Villa Dolores weather in September
In September, Villa Dolores sees average daytime highs of 23°C and overnight lows near 9°C, with 20 mm of rain across 3.1 wet days and about 11.8 hours of daylight. It is the 8th-warmest and 9th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about 22°C in the first days to 25°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 65% of the time in September, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 11 h 18 min at the start of September to 12 h 18 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, September is Villa Dolores's 2nd-clearest and 3rd-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Villa Dolores's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 23°
- 8th warmest
- Overnight low
- 9°
- 5th coldest
- Rainfall
- 20 mm
- 3.1 wet days
- Daylight
- 11 h 48 min
- 7:21 AM – 7:09 PM
- Cloud cover
- 32%
- 2nd clearest
- Wind
- 8 km/h
- 3rd windiest
- Solar energy
- 5.32 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 8.5
- out of 10
Villa Dolores is city in Córdoba, Argentina.
- Founded
- 1853
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in September
Highs climb over the month, from about 22°C in the first days to 25°C by the end.
A typical September day in Villa Dolores reaches about 23°C in the afternoon and slips back to 9°C overnight — a 14°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 16°C and 30°C. Set against its neighbours, September runs about 3°C warmer than August and about 3°C cooler than October.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 |
| Avg low (°C) | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 22 | 8 |
| 2 | 22 | 8 |
| 3 | 22 | 8 |
| 4 | 22 | 8 |
| 5 | 22 | 8 |
| 6 | 22 | 8 |
| 7 | 22 | 8 |
| 8 | 23 | 9 |
| 9 | 23 | 9 |
| 10 | 23 | 9 |
| 11 | 23 | 9 |
| 12 | 23 | 9 |
| 13 | 23 | 9 |
| 14 | 23 | 9 |
| 15 | 23 | 9 |
| 16 | 23 | 9 |
| 17 | 24 | 9 |
| 18 | 24 | 9 |
| 19 | 24 | 9 |
| 20 | 24 | 10 |
| 21 | 24 | 10 |
| 22 | 24 | 10 |
| 23 | 24 | 10 |
| 24 | 24 | 10 |
| 25 | 24 | 10 |
| 26 | 24 | 10 |
| 27 | 25 | 10 |
| 28 | 25 | 11 |
| 29 | 25 | 11 |
| 30 | 25 | 11 |
Villa Dolores weather by month
How September compares with the rest of the year at a glance. September is the 8th-warmest and 9th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 32° / 19° | 59 | 10.4 | 13.9 | 4.4 |
| Feb | 30° / 18° | 60 | 8.9 | 13.2 | 5.3 |
| Mar | 28° / 16° | 59 | 9 | 12.2 | 6.6 |
| Apr | 24° / 13° | 42 | 6.2 | 11.2 | 7.8 |
| May | 20° / 9° | 24 | 4.8 | 10.4 | 7.3 |
| Jun | 17° / 5° | 13 | 2.6 | 10 | 7.0 |
| Jul | 17° / 4° | 12 | 2.5 | 10.1 | 7.0 |
| Aug | 20° / 6° | 10 | 2.1 | 10.8 | 8.1 |
| Sep | 23° / 9° | 20 | 3.1 | 11.8 | 8.5 |
| Oct | 27° / 13° | 42 | 6.4 | 12.8 | 7.6 |
| Nov | 29° / 16° | 61 | 9.7 | 13.6 | 5.9 |
| Dec | 31° / 18° | 65 | 10.1 | 14.1 | 4.7 |
Cloud cover in September
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 65% of the time in September.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 13% of September, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 23%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 77 | 77 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 77 | 77 | 77 | 77 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 77 | 77 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 74 | 74 |
| Cloudier (%) | 23 | 23 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 23 | 23 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 26 | 26 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 77 | 23 |
| 2 | 77 | 23 |
| 3 | 76 | 24 |
| 4 | 76 | 24 |
| 5 | 76 | 24 |
| 6 | 77 | 23 |
| 7 | 77 | 23 |
| 8 | 77 | 23 |
| 9 | 77 | 23 |
| 10 | 79 | 21 |
| 11 | 79 | 21 |
| 12 | 79 | 21 |
| 13 | 79 | 21 |
| 14 | 79 | 21 |
| 15 | 79 | 21 |
| 16 | 79 | 21 |
| 17 | 79 | 21 |
| 18 | 79 | 21 |
| 19 | 79 | 21 |
| 20 | 78 | 22 |
| 21 | 78 | 22 |
| 22 | 78 | 22 |
| 23 | 78 | 22 |
| 24 | 77 | 23 |
| 25 | 77 | 23 |
| 26 | 75 | 25 |
| 27 | 75 | 25 |
| 28 | 75 | 25 |
| 29 | 74 | 26 |
| 30 | 74 | 26 |
Chance of precipitation in September
Villa Dolores gets around 20 mm of rain over 3.1 wet days in September. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 11% and peaks near 15% on the wettest days. The odds climb toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 15 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 8 |
| 2 | 8 |
| 3 | 8 |
| 4 | 8 |
| 5 | 8 |
| 6 | 9 |
| 7 | 9 |
| 8 | 9 |
| 9 | 9 |
| 10 | 9 |
| 11 | 9 |
| 12 | 9 |
| 13 | 9 |
| 14 | 10 |
| 15 | 10 |
| 16 | 10 |
| 17 | 11 |
| 18 | 11 |
| 19 | 11 |
| 20 | 11 |
| 21 | 12 |
| 22 | 12 |
| 23 | 13 |
| 24 | 13 |
| 25 | 13 |
| 26 | 14 |
| 27 | 14 |
| 28 | 15 |
| 29 | 15 |
| 30 | 15 |
Humidity in September
Most of September feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, September lands in the dry band about 97% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 94 |
| Comfortable (%) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Humid (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | Humid (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 98 | 2 | 0 |
| 2 | 98 | 2 | 0 |
| 3 | 98 | 2 | 0 |
| 4 | 98 | 2 | 0 |
| 5 | 98 | 2 | 0 |
| 6 | 98 | 2 | 0 |
| 7 | 98 | 2 | 0 |
| 8 | 98 | 2 | 0 |
| 9 | 98 | 2 | 0 |
| 10 | 98 | 2 | 0 |
| 11 | 98 | 2 | 0 |
| 12 | 98 | 2 | 0 |
| 13 | 98 | 2 | 0 |
| 14 | 98 | 2 | 0 |
| 15 | 98 | 2 | 0 |
| 16 | 98 | 2 | 0 |
| 17 | 98 | 2 | 0 |
| 18 | 98 | 2 | 0 |
| 19 | 98 | 2 | 0 |
| 20 | 98 | 2 | 0 |
| 21 | 97 | 3 | 0 |
| 22 | 97 | 3 | 0 |
| 23 | 97 | 3 | 0 |
| 24 | 96 | 4 | 0 |
| 25 | 96 | 4 | 0 |
| 26 | 96 | 4 | 0 |
| 27 | 95 | 5 | 0 |
| 28 | 95 | 5 | 0 |
| 29 | 95 | 5 | 0 |
| 30 | 94 | 5 | 1 |
Wind in September
Winds average 8 km/h in September.
Across September, daily wind ranges from about 7 km/h on the calmest days to 8 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 7 | calm |
| 2 | 7 | calm |
| 3 | 7 | calm |
| 4 | 8 | calm |
| 5 | 8 | calm |
| 6 | 8 | calm |
| 7 | 8 | calm |
| 8 | 8 | calm |
| 9 | 8 | calm |
| 10 | 8 | calm |
| 11 | 8 | calm |
| 12 | 8 | calm |
| 13 | 8 | calm |
| 14 | 8 | calm |
| 15 | 8 | calm |
| 16 | 8 | calm |
| 17 | 8 | calm |
| 18 | 8 | calm |
| 19 | 8 | calm |
| 20 | 8 | calm |
| 21 | 8 | calm |
| 22 | 8 | calm |
| 23 | 8 | calm |
| 24 | 8 | calm |
| 25 | 8 | calm |
| 26 | 8 | calm |
| 27 | 8 | calm |
| 28 | 8 | calm |
| 29 | 8 | calm |
| 30 | 8 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in September
Daylight runs from about 11 h 18 min at the start of September to 12 h 18 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 60 minutes over September. Sunrise moves from 7:41 AM to 7:02 AM, and sunset from 7:00 PM to 7:18 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 11.3 | 11.3 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.3 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 7:41 | 7:40 | 7:38 | 7:37 | 7:36 | 7:34 | 7:33 | 7:32 | 7:30 | 7:29 | 7:28 | 7:26 | 7:25 | 7:24 | 7:22 | 7:21 | 7:19 | 7:18 | 7:17 | 7:15 | 7:14 | 7:13 | 7:11 | 7:10 | 7:09 | 7:07 | 7:06 | 7:04 | 7:03 | 7:02 |
| Sunset (PM) | 7:00 | 7:00 | 7:01 | 7:02 | 7:02 | 7:03 | 7:04 | 7:04 | 7:05 | 7:06 | 7:06 | 7:07 | 7:07 | 7:08 | 7:09 | 7:09 | 7:10 | 7:11 | 7:11 | 7:12 | 7:12 | 7:13 | 7:14 | 7:14 | 7:15 | 7:16 | 7:16 | 7:17 | 7:18 | 7:18 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11.3 | 7:41 | 7:00 |
| 2 | 11.3 | 7:40 | 7:00 |
| 3 | 11.4 | 7:38 | 7:01 |
| 4 | 11.4 | 7:37 | 7:02 |
| 5 | 11.4 | 7:36 | 7:02 |
| 6 | 11.5 | 7:34 | 7:03 |
| 7 | 11.5 | 7:33 | 7:04 |
| 8 | 11.5 | 7:32 | 7:04 |
| 9 | 11.6 | 7:30 | 7:05 |
| 10 | 11.6 | 7:29 | 7:06 |
| 11 | 11.6 | 7:28 | 7:06 |
| 12 | 11.7 | 7:26 | 7:07 |
| 13 | 11.7 | 7:25 | 7:07 |
| 14 | 11.7 | 7:24 | 7:08 |
| 15 | 11.8 | 7:22 | 7:09 |
| 16 | 11.8 | 7:21 | 7:09 |
| 17 | 11.8 | 7:19 | 7:10 |
| 18 | 11.9 | 7:18 | 7:11 |
| 19 | 11.9 | 7:17 | 7:11 |
| 20 | 11.9 | 7:15 | 7:12 |
| 21 | 12.0 | 7:14 | 7:12 |
| 22 | 12.0 | 7:13 | 7:13 |
| 23 | 12.0 | 7:11 | 7:14 |
| 24 | 12.1 | 7:10 | 7:14 |
| 25 | 12.1 | 7:09 | 7:15 |
| 26 | 12.1 | 7:07 | 7:16 |
| 27 | 12.2 | 7:06 | 7:16 |
| 28 | 12.2 | 7:04 | 7:17 |
| 29 | 12.2 | 7:03 | 7:18 |
| 30 | 12.3 | 7:02 | 7:18 |
Solar energy in September
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in September, about 5.32 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 2.93 kWh/m² to a high of 7.53 kWh/m² in December across the year — September's 5.32 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.8 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 2 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 3 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 4 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 5 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 6 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 7 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 9 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 10 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 11 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 12 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 13 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 14 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 15 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 16 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 17 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 18 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 19 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 20 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 21 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 24 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 25 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 26 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 27 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 28 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 29 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 30 | 5.8 | Bright |
Is September a good time to visit Villa Dolores?
Our two travel scores rate September for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
September is one of the better times to visit Villa Dolores for general sightseeing. The water and warmth also suit a beach or pool day.
What to pack for Villa Dolores in September
From September's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In September, Villa Dolores sees daytime highs around 23°C and nights near 9°C. Worth packing: light clothes and sun protection. About 3 days see rain.
UV index in Villa Dolores in September
Clear-sky midday UV in September peaks around 7 — enough to warrant sun protection. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Villa Dolores peaks around January 17 at about 14 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 22 at about 3 (moderate).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 14 | 13 | 11 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 12 | 13 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | High | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | High | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 14 | Extreme |
| Feb | 13 | Extreme |
| Mar | 11 | Extreme |
| Apr | 6 | High |
| May | 4 | Moderate |
| Jun | 3 | Moderate |
| Jul | 3 | Moderate |
| Aug | 5 | Moderate |
| Sep | 7 | High |
| Oct | 10 | Extreme |
| Nov | 12 | Extreme |
| Dec | 13 | Extreme |
Where is Villa Dolores?
Villa Dolores sits at 31.9°S, 65.2°W, 522 m above sea level, in Argentina. The nearest listed city is Alta Gracia, 79 km away.
Topography around Villa Dolores
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Villa Dolores.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Villa Dolores has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 61 m around an average of 526 m above sea level; within 16 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 542 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,503 m.
The land around Villa Dolores is covered by artificial surfaces (31%), shrubs (23%) and cropland (20%) within 3 km, shrubs (59%) within 16 km, and shrubs (51%) and grassland (29%) within 80 km.
Argentina travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 1
- Exercise Normal Precautions
- Power plugs
- Type C / I
- 220 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 46% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $14,898
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.4 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Homicide rate
- 4.5
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 14.1
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- High
- EF EPI 575
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Villa Dolores (-31.945°, -65.1903°, elevation 522 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).