Placas weather in February
In February, Placas sees average daytime highs of 30°C and overnight lows near 22°C, with 247 mm of rain across 25.4 wet days and about 12.1 hours of daylight. It is the 12th-warmest and 3rd-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 30°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 1% of the time in February, and the air most often feels oppressive.
Daylight stretches from about 12 h 12 min at the start of February to 12 h 06 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Placas's 11th-clearest and 7th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Placas's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 30°
- 12th warmest
- Overnight low
- 22°
- 6th coldest
- Rainfall
- 247 mm
- 25.4 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 h 06 min
- 6:48 AM – 6:55 PM
- Cloud cover
- 88%
- 11th clearest
- Wind
- 6 km/h
- 7th windiest
- Solar energy
- 4.13 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 2.9
- out of 10
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 30°C through the month.
A typical February day in Placas reaches about 30°C in the afternoon and slips back to 22°C overnight — a 7°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 27°C and 32°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs on par with January and on par with March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 |
| Avg low (°C) | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 30 | 22 |
| 2 | 30 | 22 |
| 3 | 30 | 22 |
| 4 | 30 | 22 |
| 5 | 30 | 22 |
| 6 | 30 | 22 |
| 7 | 30 | 22 |
| 8 | 30 | 22 |
| 9 | 30 | 22 |
| 10 | 30 | 22 |
| 11 | 30 | 22 |
| 12 | 30 | 22 |
| 13 | 30 | 22 |
| 14 | 30 | 22 |
| 15 | 30 | 22 |
| 16 | 30 | 22 |
| 17 | 30 | 22 |
| 18 | 30 | 22 |
| 19 | 30 | 22 |
| 20 | 30 | 22 |
| 21 | 30 | 22 |
| 22 | 30 | 22 |
| 23 | 30 | 22 |
| 24 | 30 | 22 |
| 25 | 30 | 22 |
| 26 | 30 | 22 |
| 27 | 30 | 22 |
| 28 | 30 | 22 |
How February really feels in Placas
Once humidity and wind are folded in, February averages 28 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
The story in February is heat — humidity pushes the afternoon "feels like" well above the raw temperature.
Placas weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 12th-warmest and 3rd-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 30° / 22° | 235 | 26.5 | 12.2 | 2.9 |
| Feb | 30° / 22° | 247 | 25.4 | 12.1 | 2.9 |
| Mar | 30° / 22° | 291 | 28.7 | 12 | 2.8 |
| Apr | 30° / 22° | 250 | 27.5 | 11.9 | 2.7 |
| May | 30° / 22° | 171 | 24.9 | 11.8 | 3.1 |
| Jun | 31° / 22° | 59 | 14 | 11.8 | 4.1 |
| Jul | 32° / 22° | 37 | 9.5 | 11.8 | 4.1 |
| Aug | 34° / 22° | 29 | 6.6 | 11.9 | 3.5 |
| Sep | 34° / 23° | 45 | 8.9 | 12 | 3.0 |
| Oct | 34° / 23° | 78 | 13.8 | 12.1 | 2.9 |
| Nov | 33° / 23° | 115 | 18 | 12.2 | 2.9 |
| Dec | 31° / 23° | 159 | 21.6 | 12.2 | 3.0 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 1% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 5% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 95%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Cloudier (%) | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6 | 94 |
| 2 | 6 | 94 |
| 3 | 6 | 94 |
| 4 | 6 | 94 |
| 5 | 6 | 94 |
| 6 | 6 | 94 |
| 7 | 6 | 94 |
| 8 | 6 | 94 |
| 9 | 6 | 94 |
| 10 | 6 | 94 |
| 11 | 6 | 94 |
| 12 | 6 | 94 |
| 13 | 6 | 94 |
| 14 | 6 | 94 |
| 15 | 6 | 94 |
| 16 | 5 | 95 |
| 17 | 5 | 95 |
| 18 | 5 | 95 |
| 19 | 5 | 95 |
| 20 | 5 | 95 |
| 21 | 5 | 95 |
| 22 | 5 | 95 |
| 23 | 5 | 95 |
| 24 | 5 | 95 |
| 25 | 5 | 95 |
| 26 | 5 | 95 |
| 27 | 5 | 95 |
| 28 | 5 | 95 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Placas gets around 247 mm of rain over 25.4 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 91% and peaks near 93% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 87 | 87 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 91 | 91 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 87 |
| 2 | 87 |
| 3 | 88 |
| 4 | 88 |
| 5 | 88 |
| 6 | 88 |
| 7 | 89 |
| 8 | 89 |
| 9 | 89 |
| 10 | 89 |
| 11 | 89 |
| 12 | 90 |
| 13 | 90 |
| 14 | 90 |
| 15 | 91 |
| 16 | 91 |
| 17 | 92 |
| 18 | 92 |
| 19 | 92 |
| 20 | 93 |
| 21 | 93 |
| 22 | 93 |
| 23 | 93 |
| 24 | 93 |
| 25 | 93 |
| 26 | 93 |
| 27 | 93 |
| 28 | 93 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels oppressive — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the oppressive band about 97% of days. Sticky, muggy-or-worse air turns up on roughly 100% of them.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oppressive (%) | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 |
| Miserable (%) | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Oppressive (%) | Miserable (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 97 | 3 |
| 2 | 97 | 3 |
| 3 | 97 | 3 |
| 4 | 97 | 3 |
| 5 | 97 | 3 |
| 6 | 97 | 3 |
| 7 | 97 | 3 |
| 8 | 97 | 3 |
| 9 | 97 | 3 |
| 10 | 97 | 3 |
| 11 | 97 | 3 |
| 12 | 97 | 3 |
| 13 | 97 | 3 |
| 14 | 97 | 3 |
| 15 | 97 | 3 |
| 16 | 97 | 3 |
| 17 | 97 | 3 |
| 18 | 97 | 3 |
| 19 | 97 | 3 |
| 20 | 97 | 3 |
| 21 | 97 | 3 |
| 22 | 97 | 3 |
| 23 | 96 | 4 |
| 24 | 96 | 4 |
| 25 | 96 | 4 |
| 26 | 96 | 4 |
| 27 | 96 | 4 |
| 28 | 96 | 4 |
Wind in February
Winds average 6 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 6 km/h on the calmest days to 6 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6 | calm |
| 2 | 6 | calm |
| 3 | 6 | calm |
| 4 | 6 | calm |
| 5 | 6 | calm |
| 6 | 6 | calm |
| 7 | 6 | calm |
| 8 | 6 | calm |
| 9 | 6 | calm |
| 10 | 6 | calm |
| 11 | 6 | calm |
| 12 | 6 | calm |
| 13 | 6 | calm |
| 14 | 6 | calm |
| 15 | 6 | calm |
| 16 | 6 | calm |
| 17 | 6 | calm |
| 18 | 6 | calm |
| 19 | 6 | calm |
| 20 | 6 | calm |
| 21 | 6 | calm |
| 22 | 6 | calm |
| 23 | 6 | calm |
| 24 | 6 | calm |
| 25 | 6 | calm |
| 26 | 6 | calm |
| 27 | 6 | calm |
| 28 | 6 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 12 h 12 min at the start of February to 12 h 06 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 6 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 6:45 AM to 6:48 AM, and sunset from 6:55 PM to 6:53 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:45 | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:47 | 6:47 | 6:47 | 6:47 | 6:47 | 6:47 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:55 | 6:55 | 6:56 | 6:56 | 6:56 | 6:56 | 6:56 | 6:56 | 6:56 | 6:56 | 6:56 | 6:56 | 6:55 | 6:55 | 6:55 | 6:55 | 6:55 | 6:55 | 6:55 | 6:55 | 6:54 | 6:54 | 6:54 | 6:54 | 6:54 | 6:53 | 6:53 | 6:53 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12.2 | 6:45 | 6:55 |
| 2 | 12.2 | 6:46 | 6:55 |
| 3 | 12.2 | 6:46 | 6:56 |
| 4 | 12.2 | 6:46 | 6:56 |
| 5 | 12.2 | 6:46 | 6:56 |
| 6 | 12.2 | 6:46 | 6:56 |
| 7 | 12.1 | 6:47 | 6:56 |
| 8 | 12.1 | 6:47 | 6:56 |
| 9 | 12.1 | 6:47 | 6:56 |
| 10 | 12.1 | 6:47 | 6:56 |
| 11 | 12.1 | 6:47 | 6:56 |
| 12 | 12.1 | 6:47 | 6:56 |
| 13 | 12.1 | 6:48 | 6:55 |
| 14 | 12.1 | 6:48 | 6:55 |
| 15 | 12.1 | 6:48 | 6:55 |
| 16 | 12.1 | 6:48 | 6:55 |
| 17 | 12.1 | 6:48 | 6:55 |
| 18 | 12.1 | 6:48 | 6:55 |
| 19 | 12.1 | 6:48 | 6:55 |
| 20 | 12.1 | 6:48 | 6:55 |
| 21 | 12.1 | 6:48 | 6:54 |
| 22 | 12.1 | 6:48 | 6:54 |
| 23 | 12.1 | 6:48 | 6:54 |
| 24 | 12.1 | 6:48 | 6:54 |
| 25 | 12.1 | 6:48 | 6:54 |
| 26 | 12.1 | 6:48 | 6:53 |
| 27 | 12.1 | 6:48 | 6:53 |
| 28 | 12.1 | 6:48 | 6:53 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 4.13 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.01 kWh/m² to a high of 5.95 kWh/m² in September across the year — February's 4.13 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 2 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 3 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 4 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 5 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 6 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 7 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 8 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 9 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 10 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 11 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 12 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 13 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 14 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 15 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 16 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 17 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 18 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 19 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 20 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 21 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 22 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 23 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 24 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 25 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 26 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 27 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 28 | 4.1 | Bright |
Hazard calendar for Placas
In February, Placas sits inside its rainy season season. The full year is below, with each hazard's peak months called out.
Placas's rainy season runs December–May, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is February a good time to visit Placas?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Placas.
What to pack for Placas in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Placas sees daytime highs around 30°C and nights near 22°C. Pack light clothes and rain gear. About 25 days see rain.
UV index in Placas in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 16 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Placas peaks around February 21 at about 15 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near November 17 at about 10 (very high).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 13 | 16 | 15 | 14 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 9 | 11 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 13 | Extreme |
| Feb | 16 | Extreme |
| Mar | 15 | Extreme |
| Apr | 14 | Extreme |
| May | 11 | Extreme |
| Jun | 10 | Very high |
| Jul | 10 | Very high |
| Aug | 10 | Extreme |
| Sep | 11 | Extreme |
| Oct | 11 | Extreme |
| Nov | 9 | Very high |
| Dec | 11 | Extreme |
Air quality in Placas in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Placas is worst in October — around 59 µg/m³ PM2.5 (unhealthy), about 7.3× the cleanest month (June, 8 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 14 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 10 | 8 | 9 | 15 | 35 | 59 | 55 | 24 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Good | Good | Good | Good | Moderate | Moderate | Unhealthy | Poor | Moderate |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 14 | Moderate |
| Feb | 13 | Moderate |
| Mar | 13 | Moderate |
| Apr | 12 | Good |
| May | 10 | Good |
| Jun | 8 | Good |
| Jul | 9 | Good |
| Aug | 15 | Moderate |
| Sep | 35 | Moderate |
| Oct | 59 | Unhealthy |
| Nov | 55 | Poor |
| Dec | 24 | Moderate |
Where is Placas?
Placas sits at 3.9°S, 54.2°W, 104 m above sea level, in Brazil. The nearest listed city is Uruará, 56 km away.
Topography around Placas
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Placas.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Placas has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 87 m around an average of 101 m above sea level; within 16 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 341 m; within 80 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 444 m.
The land around Placas is covered by trees (48%) and grassland (48%) within 3 km, trees (71%) and grassland (29%) within 16 km, and trees (85%) within 80 km.
Brazil travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type C / N
- 127 / 220 V · 60 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 46% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $10,713
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.6 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 89%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 19.3
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 16
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Low
- EF EPI 482
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Placas (-3.8678°, -54.22°, elevation 104 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).