Lashkar Gāh weather in February
In February, Lashkar Gāh sees average daytime highs of 18°C and overnight lows near 5°C, with 30 mm of precipitation across 4.7 wet days and about 10.8 hours of daylight. It is the 10th-warmest and 1st-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about 16°C in the first days to 20°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 61% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 10 h 30 min at the start of February to 11 h 12 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Lashkar Gāh's 11th-clearest and 6th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Lashkar Gāh's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 18°
- 10th warmest
- Overnight low
- 5°
- 3rd coldest
- Precipitation
- 30 mm
- 4.7 wet days
- Daylight
- 10 h 54 min
- 7:02 AM – 5:53 PM
- Cloud cover
- 34%
- 11th clearest
- Wind
- 11 km/h
- 6th windiest
- Solar energy
- 4.66 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 6.7
- out of 10
Lashkar Gāh is capital of Helmand Province, Afghanistan.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Highs climb over the month, from about 16°C in the first days to 20°C by the end.
A typical February day in Lashkar Gāh reaches about 18°C in the afternoon and slips back to 5°C overnight — a 13°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 11°C and 24°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 3°C warmer than January and about 6°C cooler than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 |
| Avg low (°C) | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 16 | 4 |
| 2 | 16 | 4 |
| 3 | 16 | 4 |
| 4 | 16 | 4 |
| 5 | 16 | 4 |
| 6 | 16 | 4 |
| 7 | 16 | 4 |
| 8 | 17 | 4 |
| 9 | 17 | 4 |
| 10 | 17 | 4 |
| 11 | 17 | 5 |
| 12 | 17 | 5 |
| 13 | 17 | 5 |
| 14 | 17 | 5 |
| 15 | 18 | 5 |
| 16 | 18 | 5 |
| 17 | 18 | 5 |
| 18 | 18 | 5 |
| 19 | 18 | 6 |
| 20 | 19 | 6 |
| 21 | 19 | 6 |
| 22 | 19 | 6 |
| 23 | 19 | 6 |
| 24 | 19 | 6 |
| 25 | 20 | 6 |
| 26 | 20 | 7 |
| 27 | 20 | 7 |
| 28 | 20 | 7 |
How February really feels in Lashkar Gāh
Once humidity and wind are folded in, February averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
February sits comfortably in between — no days that feel dangerously hot or drop to a hard freeze once humidity and wind are folded in.
Lashkar Gāh weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 10th-warmest and 1st-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 15° / 3° | 29 | 4.8 | 10.2 | 5.4 |
| Feb | 18° / 5° | 30 | 4.7 | 10.8 | 6.7 |
| Mar | 24° / 10° | 28 | 4.3 | 11.8 | 8.0 |
| Apr | 31° / 16° | 7 | 1.5 | 12.8 | 5.5 |
| May | 37° / 22° | 1 | 0.1 | 13.6 | 1.7 |
| Jun | 41° / 26° | 1 | 0.1 | 14 | 0.0 |
| Jul | 43° / 28° | 0 | 0.1 | 13.9 | 0.0 |
| Aug | 41° / 25° | 0 | 0 | 13.2 | 0.1 |
| Sep | 36° / 19° | 0 | 0 | 12.2 | 2.8 |
| Oct | 30° / 13° | 1 | 0.3 | 11.2 | 7.1 |
| Nov | 23° / 8° | 6 | 1.1 | 10.4 | 8.8 |
| Dec | 17° / 3° | 13 | 2.3 | 10 | 7.0 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 61% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 12% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 27%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 75 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 73 | 73 | 72 | 72 | 71 | 71 | 71 | 71 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 73 | 73 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 |
| Cloudier (%) | 25 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 27 | 27 | 28 | 28 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 27 | 27 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 75 | 25 |
| 2 | 74 | 26 |
| 3 | 74 | 26 |
| 4 | 74 | 26 |
| 5 | 73 | 27 |
| 6 | 73 | 27 |
| 7 | 72 | 28 |
| 8 | 72 | 28 |
| 9 | 71 | 29 |
| 10 | 71 | 29 |
| 11 | 71 | 29 |
| 12 | 71 | 29 |
| 13 | 72 | 28 |
| 14 | 72 | 28 |
| 15 | 72 | 28 |
| 16 | 72 | 28 |
| 17 | 72 | 28 |
| 18 | 72 | 28 |
| 19 | 72 | 28 |
| 20 | 73 | 27 |
| 21 | 73 | 27 |
| 22 | 74 | 26 |
| 23 | 74 | 26 |
| 24 | 74 | 26 |
| 25 | 75 | 25 |
| 26 | 75 | 25 |
| 27 | 75 | 25 |
| 28 | 75 | 25 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Lashkar Gāh gets around 30 mm of rain and snow over 4.7 wet days in February, the wettest month. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 17% and peaks near 19% on the wettest days, and about 0 day brings snow.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 19 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 15 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 19 |
| 2 | 18 |
| 3 | 18 |
| 4 | 18 |
| 5 | 18 |
| 6 | 18 |
| 7 | 18 |
| 8 | 18 |
| 9 | 18 |
| 10 | 18 |
| 11 | 17 |
| 12 | 17 |
| 13 | 17 |
| 14 | 17 |
| 15 | 17 |
| 16 | 17 |
| 17 | 16 |
| 18 | 16 |
| 19 | 16 |
| 20 | 16 |
| 21 | 16 |
| 22 | 16 |
| 23 | 16 |
| 24 | 16 |
| 25 | 16 |
| 26 | 16 |
| 27 | 15 |
| 28 | 15 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
Wind in February
Winds average 11 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 11 km/h on the calmest days to 11 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11 | calm |
| 2 | 11 | calm |
| 3 | 11 | calm |
| 4 | 11 | calm |
| 5 | 11 | calm |
| 6 | 11 | calm |
| 7 | 11 | calm |
| 8 | 11 | calm |
| 9 | 11 | calm |
| 10 | 11 | calm |
| 11 | 11 | calm |
| 12 | 11 | calm |
| 13 | 11 | calm |
| 14 | 11 | calm |
| 15 | 11 | calm |
| 16 | 11 | calm |
| 17 | 11 | calm |
| 18 | 11 | calm |
| 19 | 11 | calm |
| 20 | 11 | calm |
| 21 | 11 | calm |
| 22 | 11 | calm |
| 23 | 11 | calm |
| 24 | 11 | calm |
| 25 | 11 | calm |
| 26 | 11 | calm |
| 27 | 11 | calm |
| 28 | 11 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 10 h 30 min at the start of February to 11 h 12 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 42 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 7:12 AM to 6:49 AM, and sunset from 5:40 PM to 6:03 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 7:12 | 7:11 | 7:11 | 7:10 | 7:09 | 7:09 | 7:08 | 7:07 | 7:06 | 7:06 | 7:05 | 7:04 | 7:03 | 7:02 | 7:02 | 7:01 | 7:00 | 6:59 | 6:58 | 6:57 | 6:56 | 6:55 | 6:54 | 6:53 | 6:52 | 6:51 | 6:50 | 6:49 |
| Sunset (PM) | 5:40 | 5:41 | 5:42 | 5:43 | 5:44 | 5:45 | 5:46 | 5:47 | 5:47 | 5:48 | 5:49 | 5:50 | 5:51 | 5:52 | 5:53 | 5:53 | 5:54 | 5:55 | 5:56 | 5:57 | 5:58 | 5:58 | 5:59 | 6:00 | 6:01 | 6:02 | 6:02 | 6:03 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10.5 | 7:12 | 5:40 |
| 2 | 10.5 | 7:11 | 5:41 |
| 3 | 10.5 | 7:11 | 5:42 |
| 4 | 10.6 | 7:10 | 5:43 |
| 5 | 10.6 | 7:09 | 5:44 |
| 6 | 10.6 | 7:09 | 5:45 |
| 7 | 10.6 | 7:08 | 5:46 |
| 8 | 10.7 | 7:07 | 5:47 |
| 9 | 10.7 | 7:06 | 5:47 |
| 10 | 10.7 | 7:06 | 5:48 |
| 11 | 10.7 | 7:05 | 5:49 |
| 12 | 10.8 | 7:04 | 5:50 |
| 13 | 10.8 | 7:03 | 5:51 |
| 14 | 10.8 | 7:02 | 5:52 |
| 15 | 10.9 | 7:02 | 5:53 |
| 16 | 10.9 | 7:01 | 5:53 |
| 17 | 10.9 | 7:00 | 5:54 |
| 18 | 10.9 | 6:59 | 5:55 |
| 19 | 11.0 | 6:58 | 5:56 |
| 20 | 11.0 | 6:57 | 5:57 |
| 21 | 11.0 | 6:56 | 5:58 |
| 22 | 11.1 | 6:55 | 5:58 |
| 23 | 11.1 | 6:54 | 5:59 |
| 24 | 11.1 | 6:53 | 6:00 |
| 25 | 11.1 | 6:52 | 6:01 |
| 26 | 11.2 | 6:51 | 6:02 |
| 27 | 11.2 | 6:50 | 6:02 |
| 28 | 11.2 | 6:49 | 6:03 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 4.66 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 3.51 kWh/m² to a high of 8.16 kWh/m² in June across the year — February's 4.66 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 4.1 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 5.2 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 2 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 3 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 4 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 5 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 6 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 7 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 8 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 9 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 10 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 11 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 12 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 13 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 14 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 15 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 16 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 17 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 18 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 19 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 20 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 21 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 24 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 25 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 26 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 27 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 28 | 5.2 | Bright |
Hazard calendar for Lashkar Gāh
None of Lashkar Gāh's seasonal hazards are active in February. The full-year calendar below shows when the rainy season, cyclone risk and dust haze do peak.
Lashkar Gāh sees seasonal dust haze (July–August), heaviest in July.
Is February a good time to visit Lashkar Gāh?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a reasonable time to visit Lashkar Gāh for sightseeing.
What to pack for Lashkar Gāh in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Lashkar Gāh sees daytime highs around 18°C and nights near 5°C. Worth packing: a warm layer and sun protection. About 5 days see rain.
UV index in Lashkar Gāh in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 6 — enough to warrant sun protection. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Lashkar Gāh peaks around June 23 at about 12 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 18 at about 3 (moderate).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 4 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 9 | 7 | 4 | 3 |
| Level | Moderate | High | Very high | Very high | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | High | Moderate | Moderate |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 4 | Moderate |
| Feb | 6 | High |
| Mar | 7 | Very high |
| Apr | 8 | Very high |
| May | 9 | Very high |
| Jun | 12 | Extreme |
| Jul | 12 | Extreme |
| Aug | 11 | Extreme |
| Sep | 9 | Very high |
| Oct | 7 | High |
| Nov | 4 | Moderate |
| Dec | 3 | Moderate |
Air quality in Lashkar Gāh in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Lashkar Gāh is worst in August — around 51 µg/m³ PM2.5 (poor), about 2.7× the cleanest month (December, 19 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 19 | 24 | 27 | 34 | 39 | 33 | 50 | 51 | 43 | 34 | 20 | 19 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Poor | Moderate | Poor | Poor | Poor | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 19 | Moderate |
| Feb | 24 | Moderate |
| Mar | 27 | Moderate |
| Apr | 34 | Moderate |
| May | 39 | Poor |
| Jun | 33 | Moderate |
| Jul | 50 | Poor |
| Aug | 51 | Poor |
| Sep | 43 | Poor |
| Oct | 34 | Moderate |
| Nov | 20 | Moderate |
| Dec | 19 | Moderate |
Where is Lashkar Gāh?
Lashkar Gāh sits at 31.6°N, 64.4°E, 786 m above sea level, in Afghanistan. The nearest listed city is Gereshk, 31 km away.
Topography around Lashkar Gāh
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Lashkar Gāh.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Lashkar Gāh has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 28 m around an average of 783 m above sea level; within 16 km, only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 180 m; within 80 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,169 m.
The land around Lashkar Gāh is covered by artificial surfaces (47%), cropland (27%) and bare terrain (21%) within 3 km, cropland (66%) and bare terrain (30%) within 16 km, and bare terrain (82%) within 80 km.
Afghanistan travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 4
- Do Not Travel
- Power plugs
- Type C / F
- 220 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 17% of US
- price level, 2024
- GDP per capita
- $417
- 2024
- Happiness
- 1.4 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 31%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 4
- per 100k, 2021
- Road deaths
- 15.9
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Low
- World Bank
- English
- Very low
- EF EPI 446
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Lashkar Gāh (31.5938°, 64.3716°, elevation 786 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).