Karukh weather in February
In February, Karukh sees average daytime highs of 9°C and overnight lows near -2°C, with 68 mm of precipitation across 9.2 wet days and about 10.7 hours of daylight. It is the 11th-warmest and 1st-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about 7°C in the first days to 10°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 46% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 10 h 18 min at the start of February to 11 h 12 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Karukh's 11th-clearest and 9th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Karukh's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 9°
- 11th warmest
- Overnight low
- -2°
- 2nd coldest
- Precipitation
- 68 mm
- 9.2 wet days
- Daylight
- 10 h 42 min
- 7:13 AM – 5:56 PM
- Cloud cover
- 46%
- 11th clearest
- Wind
- 8 km/h
- 9th windiest
- Solar energy
- 3.99 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 1.7
- out of 10
Karukh is human settlement in Afghanistan.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Highs climb over the month, from about 7°C in the first days to 10°C by the end.
A typical February day in Karukh reaches about 9°C in the afternoon and slips back to -2°C overnight — a 11°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 2°C and 15°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 2°C warmer than January and about 5°C cooler than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 |
| Avg low (°C) | -3 | -3 | -3 | -3 | -3 | -3 | -3 | -3 | -3 | -3 | -3 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 7 | -3 |
| 2 | 7 | -3 |
| 3 | 7 | -3 |
| 4 | 7 | -3 |
| 5 | 7 | -3 |
| 6 | 7 | -3 |
| 7 | 8 | -3 |
| 8 | 8 | -3 |
| 9 | 8 | -3 |
| 10 | 8 | -3 |
| 11 | 8 | -3 |
| 12 | 8 | -2 |
| 13 | 8 | -2 |
| 14 | 8 | -2 |
| 15 | 8 | -2 |
| 16 | 9 | -2 |
| 17 | 9 | -2 |
| 18 | 9 | -2 |
| 19 | 9 | -2 |
| 20 | 9 | -1 |
| 21 | 9 | -1 |
| 22 | 10 | -1 |
| 23 | 10 | -1 |
| 24 | 10 | -1 |
| 25 | 10 | -1 |
| 26 | 10 | 0 |
| 27 | 10 | 0 |
| 28 | 11 | 0 |
How February really feels in Karukh
Once humidity and wind are folded in, February averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 28 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
The story in February is cold — wind chill drags the overnight "feels like" below the raw low.
Karukh weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 11th-warmest and 1st-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 7° / -4° | 53 | 7.8 | 3.9 | 10 | 0.8 |
| Feb | 9° / -2° | 68 | 9.2 | 4.1 | 10.7 | 1.7 |
| Mar | 14° / 3° | 68 | 9.7 | 1.9 | 11.7 | 4.2 |
| Apr | 20° / 8° | 34 | 5.8 | 0.2 | 12.8 | 7.2 |
| May | 26° / 12° | 8 | 1.9 | 0 | 13.8 | 8.5 |
| Jun | 30° / 16° | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14.3 | 6.9 |
| Jul | 31° / 18° | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14.1 | 6.1 |
| Aug | 30° / 16° | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13.3 | 6.9 |
| Sep | 27° / 12° | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 12.2 | 8.9 |
| Oct | 22° / 7° | 3 | 0.7 | 0 | 11.1 | 9.0 |
| Nov | 15° / 2° | 20 | 3.7 | 0.4 | 10.2 | 5.5 |
| Dec | 9° / -1° | 33 | 5.7 | 2.1 | 9.7 | 2.4 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 46% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 15% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 38%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 64 | 64 | 64 | 64 | 63 | 63 | 63 | 62 | 62 | 63 | 62 | 62 | 62 | 62 | 61 | 61 | 61 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 61 | 61 |
| Cloudier (%) | 36 | 36 | 36 | 36 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 38 | 38 | 37 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 39 | 39 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 64 | 36 |
| 2 | 64 | 36 |
| 3 | 64 | 36 |
| 4 | 64 | 36 |
| 5 | 63 | 37 |
| 6 | 63 | 37 |
| 7 | 63 | 37 |
| 8 | 62 | 38 |
| 9 | 62 | 38 |
| 10 | 63 | 37 |
| 11 | 62 | 38 |
| 12 | 62 | 38 |
| 13 | 62 | 38 |
| 14 | 62 | 38 |
| 15 | 61 | 39 |
| 16 | 61 | 39 |
| 17 | 61 | 39 |
| 18 | 60 | 40 |
| 19 | 60 | 40 |
| 20 | 60 | 40 |
| 21 | 60 | 40 |
| 22 | 60 | 40 |
| 23 | 60 | 40 |
| 24 | 60 | 40 |
| 25 | 60 | 40 |
| 26 | 60 | 40 |
| 27 | 61 | 39 |
| 28 | 61 | 39 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Karukh gets around 68 mm of rain and snow over 9.2 wet days in February, the wettest month. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 32% and peaks near 33% on the wettest days, and about 4 days bring snow.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 31 | 31 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 |
| Snow chance (%) | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 |
| Rain chance (%) | Snow chance (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 31 | 16 |
| 2 | 31 | 16 |
| 3 | 32 | 16 |
| 4 | 32 | 16 |
| 5 | 32 | 16 |
| 6 | 32 | 16 |
| 7 | 33 | 16 |
| 8 | 33 | 16 |
| 9 | 33 | 15 |
| 10 | 32 | 15 |
| 11 | 32 | 15 |
| 12 | 32 | 14 |
| 13 | 32 | 14 |
| 14 | 31 | 13 |
| 15 | 31 | 13 |
| 16 | 31 | 13 |
| 17 | 32 | 13 |
| 18 | 32 | 13 |
| 19 | 32 | 13 |
| 20 | 32 | 13 |
| 21 | 32 | 13 |
| 22 | 32 | 13 |
| 23 | 32 | 13 |
| 24 | 32 | 12 |
| 25 | 32 | 12 |
| 26 | 32 | 12 |
| 27 | 32 | 12 |
| 28 | 32 | 12 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
Wind in February
Winds average 8 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 8 km/h on the calmest days to 8 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8 | calm |
| 2 | 8 | calm |
| 3 | 8 | calm |
| 4 | 8 | calm |
| 5 | 8 | calm |
| 6 | 8 | calm |
| 7 | 8 | calm |
| 8 | 8 | calm |
| 9 | 8 | calm |
| 10 | 8 | calm |
| 11 | 8 | calm |
| 12 | 8 | calm |
| 13 | 8 | calm |
| 14 | 8 | calm |
| 15 | 8 | calm |
| 16 | 8 | calm |
| 17 | 8 | calm |
| 18 | 8 | calm |
| 19 | 8 | calm |
| 20 | 8 | calm |
| 21 | 8 | calm |
| 22 | 8 | calm |
| 23 | 8 | calm |
| 24 | 8 | calm |
| 25 | 8 | calm |
| 26 | 8 | calm |
| 27 | 8 | calm |
| 28 | 8 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 10 h 18 min at the start of February to 11 h 12 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 54 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 7:24 AM to 6:58 AM, and sunset from 5:42 PM to 6:08 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 10.3 | 10.3 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.2 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 7:24 | 7:24 | 7:23 | 7:22 | 7:21 | 7:21 | 7:20 | 7:19 | 7:18 | 7:17 | 7:17 | 7:16 | 7:15 | 7:14 | 7:13 | 7:12 | 7:11 | 7:10 | 7:09 | 7:08 | 7:07 | 7:05 | 7:04 | 7:03 | 7:02 | 7:01 | 7:00 | 6:58 |
| Sunset (PM) | 5:42 | 5:43 | 5:44 | 5:45 | 5:46 | 5:47 | 5:48 | 5:49 | 5:50 | 5:51 | 5:52 | 5:53 | 5:54 | 5:55 | 5:56 | 5:57 | 5:58 | 5:59 | 5:59 | 6:00 | 6:01 | 6:02 | 6:03 | 6:04 | 6:05 | 6:06 | 6:07 | 6:08 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10.3 | 7:24 | 5:42 |
| 2 | 10.3 | 7:24 | 5:43 |
| 3 | 10.4 | 7:23 | 5:44 |
| 4 | 10.4 | 7:22 | 5:45 |
| 5 | 10.4 | 7:21 | 5:46 |
| 6 | 10.4 | 7:21 | 5:47 |
| 7 | 10.5 | 7:20 | 5:48 |
| 8 | 10.5 | 7:19 | 5:49 |
| 9 | 10.5 | 7:18 | 5:50 |
| 10 | 10.6 | 7:17 | 5:51 |
| 11 | 10.6 | 7:17 | 5:52 |
| 12 | 10.6 | 7:16 | 5:53 |
| 13 | 10.7 | 7:15 | 5:54 |
| 14 | 10.7 | 7:14 | 5:55 |
| 15 | 10.7 | 7:13 | 5:56 |
| 16 | 10.7 | 7:12 | 5:57 |
| 17 | 10.8 | 7:11 | 5:58 |
| 18 | 10.8 | 7:10 | 5:59 |
| 19 | 10.8 | 7:09 | 5:59 |
| 20 | 10.9 | 7:08 | 6:00 |
| 21 | 10.9 | 7:07 | 6:01 |
| 22 | 10.9 | 7:05 | 6:02 |
| 23 | 11.0 | 7:04 | 6:03 |
| 24 | 11.0 | 7:03 | 6:04 |
| 25 | 11.1 | 7:02 | 6:05 |
| 26 | 11.1 | 7:01 | 6:06 |
| 27 | 11.1 | 7:00 | 6:07 |
| 28 | 11.2 | 6:58 | 6:08 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 3.99 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 2.93 kWh/m² to a high of 8.15 kWh/m² in June across the year — February's 3.99 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 3.5 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.5 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 3.5 | Moderate |
| 2 | 3.6 | Moderate |
| 3 | 3.6 | Moderate |
| 4 | 3.6 | Moderate |
| 5 | 3.7 | Moderate |
| 6 | 3.7 | Moderate |
| 7 | 3.7 | Moderate |
| 8 | 3.8 | Moderate |
| 9 | 3.8 | Moderate |
| 10 | 3.8 | Moderate |
| 11 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 12 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 13 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 14 | 4.0 | Moderate |
| 15 | 4.0 | Moderate |
| 16 | 4.0 | Bright |
| 17 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 18 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 19 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 20 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 21 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 22 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 23 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 24 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 25 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 26 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 27 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 28 | 4.5 | Bright |
Is February a good time to visit Karukh?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Karukh.
What to pack for Karukh in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Karukh sees daytime highs around 9°C and nights near -2°C. Pack a warm layer. Worth having: a heavy coat and rain gear. About 9 days see rain.
UV index in Karukh in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 5 — enough to warrant sun protection. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Karukh peaks around July 15 at about 12 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near January 11 at about 3 (moderate).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 11 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 3 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 11 | 12 | 10 | 9 | 6 | 4 | 3 |
| Level | Moderate | High | High | Very high | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | High | Moderate | Moderate |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 3 | Moderate |
| Feb | 5 | High |
| Mar | 7 | High |
| Apr | 8 | Very high |
| May | 9 | Very high |
| Jun | 11 | Extreme |
| Jul | 12 | Extreme |
| Aug | 10 | Extreme |
| Sep | 9 | Very high |
| Oct | 6 | High |
| Nov | 4 | Moderate |
| Dec | 3 | Moderate |
Air quality in Karukh in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Karukh is worst in May — around 29 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), about 2.0× the cleanest month (December, 15 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 15 | 18 | 24 | 29 | 29 | 23 | 28 | 24 | 26 | 22 | 17 | 15 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 15 | Moderate |
| Feb | 18 | Moderate |
| Mar | 24 | Moderate |
| Apr | 29 | Moderate |
| May | 29 | Moderate |
| Jun | 23 | Moderate |
| Jul | 28 | Moderate |
| Aug | 24 | Moderate |
| Sep | 26 | Moderate |
| Oct | 22 | Moderate |
| Nov | 17 | Moderate |
| Dec | 15 | Moderate |
Where is Karukh?
Karukh sits at 34.5°N, 62.6°E, 1,340 m above sea level, in Afghanistan. The nearest listed city is Herāt, 38 km away.
Topography around Karukh
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Karukh.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Karukh has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 165 m around an average of 1,339 m above sea level; within 16 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,547 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,835 m.
The land around Karukh is covered by cropland (59%) and bare terrain (36%) within 3 km, bare terrain (71%) and cropland (22%) within 16 km, and bare terrain (57%) and grassland (25%) within 80 km.
Afghanistan travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 4
- Do Not Travel
- Power plugs
- Type C / F
- 220 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 17% of US
- price level, 2024
- GDP per capita
- $417
- 2024
- Happiness
- 1.4 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 31%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 4
- per 100k, 2021
- Road deaths
- 15.9
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Low
- World Bank
- English
- Very low
- EF EPI 446
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Karukh (34.4811°, 62.5863°, elevation 1,340 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).