Sacaba weather in November
In November, Sacaba sees average daytime highs of 22°C and overnight lows near 11°C, with 103 mm of rain across 18.6 wet days and about 12.8 hours of daylight. It is the 1st-warmest and 5th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 22°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 8% of the time in November, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 12 h 36 min at the start of November to 13 hours by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, November is Sacaba's 8th-clearest and 7th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Sacaba's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 22°
- 1st warmest
- Overnight low
- 11°
- 11th coldest
- Rainfall
- 103 mm
- 18.6 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 h 48 min
- 5:45 AM – 6:34 PM
- Cloud cover
- 76%
- 8th clearest
- Wind
- 5 km/h
- 7th windiest
- Solar energy
- 6.39 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 5.0
- out of 10
Sacaba is city of Bolivia.
- Founded
- 1761
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in November
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 22°C through the month.
A typical November day in Sacaba reaches about 22°C in the afternoon and slips back to 11°C overnight — a 11°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 19°C and 25°C. Set against its neighbours, November runs on par with October and about 1°C warmer than December.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 |
| Avg low (°C) | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 22 | 11 |
| 2 | 22 | 11 |
| 3 | 22 | 11 |
| 4 | 22 | 11 |
| 5 | 22 | 11 |
| 6 | 22 | 11 |
| 7 | 22 | 11 |
| 8 | 22 | 11 |
| 9 | 22 | 11 |
| 10 | 22 | 11 |
| 11 | 22 | 11 |
| 12 | 22 | 11 |
| 13 | 22 | 11 |
| 14 | 22 | 11 |
| 15 | 22 | 11 |
| 16 | 22 | 11 |
| 17 | 22 | 11 |
| 18 | 22 | 11 |
| 19 | 22 | 11 |
| 20 | 22 | 11 |
| 21 | 22 | 11 |
| 22 | 22 | 11 |
| 23 | 22 | 11 |
| 24 | 22 | 11 |
| 25 | 22 | 11 |
| 26 | 22 | 11 |
| 27 | 22 | 11 |
| 28 | 22 | 11 |
| 29 | 22 | 11 |
| 30 | 22 | 11 |
Sacaba weather by month
How November compares with the rest of the year at a glance. November is the 1st-warmest and 5th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 20° / 11° | 230 | 27.1 | 12.9 | 3.6 |
| Feb | 19° / 11° | 211 | 24.8 | 12.6 | 3.6 |
| Mar | 20° / 10° | 161 | 23 | 12.1 | 4.3 |
| Apr | 20° / 9° | 80 | 13.9 | 11.6 | 5.7 |
| May | 20° / 7° | 37 | 7.4 | 11.2 | 6.9 |
| Jun | 20° / 5° | 28 | 6.3 | 11 | 7.0 |
| Jul | 19° / 5° | 33 | 7.2 | 11.1 | 6.9 |
| Aug | 20° / 6° | 49 | 9.7 | 11.4 | 6.6 |
| Sep | 21° / 8° | 59 | 14.6 | 11.9 | 5.8 |
| Oct | 22° / 10° | 78 | 18 | 12.4 | 5.3 |
| Nov | 22° / 11° | 103 | 18.6 | 12.8 | 5.0 |
| Dec | 21° / 11° | 173 | 24.8 | 13 | 4.1 |
Cloud cover in November
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 8% of the time in November.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 15% of November, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 77%. Skies tend to cloud over as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 30 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 26 | 26 | 25 | 24 | 24 | 22 | 22 | 21 | 21 | 22 | 21 | 21 | 20 | 20 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 15 | 14 |
| Cloudier (%) | 70 | 71 | 71 | 71 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 74 | 74 | 75 | 76 | 76 | 78 | 78 | 79 | 79 | 78 | 79 | 79 | 80 | 80 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 83 | 83 | 83 | 85 | 86 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 30 | 70 |
| 2 | 29 | 71 |
| 3 | 29 | 71 |
| 4 | 29 | 71 |
| 5 | 28 | 72 |
| 6 | 28 | 72 |
| 7 | 28 | 72 |
| 8 | 28 | 72 |
| 9 | 26 | 74 |
| 10 | 26 | 74 |
| 11 | 25 | 75 |
| 12 | 24 | 76 |
| 13 | 24 | 76 |
| 14 | 22 | 78 |
| 15 | 22 | 78 |
| 16 | 21 | 79 |
| 17 | 21 | 79 |
| 18 | 22 | 78 |
| 19 | 21 | 79 |
| 20 | 21 | 79 |
| 21 | 20 | 80 |
| 22 | 20 | 80 |
| 23 | 19 | 81 |
| 24 | 19 | 81 |
| 25 | 19 | 81 |
| 26 | 17 | 83 |
| 27 | 17 | 83 |
| 28 | 17 | 83 |
| 29 | 15 | 85 |
| 30 | 14 | 86 |
Chance of precipitation in November
Sacaba gets around 103 mm of rain over 18.6 wet days in November. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 63% and peaks near 70% on the wettest days. The odds climb toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 57 | 58 | 58 | 58 | 58 | 58 | 58 | 58 | 59 | 59 | 60 | 60 | 61 | 61 | 62 | 63 | 63 | 64 | 64 | 65 | 66 | 66 | 67 | 67 | 68 | 68 | 69 | 69 | 70 | 70 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 57 |
| 2 | 58 |
| 3 | 58 |
| 4 | 58 |
| 5 | 58 |
| 6 | 58 |
| 7 | 58 |
| 8 | 58 |
| 9 | 59 |
| 10 | 59 |
| 11 | 60 |
| 12 | 60 |
| 13 | 61 |
| 14 | 61 |
| 15 | 62 |
| 16 | 63 |
| 17 | 63 |
| 18 | 64 |
| 19 | 64 |
| 20 | 65 |
| 21 | 66 |
| 22 | 66 |
| 23 | 67 |
| 24 | 67 |
| 25 | 68 |
| 26 | 68 |
| 27 | 69 |
| 28 | 69 |
| 29 | 70 |
| 30 | 70 |
Humidity in November
Most of November feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, November lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
| 29 | 100 |
| 30 | 100 |
Wind in November
Winds average 5 km/h in November.
Across November, daily wind ranges from about 5 km/h on the calmest days to 5 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5 | calm |
| 2 | 5 | calm |
| 3 | 5 | calm |
| 4 | 5 | calm |
| 5 | 5 | calm |
| 6 | 5 | calm |
| 7 | 5 | calm |
| 8 | 5 | calm |
| 9 | 5 | calm |
| 10 | 5 | calm |
| 11 | 5 | calm |
| 12 | 5 | calm |
| 13 | 5 | calm |
| 14 | 5 | calm |
| 15 | 5 | calm |
| 16 | 5 | calm |
| 17 | 5 | calm |
| 18 | 5 | calm |
| 19 | 5 | calm |
| 20 | 5 | calm |
| 21 | 5 | calm |
| 22 | 5 | calm |
| 23 | 5 | calm |
| 24 | 5 | calm |
| 25 | 5 | calm |
| 26 | 5 | calm |
| 27 | 5 | calm |
| 28 | 5 | calm |
| 29 | 5 | calm |
| 30 | 5 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in November
Daylight runs from about 12 h 36 min at the start of November to 13 hours by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 24 minutes over November. Sunrise moves from 5:48 AM to 5:45 AM, and sunset from 6:27 PM to 6:42 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 12.6 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 13.0 | 13.0 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 5:48 | 5:48 | 5:48 | 5:47 | 5:47 | 5:47 | 5:46 | 5:46 | 5:46 | 5:46 | 5:45 | 5:45 | 5:45 | 5:45 | 5:45 | 5:45 | 5:44 | 5:44 | 5:44 | 5:44 | 5:44 | 5:44 | 5:44 | 5:44 | 5:44 | 5:44 | 5:44 | 5:45 | 5:45 | 5:45 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:30 | 6:30 | 6:31 | 6:31 | 6:32 | 6:32 | 6:33 | 6:33 | 6:34 | 6:34 | 6:35 | 6:35 | 6:36 | 6:37 | 6:37 | 6:38 | 6:38 | 6:39 | 6:39 | 6:40 | 6:41 | 6:41 | 6:42 | 6:42 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12.6 | 5:48 | 6:27 |
| 2 | 12.7 | 5:48 | 6:27 |
| 3 | 12.7 | 5:48 | 6:28 |
| 4 | 12.7 | 5:47 | 6:28 |
| 5 | 12.7 | 5:47 | 6:29 |
| 6 | 12.7 | 5:47 | 6:29 |
| 7 | 12.7 | 5:46 | 6:30 |
| 8 | 12.7 | 5:46 | 6:30 |
| 9 | 12.7 | 5:46 | 6:31 |
| 10 | 12.8 | 5:46 | 6:31 |
| 11 | 12.8 | 5:45 | 6:32 |
| 12 | 12.8 | 5:45 | 6:32 |
| 13 | 12.8 | 5:45 | 6:33 |
| 14 | 12.8 | 5:45 | 6:33 |
| 15 | 12.8 | 5:45 | 6:34 |
| 16 | 12.8 | 5:45 | 6:34 |
| 17 | 12.8 | 5:44 | 6:35 |
| 18 | 12.9 | 5:44 | 6:35 |
| 19 | 12.9 | 5:44 | 6:36 |
| 20 | 12.9 | 5:44 | 6:37 |
| 21 | 12.9 | 5:44 | 6:37 |
| 22 | 12.9 | 5:44 | 6:38 |
| 23 | 12.9 | 5:44 | 6:38 |
| 24 | 12.9 | 5:44 | 6:39 |
| 25 | 12.9 | 5:44 | 6:39 |
| 26 | 12.9 | 5:44 | 6:40 |
| 27 | 12.9 | 5:44 | 6:41 |
| 28 | 12.9 | 5:45 | 6:41 |
| 29 | 13.0 | 5:45 | 6:42 |
| 30 | 13.0 | 5:45 | 6:42 |
Solar energy in November
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in November, about 6.39 kWh/m² — the sunniest month for solar.
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.77 kWh/m² to a high of 6.39 kWh/m² in October across the year — November's 6.39 kWh/m² sits near the top of that range.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.2 |
| Level | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 2 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 3 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 4 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 5 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 6 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 7 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 8 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 9 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 10 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 11 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 12 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 13 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 14 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 15 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 16 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 17 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 18 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 19 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 20 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 21 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 22 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 23 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 24 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 25 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 26 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 27 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 28 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 29 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 30 | 6.2 | Intense |
Hazard calendar for Sacaba
None of Sacaba's seasonal hazards are active in November. The full-year calendar below shows when the rainy season, cyclone risk and dust haze do peak.
Sacaba's monsoon runs December–March, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is November a good time to visit Sacaba?
Our two travel scores rate November for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
November is a reasonable time to visit Sacaba for sightseeing.
What to pack for Sacaba in November
From November's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In November, Sacaba sees daytime highs around 22°C and nights near 11°C. Pack rain gear and sun protection. About 19 days see rain.
UV index in Sacaba in November
Clear-sky midday UV in November peaks around 16 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Sacaba peaks around January 18 at about 17 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near July 11 at about 8 (very high).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 17 | 17 | 16 | 13 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 12 | 13 | 15 | 16 | 17 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 17 | Extreme |
| Feb | 17 | Extreme |
| Mar | 16 | Extreme |
| Apr | 13 | Extreme |
| May | 10 | Extreme |
| Jun | 9 | Very high |
| Jul | 8 | Very high |
| Aug | 12 | Extreme |
| Sep | 13 | Extreme |
| Oct | 15 | Extreme |
| Nov | 16 | Extreme |
| Dec | 17 | Extreme |
Air quality in Sacaba in November
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where November falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Sacaba is worst in September — around 16 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), about 3.1× the cleanest month (December, 5 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 5 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 11 | 16 | 11 | 8 | 5 |
| Level | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Moderate | Good | Good | Good |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 5 | Good |
| Feb | 6 | Good |
| Mar | 7 | Good |
| Apr | 6 | Good |
| May | 5 | Good |
| Jun | 6 | Good |
| Jul | 8 | Good |
| Aug | 11 | Good |
| Sep | 16 | Moderate |
| Oct | 11 | Good |
| Nov | 8 | Good |
| Dec | 5 | Good |
Where is Sacaba?
Sacaba sits at 17.4°S, 66.0°W, 2,710 m above sea level, in Bolivia. The nearest listed city is Cochabamba, 13 km away.
Topography around Sacaba
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Sacaba.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Sacaba has significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 547 m around an average of 2,743 m above sea level; within 16 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,966 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 4,786 m.
The land around Sacaba is covered by artificial surfaces (41%) and cropland (26%) within 3 km, grassland (66%) within 16 km, and grassland (60%) and trees (27%) within 80 km.
Bolivia travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type A / B / C
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 40% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $5,148
- 2025
- Happiness
- 5.8 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Homicide rate
- 4.4
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 21.1
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Lower middle
- World Bank
- English
- Moderate
- EF EPI 521
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Sacaba (-17.398°, -66.0383°, elevation 2,710 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).