Uyuni weather in October
In October, Uyuni sees average daytime highs of 18°C and overnight lows near 2°C, with 9 mm of precipitation across 1.9 wet days and about 12.5 hours of daylight. It is the 3rd-warmest and 7th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about 17°C in the first days to 19°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 62% of the time in October, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 12 h 12 min at the start of October to 12 h 42 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, October is Uyuni's 6th-clearest and 2nd-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Uyuni's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 18°
- 3rd warmest
- Overnight low
- 2°
- 6th coldest
- Precipitation
- 9 mm
- 1.9 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 h 30 min
- 5:58 AM – 6:27 PM
- Cloud cover
- 33%
- 6th clearest
- Wind
- 13 km/h
- 2nd windiest
- Solar energy
- 8.49 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 7.5
- out of 10
Uyuni is city in Bolivia.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in October
Highs climb over the month, from about 17°C in the first days to 19°C by the end.
A typical October day in Uyuni reaches about 18°C in the afternoon and slips back to 2°C overnight — a 16°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 16°C and 20°C. Set against its neighbours, October runs about 2°C warmer than September and about 2°C cooler than November.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 |
| Avg low (°C) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 17 | 1 |
| 2 | 17 | 1 |
| 3 | 17 | 1 |
| 4 | 17 | 1 |
| 5 | 17 | 1 |
| 6 | 17 | 1 |
| 7 | 18 | 1 |
| 8 | 18 | 1 |
| 9 | 18 | 1 |
| 10 | 18 | 1 |
| 11 | 18 | 1 |
| 12 | 18 | 1 |
| 13 | 18 | 1 |
| 14 | 18 | 2 |
| 15 | 18 | 2 |
| 16 | 18 | 2 |
| 17 | 18 | 2 |
| 18 | 18 | 2 |
| 19 | 18 | 2 |
| 20 | 19 | 2 |
| 21 | 19 | 2 |
| 22 | 19 | 2 |
| 23 | 19 | 2 |
| 24 | 19 | 2 |
| 25 | 19 | 3 |
| 26 | 19 | 3 |
| 27 | 19 | 3 |
| 28 | 19 | 3 |
| 29 | 19 | 3 |
| 30 | 19 | 3 |
| 31 | 19 | 3 |
How October really feels in Uyuni
Once humidity and wind are folded in, October averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 31 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
The story in October is cold — wind chill drags the overnight "feels like" below the raw low.
Uyuni weather by month
How October compares with the rest of the year at a glance. October is the 3rd-warmest and 7th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 18° / 6° | 131 | 19.4 | 13.1 | 4.5 |
| Feb | 17° / 6° | 108 | 17 | 12.7 | 4.5 |
| Mar | 18° / 5° | 54 | 11.8 | 12.1 | 5.6 |
| Apr | 17° / 2° | 10 | 2.5 | 11.5 | 6.7 |
| May | 14° / -2° | 2 | 0.5 | 11 | 5.5 |
| Jun | 12° / -3° | 1 | 0.3 | 10.8 | 4.4 |
| Jul | 12° / -3° | 3 | 0.7 | 10.9 | 4.3 |
| Aug | 14° / -2° | 3 | 0.9 | 11.3 | 5.5 |
| Sep | 16° / -1° | 4 | 1.2 | 11.9 | 6.7 |
| Oct | 18° / 2° | 9 | 1.9 | 12.5 | 7.5 |
| Nov | 20° / 4° | 13 | 3.4 | 13 | 7.5 |
| Dec | 20° / 6° | 62 | 10.4 | 13.2 | 6.2 |
Cloud cover in October
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 62% of the time in October.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 14% of October, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 24%. Skies tend to cloud over as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 82 | 82 | 81 | 81 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 79 | 79 | 78 | 78 | 77 | 77 | 77 | 75 | 75 | 74 | 73 | 73 | 72 | 72 | 73 | 73 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 73 |
| Cloudier (%) | 18 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 21 | 21 | 22 | 22 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 25 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 27 | 28 | 28 | 27 | 27 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 82 | 18 |
| 2 | 82 | 18 |
| 3 | 81 | 19 |
| 4 | 81 | 19 |
| 5 | 80 | 20 |
| 6 | 80 | 20 |
| 7 | 80 | 20 |
| 8 | 79 | 21 |
| 9 | 79 | 21 |
| 10 | 78 | 22 |
| 11 | 78 | 22 |
| 12 | 77 | 23 |
| 13 | 77 | 23 |
| 14 | 77 | 23 |
| 15 | 75 | 25 |
| 16 | 75 | 25 |
| 17 | 74 | 26 |
| 18 | 73 | 27 |
| 19 | 73 | 27 |
| 20 | 72 | 28 |
| 21 | 72 | 28 |
| 22 | 73 | 27 |
| 23 | 73 | 27 |
| 24 | 72 | 28 |
| 25 | 72 | 28 |
| 26 | 72 | 28 |
| 27 | 73 | 27 |
| 28 | 73 | 27 |
| 29 | 73 | 27 |
| 30 | 73 | 27 |
| 31 | 73 | 27 |
Chance of precipitation in October
Uyuni gets around 9 mm of rain and snow over 1.9 wet days in October. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 6% and peaks near 7% on the wettest days, and about 0 day brings snow.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 4 |
| 2 | 4 |
| 3 | 5 |
| 4 | 5 |
| 5 | 5 |
| 6 | 5 |
| 7 | 5 |
| 8 | 5 |
| 9 | 6 |
| 10 | 6 |
| 11 | 6 |
| 12 | 6 |
| 13 | 7 |
| 14 | 7 |
| 15 | 7 |
| 16 | 7 |
| 17 | 7 |
| 18 | 7 |
| 19 | 7 |
| 20 | 7 |
| 21 | 7 |
| 22 | 7 |
| 23 | 7 |
| 24 | 7 |
| 25 | 6 |
| 26 | 6 |
| 27 | 6 |
| 28 | 6 |
| 29 | 6 |
| 30 | 6 |
| 31 | 6 |
Humidity in October
Most of October feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, October lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
| 29 | 100 |
| 30 | 100 |
| 31 | 100 |
Wind in October
Winds average 13 km/h in October.
Across October, daily wind ranges from about 13 km/h on the calmest days to 14 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 |
| Feels | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 14 | light breeze |
| 2 | 14 | light breeze |
| 3 | 14 | light breeze |
| 4 | 14 | light breeze |
| 5 | 14 | light breeze |
| 6 | 14 | light breeze |
| 7 | 14 | light breeze |
| 8 | 14 | light breeze |
| 9 | 14 | light breeze |
| 10 | 14 | light breeze |
| 11 | 14 | light breeze |
| 12 | 14 | light breeze |
| 13 | 14 | light breeze |
| 14 | 14 | light breeze |
| 15 | 14 | light breeze |
| 16 | 13 | light breeze |
| 17 | 13 | light breeze |
| 18 | 13 | light breeze |
| 19 | 13 | light breeze |
| 20 | 13 | light breeze |
| 21 | 13 | light breeze |
| 22 | 13 | light breeze |
| 23 | 13 | light breeze |
| 24 | 13 | light breeze |
| 25 | 13 | light breeze |
| 26 | 13 | light breeze |
| 27 | 13 | light breeze |
| 28 | 13 | light breeze |
| 29 | 13 | light breeze |
| 30 | 13 | light breeze |
| 31 | 13 | light breeze |
Sunrise & sunset in October
Daylight runs from about 12 h 12 min at the start of October to 12 h 42 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 30 minutes over October. Sunrise moves from 6:11 AM to 5:48 AM, and sunset from 6:22 PM to 6:33 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:11 | 6:10 | 6:09 | 6:08 | 6:07 | 6:06 | 6:05 | 6:04 | 6:04 | 6:03 | 6:02 | 6:01 | 6:00 | 6:00 | 5:59 | 5:58 | 5:57 | 5:57 | 5:56 | 5:55 | 5:54 | 5:54 | 5:53 | 5:52 | 5:52 | 5:51 | 5:51 | 5:50 | 5:49 | 5:49 | 5:48 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:22 | 6:22 | 6:22 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:30 | 6:30 | 6:31 | 6:31 | 6:32 | 6:32 | 6:33 | 6:33 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12.2 | 6:11 | 6:22 |
| 2 | 12.2 | 6:10 | 6:22 |
| 3 | 12.2 | 6:09 | 6:22 |
| 4 | 12.2 | 6:08 | 6:23 |
| 5 | 12.3 | 6:07 | 6:23 |
| 6 | 12.3 | 6:06 | 6:23 |
| 7 | 12.3 | 6:05 | 6:24 |
| 8 | 12.3 | 6:04 | 6:24 |
| 9 | 12.3 | 6:04 | 6:24 |
| 10 | 12.4 | 6:03 | 6:25 |
| 11 | 12.4 | 6:02 | 6:25 |
| 12 | 12.4 | 6:01 | 6:25 |
| 13 | 12.4 | 6:00 | 6:26 |
| 14 | 12.4 | 6:00 | 6:26 |
| 15 | 12.5 | 5:59 | 6:26 |
| 16 | 12.5 | 5:58 | 6:27 |
| 17 | 12.5 | 5:57 | 6:27 |
| 18 | 12.5 | 5:57 | 6:27 |
| 19 | 12.5 | 5:56 | 6:28 |
| 20 | 12.6 | 5:55 | 6:28 |
| 21 | 12.6 | 5:54 | 6:29 |
| 22 | 12.6 | 5:54 | 6:29 |
| 23 | 12.6 | 5:53 | 6:29 |
| 24 | 12.6 | 5:52 | 6:30 |
| 25 | 12.6 | 5:52 | 6:30 |
| 26 | 12.7 | 5:51 | 6:31 |
| 27 | 12.7 | 5:51 | 6:31 |
| 28 | 12.7 | 5:50 | 6:32 |
| 29 | 12.7 | 5:49 | 6:32 |
| 30 | 12.7 | 5:49 | 6:33 |
| 31 | 12.7 | 5:48 | 6:33 |
Solar energy in October
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in October, about 8.49 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 5.33 kWh/m² to a high of 8.91 kWh/m² in November across the year — October's 8.49 kWh/m² sits near the top of that range.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 8.1 | 8.1 | 8.1 | 8.2 | 8.2 | 8.2 | 8.2 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 8.4 | 8.4 | 8.4 | 8.4 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 8.7 | 8.7 | 8.7 | 8.7 | 8.7 | 8.8 | 8.8 | 8.8 | 8.8 |
| Level | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8.1 | Intense |
| 2 | 8.1 | Intense |
| 3 | 8.1 | Intense |
| 4 | 8.2 | Intense |
| 5 | 8.2 | Intense |
| 6 | 8.2 | Intense |
| 7 | 8.2 | Intense |
| 8 | 8.3 | Intense |
| 9 | 8.3 | Intense |
| 10 | 8.3 | Intense |
| 11 | 8.4 | Intense |
| 12 | 8.4 | Intense |
| 13 | 8.4 | Intense |
| 14 | 8.4 | Intense |
| 15 | 8.5 | Intense |
| 16 | 8.5 | Intense |
| 17 | 8.5 | Intense |
| 18 | 8.5 | Intense |
| 19 | 8.6 | Intense |
| 20 | 8.6 | Intense |
| 21 | 8.6 | Intense |
| 22 | 8.6 | Intense |
| 23 | 8.7 | Intense |
| 24 | 8.7 | Intense |
| 25 | 8.7 | Intense |
| 26 | 8.7 | Intense |
| 27 | 8.7 | Intense |
| 28 | 8.8 | Intense |
| 29 | 8.8 | Intense |
| 30 | 8.8 | Intense |
| 31 | 8.8 | Intense |
Is October a good time to visit Uyuni?
Our two travel scores rate October for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
October is one of the better times to visit Uyuni for general sightseeing.
What to pack for Uyuni in October
From October's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In October, Uyuni sees daytime highs around 18°C and nights near 2°C. Pack sun protection. Worth having: a warm layer.
UV index in Uyuni in October
Clear-sky midday UV in October peaks around 17 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Uyuni peaks around February 9 at about 19 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near July 9 at about 8 (very high).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 19 | 20 | 16 | 13 | 11 | 9 | 8 | 12 | 15 | 17 | 17 | 18 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 19 | Extreme |
| Feb | 20 | Extreme |
| Mar | 16 | Extreme |
| Apr | 13 | Extreme |
| May | 11 | Extreme |
| Jun | 9 | Very high |
| Jul | 8 | Very high |
| Aug | 12 | Extreme |
| Sep | 15 | Extreme |
| Oct | 17 | Extreme |
| Nov | 17 | Extreme |
| Dec | 18 | Extreme |
Where is Uyuni?
Uyuni sits at 20.5°S, 66.8°W, 0 m above sea level, in Bolivia. The nearest listed city is Potosí, 148 km away.
Topography around Uyuni
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Uyuni.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Uyuni has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 29 m around an average of 3,668 m above sea level; within 16 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 906 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,212 m.
The land around Uyuni is covered by bare terrain (55%) and grassland (30%) within 3 km, bare terrain (66%) and grassland (33%) within 16 km, and bare terrain (66%) and grassland (34%) within 80 km.
Bolivia travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type A / B / C
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 40% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $5,148
- 2025
- Happiness
- 5.8 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Homicide rate
- 4.4
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 21.1
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Lower middle
- World Bank
- English
- Moderate
- EF EPI 521
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Uyuni (-20.4597°, -66.825°, elevation 0 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).