Paro weather in August
In August, Paro sees average daytime highs of 16°C and overnight lows near 10°C, with 359 mm of precipitation across 30.4 wet days and about 13 hours of daylight. It is the 1st-warmest and 2nd-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 16°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 0% of the time in August, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 13 h 18 min at the start of August to 12 h 36 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, August is Paro's 11th-clearest and 10th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Paro's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 16°
- 1st warmest
- Overnight low
- 10°
- 11th coldest
- Precipitation
- 359 mm
- 30.4 wet days
- Daylight
- 13 hours
- 5:37 AM – 6:36 PM
- Cloud cover
- 92%
- 11th clearest
- Wind
- 4 km/h
- 10th windiest
- Solar energy
- 3.97 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 2.6
- out of 10
Paro is city in Bhutan.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in August
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 16°C through the month.
A typical August day in Paro reaches about 16°C in the afternoon and slips back to 10°C overnight — a 7°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 14°C and 18°C. Set against its neighbours, August runs on par with July and about 1°C warmer than September.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 |
| Avg low (°C) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 16 | 10 |
| 2 | 16 | 10 |
| 3 | 16 | 10 |
| 4 | 16 | 10 |
| 5 | 16 | 10 |
| 6 | 16 | 10 |
| 7 | 16 | 10 |
| 8 | 16 | 10 |
| 9 | 16 | 10 |
| 10 | 16 | 10 |
| 11 | 16 | 10 |
| 12 | 16 | 10 |
| 13 | 16 | 10 |
| 14 | 16 | 10 |
| 15 | 16 | 10 |
| 16 | 16 | 10 |
| 17 | 16 | 10 |
| 18 | 16 | 10 |
| 19 | 16 | 10 |
| 20 | 16 | 10 |
| 21 | 16 | 10 |
| 22 | 16 | 10 |
| 23 | 16 | 9 |
| 24 | 16 | 9 |
| 25 | 16 | 9 |
| 26 | 16 | 9 |
| 27 | 16 | 9 |
| 28 | 16 | 9 |
| 29 | 16 | 9 |
| 30 | 16 | 9 |
| 31 | 16 | 9 |
How August really feels in Paro
Once humidity and wind are folded in, August averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
August sits comfortably in between — no days that feel dangerously hot or drop to a hard freeze once humidity and wind are folded in.
Paro weather by month
How August compares with the rest of the year at a glance. August is the 1st-warmest and 2nd-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 4° / -8° | 29 | 6.4 | 7.9 | 10.5 | 0.0 |
| Feb | 5° / -6° | 43 | 9.9 | 8.5 | 11 | 0.2 |
| Mar | 8° / -3° | 68 | 18.2 | 8.9 | 11.8 | 1.1 |
| Apr | 11° / 0° | 94 | 20.6 | 6.6 | 12.6 | 2.1 |
| May | 14° / 5° | 180 | 27.8 | 2.1 | 13.3 | 2.5 |
| Jun | 16° / 9° | 341 | 28.9 | 0.2 | 13.7 | 2.6 |
| Jul | 16° / 10° | 490 | 30.6 | 0.3 | 13.6 | 2.5 |
| Aug | 16° / 10° | 359 | 30.4 | 0.1 | 13 | 2.6 |
| Sep | 15° / 8° | 232 | 27.2 | 0.3 | 12.2 | 2.7 |
| Oct | 13° / 2° | 97 | 15.9 | 3.5 | 11.3 | 3.0 |
| Nov | 9° / -2° | 28 | 8.5 | 4.4 | 10.6 | 2.1 |
| Dec | 6° / -6° | 23 | 6.6 | 5.9 | 10.3 | 0.7 |
Cloud cover in August
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 0% of the time in August.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 2% of August, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 98%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 |
| Cloudier (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 95 | 95 | 94 | 94 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0 | 100 |
| 2 | 0 | 100 |
| 3 | 0 | 100 |
| 4 | 0 | 100 |
| 5 | 0 | 100 |
| 6 | 0 | 100 |
| 7 | 0 | 100 |
| 8 | 0 | 100 |
| 9 | 1 | 99 |
| 10 | 1 | 99 |
| 11 | 1 | 99 |
| 12 | 1 | 99 |
| 13 | 1 | 99 |
| 14 | 1 | 99 |
| 15 | 1 | 99 |
| 16 | 2 | 98 |
| 17 | 2 | 98 |
| 18 | 2 | 98 |
| 19 | 2 | 98 |
| 20 | 2 | 98 |
| 21 | 3 | 97 |
| 22 | 3 | 97 |
| 23 | 3 | 97 |
| 24 | 4 | 96 |
| 25 | 4 | 96 |
| 26 | 4 | 96 |
| 27 | 4 | 96 |
| 28 | 5 | 95 |
| 29 | 5 | 95 |
| 30 | 6 | 94 |
| 31 | 6 | 94 |
Chance of precipitation in August
Paro gets around 359 mm of rain and snow over 30.4 wet days in August. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 98% and peaks near 99% on the wettest days, and about 0 day brings snow.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 96 | 95 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 98 |
| 2 | 98 |
| 3 | 98 |
| 4 | 98 |
| 5 | 98 |
| 6 | 98 |
| 7 | 98 |
| 8 | 98 |
| 9 | 98 |
| 10 | 98 |
| 11 | 98 |
| 12 | 98 |
| 13 | 98 |
| 14 | 98 |
| 15 | 99 |
| 16 | 99 |
| 17 | 99 |
| 18 | 99 |
| 19 | 99 |
| 20 | 99 |
| 21 | 99 |
| 22 | 98 |
| 23 | 98 |
| 24 | 98 |
| 25 | 98 |
| 26 | 98 |
| 27 | 97 |
| 28 | 97 |
| 29 | 97 |
| 30 | 96 |
| 31 | 95 |
Humidity in August
Most of August feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, August lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
| 29 | 100 |
| 30 | 100 |
| 31 | 100 |
Wind in August
Winds average 4 km/h in August.
Across August, daily wind ranges from about 4 km/h on the calmest days to 4 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4 | calm |
| 2 | 4 | calm |
| 3 | 4 | calm |
| 4 | 4 | calm |
| 5 | 4 | calm |
| 6 | 4 | calm |
| 7 | 4 | calm |
| 8 | 4 | calm |
| 9 | 4 | calm |
| 10 | 4 | calm |
| 11 | 4 | calm |
| 12 | 4 | calm |
| 13 | 4 | calm |
| 14 | 4 | calm |
| 15 | 4 | calm |
| 16 | 4 | calm |
| 17 | 4 | calm |
| 18 | 4 | calm |
| 19 | 4 | calm |
| 20 | 4 | calm |
| 21 | 4 | calm |
| 22 | 4 | calm |
| 23 | 4 | calm |
| 24 | 4 | calm |
| 25 | 4 | calm |
| 26 | 4 | calm |
| 27 | 4 | calm |
| 28 | 4 | calm |
| 29 | 4 | calm |
| 30 | 4 | calm |
| 31 | 4 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in August
Daylight runs from about 13 h 18 min at the start of August to 12 h 36 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 42 minutes over August. Sunrise moves from 5:29 AM to 5:44 AM, and sunset from 6:48 PM to 6:20 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 13.0 | 13.0 | 13.0 | 13.0 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.6 | 12.6 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 5:29 | 5:30 | 5:30 | 5:31 | 5:31 | 5:32 | 5:32 | 5:33 | 5:33 | 5:34 | 5:34 | 5:35 | 5:35 | 5:36 | 5:36 | 5:37 | 5:38 | 5:38 | 5:39 | 5:39 | 5:40 | 5:40 | 5:41 | 5:41 | 5:42 | 5:42 | 5:43 | 5:43 | 5:43 | 5:44 | 5:44 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:48 | 6:47 | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:45 | 6:44 | 6:44 | 6:43 | 6:42 | 6:41 | 6:40 | 6:39 | 6:39 | 6:38 | 6:37 | 6:36 | 6:35 | 6:34 | 6:33 | 6:32 | 6:31 | 6:30 | 6:29 | 6:28 | 6:27 | 6:26 | 6:25 | 6:24 | 6:23 | 6:21 | 6:20 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 13.3 | 5:29 | 6:48 |
| 2 | 13.3 | 5:30 | 6:47 |
| 3 | 13.3 | 5:30 | 6:46 |
| 4 | 13.3 | 5:31 | 6:46 |
| 5 | 13.2 | 5:31 | 6:45 |
| 6 | 13.2 | 5:32 | 6:44 |
| 7 | 13.2 | 5:32 | 6:44 |
| 8 | 13.2 | 5:33 | 6:43 |
| 9 | 13.1 | 5:33 | 6:42 |
| 10 | 13.1 | 5:34 | 6:41 |
| 11 | 13.1 | 5:34 | 6:40 |
| 12 | 13.1 | 5:35 | 6:39 |
| 13 | 13.1 | 5:35 | 6:39 |
| 14 | 13.0 | 5:36 | 6:38 |
| 15 | 13.0 | 5:36 | 6:37 |
| 16 | 13.0 | 5:37 | 6:36 |
| 17 | 13.0 | 5:38 | 6:35 |
| 18 | 12.9 | 5:38 | 6:34 |
| 19 | 12.9 | 5:39 | 6:33 |
| 20 | 12.9 | 5:39 | 6:32 |
| 21 | 12.9 | 5:40 | 6:31 |
| 22 | 12.8 | 5:40 | 6:30 |
| 23 | 12.8 | 5:41 | 6:29 |
| 24 | 12.8 | 5:41 | 6:28 |
| 25 | 12.8 | 5:42 | 6:27 |
| 26 | 12.7 | 5:42 | 6:26 |
| 27 | 12.7 | 5:43 | 6:25 |
| 28 | 12.7 | 5:43 | 6:24 |
| 29 | 12.7 | 5:43 | 6:23 |
| 30 | 12.6 | 5:44 | 6:21 |
| 31 | 12.6 | 5:44 | 6:20 |
Solar energy in August
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in August, about 3.97 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 3.48 kWh/m² to a high of 6.04 kWh/m² in April across the year — August's 3.97 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4.0 | Bright |
| 2 | 4.0 | Bright |
| 3 | 4.0 | Bright |
| 4 | 4.0 | Bright |
| 5 | 4.0 | Bright |
| 6 | 4.0 | Bright |
| 7 | 4.0 | Bright |
| 8 | 4.0 | Bright |
| 9 | 4.0 | Moderate |
| 10 | 4.0 | Moderate |
| 11 | 4.0 | Moderate |
| 12 | 4.0 | Moderate |
| 13 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 14 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 15 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 16 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 17 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 18 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 19 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 20 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 21 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 22 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 23 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 24 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 25 | 4.0 | Moderate |
| 26 | 4.0 | Moderate |
| 27 | 4.0 | Moderate |
| 28 | 4.0 | Moderate |
| 29 | 4.0 | Moderate |
| 30 | 4.0 | Moderate |
| 31 | 4.0 | Moderate |
Hazard calendar for Paro
In August, Paro sits inside its monsoon season. The full year is below, with each hazard's peak months called out.
Paro's monsoon runs June–September, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is August a good time to visit Paro?
Our two travel scores rate August for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
August is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Paro.
What to pack for Paro in August
From August's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In August, Paro sees daytime highs around 16°C and nights near 10°C. Pack rain gear. Worth having: a warm layer. About 30 days see rain.
UV index in Paro in August
Clear-sky midday UV in August peaks around 14 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Paro peaks around July 12 at about 15 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 21 at about 5 (high).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 6 | 8 | 11 | 12 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 13 | 10 | 7 | 5 |
| Level | High | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | High | High |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 6 | High |
| Feb | 8 | Very high |
| Mar | 11 | Extreme |
| Apr | 12 | Extreme |
| May | 14 | Extreme |
| Jun | 15 | Extreme |
| Jul | 15 | Extreme |
| Aug | 14 | Extreme |
| Sep | 13 | Extreme |
| Oct | 10 | Very high |
| Nov | 7 | High |
| Dec | 5 | High |
Where is Paro?
Paro sits at 27.4°N, 89.4°E, 0 m above sea level, in Bhutan. The nearest listed city is Thimphu, 23 km away.
Topography around Paro
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Paro.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Paro has large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 826 m around an average of 2,482 m above sea level; within 16 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,631 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 7,169 m.
The land around Paro is covered by trees (42%) and grassland (41%) within 3 km, trees (77%) and grassland (20%) within 16 km, and trees (65%) and grassland (21%) within 80 km.
Bhutan travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 1
- Exercise Normal Precautions
- Power plugs
- Type C / D / F / G / M
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 23% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $4,493
- 2025
- Happiness
- 5.1 / 10
- World Happiness, 2018
- Safe drinking water
- 66%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 2.5
- per 100k, 2020
- Road deaths
- 16.2
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Lower middle
- World Bank
- English
- Low
- EF EPI 473
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Paro (27.4305°, 89.4133°, elevation 0 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).