6:04	6:03	6:02	6:01	6:00	5:59	5:58	5:57	5:56	5:56	5:55	5:54	5:53	5:52	5:51	5:50	5:49	5:48	5:47	5:46	5:45
Sunset (PM)	5:49	5:49	5:49	5:49	5:50	5:50	5:50	5:50	5:50	5:51	5:51	5:51	5:51	5:51	5:52	5:52	5:52	5:52	5:52	5:53	5:53	5:53	5:53	5:53	5:54	5:54	5:54	5:54	5:55	5:55

	Daylight (h)	Sunrise (AM)	Sunset (PM)
1	11.6	6:12	5:49
2	11.6	6:11	5:49
3	11.6	6:10	5:49
4	11.7	6:09	5:49
5	11.7	6:09	5:50
6	11.7	6:08	5:50
7	11.7	6:07	5:50
8	11.7	6:06	5:50
9	11.8	6:05	5:50
10	11.8	6:04	5:51
11	11.8	6:03	5:51
12	11.8	6:02	5:51
13	11.8	6:01	5:51
14	11.9	6:00	5:51
15	11.9	5:59	5:52
16	11.9	5:58	5:52
17	11.9	5:57	5:52
18	11.9	5:56	5:52
19	11.9	5:56	5:52
20	12.0	5:55	5:53
21	12.0	5:54	5:53
22	12.0	5:53	5:53
23	12.0	5:52	5:53
24	12.0	5:51	5:53
25	12.1	5:50	5:54
26	12.1	5:49	5:54
27	12.1	5:48	5:54
28	12.1	5:47	5:54
29	12.1	5:46	5:55
30	12.2	5:45	5:55

Solar energy in September

Daily solar energy (kWh/m²)

Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in September, about 6.43 kWh/m².

For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.42 kWh/m² to a high of 6.88 kWh/m² in October across the year — September's 6.43 kWh/m² sits near the top of that range.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Solar energy (kWh/m²)	6.1	6.1	6.2	6.2	6.2	6.3	6.3	6.3	6.3	6.4	6.4	6.4	6.4	6.4	6.5	6.5	6.5	6.5	6.5	6.5	6.5	6.6	6.6	6.6	6.6	6.6	6.7	6.7	6.7	6.7
Level	Intense	Intense	Intense	Intense	Intense	Intense	Intense	Intense	Intense	Intense	Intense	Intense	Intense	Intense	Intense	Intense	Intense	Intense	Intense	Intense	Intense	Intense	Intense	Intense	Intense	Intense	Intense	Intense	Intense	Intense

	Solar energy (kWh/m²)	Level
1	6.1	Intense
2	6.1	Intense
3	6.2	Intense
4	6.2	Intense
5	6.2	Intense
6	6.3	Intense
7	6.3	Intense
8	6.3	Intense
9	6.3	Intense
10	6.4	Intense
11	6.4	Intense
12	6.4	Intense
13	6.4	Intense
14	6.4	Intense
15	6.5	Intense
16	6.5	Intense
17	6.5	Intense
18	6.5	Intense
19	6.5	Intense
20	6.5	Intense
21	6.5	Intense
22	6.6	Intense
23	6.6	Intense
24	6.6	Intense
25	6.6	Intense
26	6.6	Intense
27	6.7	Intense
28	6.7	Intense
29	6.7	Intense
30	6.7	Intense

Planning a trip in September

Hazard calendar for Gweru

In seasonPeak

None of Gweru's seasonal hazards are active in September. The full-year calendar below shows when the rainy season, cyclone risk and dust haze do peak.

Gweru's monsoon runs November–February, when most of the year's rain falls.

Monsoon

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Is September a good time to visit Gweru?

Our two travel scores rate September for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).

8.3

Sightseeing

5th-best month of the year

8.8

Beach & pool

1st-best month of the year

September is one of the better times to visit Gweru for general sightseeing. The water and warmth also suit a beach or pool day.

What to pack for Gweru in September

From September's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.

In September, Gweru sees daytime highs around 27°C and nights near 13°C. Pack light clothes and sun protection.

light clothessun protection

UV index in Gweru in September

LowModerateHighVery highExtreme

Clear-sky midday UV in September peaks around 10 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.

Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Gweru peaks around January 16 at about 16 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 19 at about 7 (very high).

The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.

	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
UV index (midday)	16	14	14	10	8	7	8	9	10	12	14	14
Level	Extreme	Extreme	Extreme	Extreme	Very high	High	Very high	Very high	Very high	Extreme	Extreme	Extreme

	UV index (midday)	Level
Jan	16	Extreme
Feb	14	Extreme
Mar	14	Extreme
Apr	10	Extreme
May	8	Very high
Jun	7	High
Jul	8	Very high
Aug	9	Very high
Sep	10	Very high
Oct	12	Extreme
Nov	14	Extreme
Dec	14	Extreme

Air quality in Gweru in September

GoodModeratePoorUnhealthyVery unhealthy

Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where September falls, not just the annual average.

Air quality in Gweru is worst in September — around 22 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), about 5.2× the cleanest month (January, 4 µg/m³).

Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).

	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
PM2.5 (µg/m³)	4	5	5	6	7	9	10	15	22	17	8	4
Level	Good	Good	Good	Good	Good	Good	Good	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Good	Good

	PM2.5 (µg/m³)	Level
Jan	4	Good
Feb	5	Good
Mar	5	Good
Apr	6	Good
May	7	Good
Jun	9	Good
Jul	10	Good
Aug	15	Moderate
Sep	22	Moderate
Oct	17	Moderate
Nov	8	Good
Dec	4	Good

Location & terrain

Where is Gweru?

Gweru sits at 19.4°S, 29.8°E, 1,412 m above sea level, in Zimbabwe. The nearest listed city is Shurugwi, 32 km away.

Topography around Gweru

How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Gweru.

Within 3 km, the terrain around Gweru has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 99 m around an average of 1,416 m above sea level; within 16 km, only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 178 m; within 80 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 675 m.

The land around Gweru is covered by grassland (28%), artificial surfaces (24%) and trees (20%) within 3 km, grassland (38%) and shrubs (28%) within 16 km, and shrubs (45%) and grassland (25%) within 80 km.

3 km

99 m

grassland 28%

16 km

178 m

grassland 38%

80 km

675 m

shrubs 45%

treesshrubsgrasslandcroplandartificial surfacesbare terrain

← August Gweru year-round climate October →Best places to visit in September

September weather nearby: Shurugwi 32 km · Redcliff 46 km · Kwekwe 58 km · Zvishavane 101 km · Kadoma 125 km · Masvingo 126 km · Chegutu 151 km · Bulawayo 151 km

Zimbabwe travel facts

Travel advisory: Level 2; Exercise Increased Caution
Power plugs: Type D / G; 220 V · 50 Hz
Prices: ≈ 56% of US; price level, 2025
GDP per capita: $3,021; 2025
Happiness: 3.3 / 10; World Happiness, 2025
Safe drinking water: 25%; of population, 2024
Homicide rate: 6.8; per 100k, 2022
Road deaths: 41.2; per 100k/yr, 2019
Income group: Lower middle; World Bank
English: Very high; EF EPI 602
Religion

Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.

Data sources

Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Gweru (-19.45°, 29.8167°, elevation 1,412 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	26	11
2	26	11
3	26	11
4	26	12
5	26	12
6	27	12
7	27	12
8	27	12
9	27	12
10	27	12
11	27	12
12	27	12
13	27	13
14	27	13
15	28	13
16	28	13
17	28	13
18	28	13
19	28	13
20	28	14
21	28	14
22	28	14
23	28	14
24	28	14
25	28	14
26	28	14
27	28	14
28	28	14
29	28	14
30	29	14

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	93	7
2	93	7
3	93	7
4	93	7
5	92	8
6	92	8
7	92	8
8	92	8
9	91	9
10	91	9
11	90	10
12	90	10
13	90	10
14	90	10
15	90	10
16	89	11
17	89	11
18	88	12
19	88	12
20	88	12
21	88	12
22	87	13
23	86	14
24	86	14
25	86	14
26	86	14
27	86	14
28	86	14
29	86	14
30	85	15

	Rain chance (%)
1	1
2	1
3	1
4	1
5	1
6	1
7	2
8	2
9	2
10	2
11	2
12	2
13	2
14	2
15	2
16	2
17	2
18	2
19	3
20	3
21	3
22	4
23	4
24	4
25	5
26	5
27	6
28	6
29	7
30	8

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)	Humid (%)
1	100	0	0
2	100	0	0
3	100	0	0
4	100	0	0
5	99	1	0
6	99	1	0
7	99	1	0
8	99	1	0
9	99	1	0
10	99	1	0
11	99	1	0
12	99	1	0
13	99	1	0
14	99	1	0
15	99	1	0
16	98	2	0
17	98	2	0
18	98	2	0
19	98	2	0
20	97	3	0
21	97	3	0
22	97	3	0
23	96	4	0
24	96	4	0
25	94	5	1
26	94	5	1
27	93	6	1
28	93	6	1
29	92	7	1
30	91	8	1

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	26	11
2	26	11
3	26	11
4	26	12
5	26	12
6	27	12
7	27	12
8	27	12
9	27	12
10	27	12
11	27	12
12	27	12
13	27	13
14	27	13
15	28	13
16	28	13
17	28	13
18	28	13
19	28	13
20	28	14
21	28	14
22	28	14
23	28	14
24	28	14
25	28	14
26	28	14
27	28	14
28	28	14
29	28	14
30	29	14

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	93	7
2	93	7
3	93	7
4	93	7
5	92	8
6	92	8
7	92	8
8	92	8
9	91	9
10	91	9
11	90	10
12	90	10
13	90	10
14	90	10
15	90	10
16	89	11
17	89	11
18	88	12
19	88	12
20	88	12
21	88	12
22	87	13
23	86	14
24	86	14
25	86	14
26	86	14
27	86	14
28	86	14
29	86	14
30	85	15

	Rain chance (%)
1	1
2	1
3	1
4	1
5	1
6	1
7	2
8	2
9	2
10	2
11	2
12	2
13	2
14	2
15	2
16	2
17	2
18	2
19	3
20	3
21	3
22	4
23	4
24	4
25	5
26	5
27	6
28	6
29	7
30	8

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)	Humid (%)
1	100	0	0
2	100	0	0
3	100	0	0
4	100	0	0
5	99	1	0
6	99	1	0
7	99	1	0
8	99	1	0
9	99	1	0
10	99	1	0
11	99	1	0
12	99	1	0
13	99	1	0
14	99	1	0
15	99	1	0
16	98	2	0
17	98	2	0
18	98	2	0
19	98	2	0
20	97	3	0
21	97	3	0
22	97	3	0
23	96	4	0
24	96	4	0
25	94	5	1
26	94	5	1
27	93	6	1
28	93	6	1
29	92	7	1
30	91	8	1

	Avg high (°C)	Avg low (°C)
1	26	11
2	26	11
3	26	11
4	26	12
5	26	12
6	27	12
7	27	12
8	27	12
9	27	12
10	27	12
11	27	12
12	27	12
13	27	13
14	27	13
15	28	13
16	28	13
17	28	13
18	28	13
19	28	13
20	28	14
21	28	14
22	28	14
23	28	14
24	28	14
25	28	14
26	28	14
27	28	14
28	28	14
29	28	14
30	29	14

	Clearer (%)	Cloudier (%)
1	93	7
2	93	7
3	93	7
4	93	7
5	92	8
6	92	8
7	92	8
8	92	8
9	91	9
10	91	9
11	90	10
12	90	10
13	90	10
14	90	10
15	90	10
16	89	11
17	89	11
18	88	12
19	88	12
20	88	12
21	88	12
22	87	13
23	86	14
24	86	14
25	86	14
26	86	14
27	86	14
28	86	14
29	86	14
30	85	15

	Rain chance (%)
1	1
2	1
3	1
4	1
5	1
6	1
7	2
8	2
9	2
10	2
11	2
12	2
13	2
14	2
15	2
16	2
17	2
18	2
19	3
20	3
21	3
22	4
23	4
24	4
25	5
26	5
27	6
28	6
29	7
30	8

	Dry (%)	Comfortable (%)	Humid (%)
1	100	0	0
2	100	0	0
3	100	0	0
4	100	0	0
5	99	1	0
6	99	1	0
7	99	1	0
8	99	1	0
9	99	1	0
10	99	1	0
11	99	1	0
12	99	1	0
13	99	1	0
14	99	1	0
15	99	1	0
16	98	2	0
17	98	2	0
18	98	2	0
19	98	2	0
20	97	3	0
21	97	3	0
22	97	3	0
23	96	4	0
24	96	4	0
25	94	5	1
26	94	5	1
27	93	6	1
28	93	6	1
29	92	7	1
30	91	8	1