Harmanli weather in February
In February, Harmanli sees average daytime highs of 8°C and overnight lows near 0°C, with 49 mm of precipitation across 7.3 wet days and about 10.3 hours of daylight. It is the 10th-warmest and 10th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about 7°C in the first days to 10°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 29% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 9 h 48 min at the start of February to 10 h 54 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Harmanli's 11th-clearest and 2nd-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Harmanli's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 8°
- 10th warmest
- Overnight low
- 0°
- 3rd coldest
- Precipitation
- 49 mm
- 7.3 wet days
- Daylight
- 10 h 18 min
- 7:22 AM – 5:40 PM
- Cloud cover
- 61%
- 11th clearest
- Wind
- 10 km/h
- 2nd windiest
- Solar energy
- 2.65 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 1.6
- out of 10
Harmanli is city in Harmanli municipality, Haskovo oblast, Bulgaria.
- Density
- 368/km²
- people per km²
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Highs climb over the month, from about 7°C in the first days to 10°C by the end.
A typical February day in Harmanli reaches about 8°C in the afternoon and slips back to 0°C overnight — a 8°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 1°C and 15°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 3°C warmer than January and about 4°C cooler than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| Avg low (°C) | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 7 | -1 |
| 2 | 7 | -1 |
| 3 | 7 | -1 |
| 4 | 7 | -1 |
| 5 | 7 | -1 |
| 6 | 7 | -1 |
| 7 | 7 | -1 |
| 8 | 8 | -1 |
| 9 | 8 | 0 |
| 10 | 8 | 0 |
| 11 | 8 | 0 |
| 12 | 8 | 0 |
| 13 | 8 | 0 |
| 14 | 8 | 0 |
| 15 | 8 | 0 |
| 16 | 8 | 0 |
| 17 | 9 | 0 |
| 18 | 9 | 1 |
| 19 | 9 | 1 |
| 20 | 9 | 1 |
| 21 | 9 | 1 |
| 22 | 9 | 1 |
| 23 | 10 | 1 |
| 24 | 10 | 1 |
| 25 | 10 | 1 |
| 26 | 10 | 1 |
| 27 | 10 | 2 |
| 28 | 10 | 2 |
How February really feels in Harmanli
Once humidity and wind are folded in, February averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 28 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
The story in February is cold — wind chill drags the overnight "feels like" below the raw low.
Harmanli weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 10th-warmest and 10th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 6° / -1° | 51 | 7.3 | 3.1 | 9.3 | 0.4 |
| Feb | 8° / 0° | 49 | 7.3 | 2.4 | 10.3 | 1.6 |
| Mar | 12° / 3° | 60 | 8.8 | 1.9 | 11.7 | 3.5 |
| Apr | 18° / 7° | 54 | 8.9 | 0.3 | 13.1 | 5.8 |
| May | 23° / 12° | 67 | 11.3 | 0 | 14.3 | 6.7 |
| Jun | 27° / 16° | 55 | 9.4 | 0 | 15 | 6.5 |
| Jul | 30° / 18° | 50 | 6.6 | 0 | 14.7 | 5.6 |
| Aug | 31° / 18° | 28 | 4.4 | 0 | 13.7 | 5.7 |
| Sep | 26° / 14° | 41 | 5.6 | 0 | 12.3 | 7.7 |
| Oct | 19° / 10° | 60 | 6.4 | 0.1 | 10.9 | 6.7 |
| Nov | 13° / 5° | 54 | 6.5 | 0.8 | 9.6 | 3.8 |
| Dec | 7° / 0° | 62 | 7.8 | 2.5 | 9 | 1.0 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 29% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 14% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 57%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 47 | 47 | 46 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 44 | 43 | 43 | 43 | 41 | 41 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 45 | 45 |
| Cloudier (%) | 53 | 53 | 54 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 56 | 57 | 57 | 57 | 59 | 59 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 61 | 60 | 59 | 58 | 58 | 57 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 55 | 55 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 47 | 53 |
| 2 | 47 | 53 |
| 3 | 46 | 54 |
| 4 | 45 | 55 |
| 5 | 45 | 55 |
| 6 | 45 | 55 |
| 7 | 44 | 56 |
| 8 | 43 | 57 |
| 9 | 43 | 57 |
| 10 | 43 | 57 |
| 11 | 41 | 59 |
| 12 | 41 | 59 |
| 13 | 40 | 60 |
| 14 | 40 | 60 |
| 15 | 40 | 60 |
| 16 | 40 | 60 |
| 17 | 40 | 60 |
| 18 | 39 | 61 |
| 19 | 40 | 60 |
| 20 | 41 | 59 |
| 21 | 42 | 58 |
| 22 | 42 | 58 |
| 23 | 43 | 57 |
| 24 | 44 | 56 |
| 25 | 44 | 56 |
| 26 | 44 | 56 |
| 27 | 45 | 55 |
| 28 | 45 | 55 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Harmanli gets around 49 mm of rain and snow over 7.3 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 26% and peaks near 28% on the wettest days, and about 2 days bring snow.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 26 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 |
| Snow chance (%) | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
| Rain chance (%) | Snow chance (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 26 | 11 |
| 2 | 25 | 11 |
| 3 | 25 | 11 |
| 4 | 25 | 11 |
| 5 | 25 | 10 |
| 6 | 25 | 10 |
| 7 | 25 | 10 |
| 8 | 25 | 10 |
| 9 | 25 | 9 |
| 10 | 25 | 9 |
| 11 | 25 | 8 |
| 12 | 25 | 8 |
| 13 | 25 | 8 |
| 14 | 25 | 7 |
| 15 | 26 | 7 |
| 16 | 26 | 7 |
| 17 | 26 | 7 |
| 18 | 27 | 7 |
| 19 | 27 | 7 |
| 20 | 27 | 7 |
| 21 | 27 | 7 |
| 22 | 27 | 7 |
| 23 | 27 | 7 |
| 24 | 28 | 7 |
| 25 | 28 | 7 |
| 26 | 28 | 7 |
| 27 | 28 | 7 |
| 28 | 28 | 7 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
Wind in February
Winds average 10 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 10 km/h on the calmest days to 10 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10 | calm |
| 2 | 10 | calm |
| 3 | 10 | calm |
| 4 | 10 | calm |
| 5 | 10 | calm |
| 6 | 10 | calm |
| 7 | 10 | calm |
| 8 | 10 | calm |
| 9 | 10 | calm |
| 10 | 10 | calm |
| 11 | 10 | calm |
| 12 | 10 | calm |
| 13 | 10 | calm |
| 14 | 10 | calm |
| 15 | 10 | calm |
| 16 | 10 | calm |
| 17 | 10 | calm |
| 18 | 10 | calm |
| 19 | 10 | calm |
| 20 | 10 | calm |
| 21 | 10 | calm |
| 22 | 10 | calm |
| 23 | 10 | calm |
| 24 | 10 | calm |
| 25 | 10 | calm |
| 26 | 10 | calm |
| 27 | 10 | calm |
| 28 | 10 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 9 h 48 min at the start of February to 10 h 54 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 66 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 7:37 AM to 7:03 AM, and sunset from 5:23 PM to 5:57 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 9.8 | 9.8 | 9.8 | 9.9 | 9.9 | 9.9 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.1 | 10.1 | 10.1 | 10.2 | 10.2 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.9 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 7:37 | 7:36 | 7:35 | 7:34 | 7:33 | 7:32 | 7:31 | 7:30 | 7:29 | 7:28 | 7:27 | 7:25 | 7:24 | 7:23 | 7:22 | 7:20 | 7:19 | 7:18 | 7:16 | 7:15 | 7:13 | 7:12 | 7:11 | 7:09 | 7:08 | 7:06 | 7:05 | 7:03 |
| Sunset (PM) | 5:23 | 5:24 | 5:25 | 5:26 | 5:28 | 5:29 | 5:30 | 5:32 | 5:33 | 5:34 | 5:35 | 5:37 | 5:38 | 5:39 | 5:40 | 5:42 | 5:43 | 5:44 | 5:45 | 5:47 | 5:48 | 5:49 | 5:50 | 5:52 | 5:53 | 5:54 | 5:55 | 5:57 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 9.8 | 7:37 | 5:23 |
| 2 | 9.8 | 7:36 | 5:24 |
| 3 | 9.8 | 7:35 | 5:25 |
| 4 | 9.9 | 7:34 | 5:26 |
| 5 | 9.9 | 7:33 | 5:28 |
| 6 | 9.9 | 7:32 | 5:29 |
| 7 | 10.0 | 7:31 | 5:30 |
| 8 | 10.0 | 7:30 | 5:32 |
| 9 | 10.1 | 7:29 | 5:33 |
| 10 | 10.1 | 7:28 | 5:34 |
| 11 | 10.1 | 7:27 | 5:35 |
| 12 | 10.2 | 7:25 | 5:37 |
| 13 | 10.2 | 7:24 | 5:38 |
| 14 | 10.3 | 7:23 | 5:39 |
| 15 | 10.3 | 7:22 | 5:40 |
| 16 | 10.4 | 7:20 | 5:42 |
| 17 | 10.4 | 7:19 | 5:43 |
| 18 | 10.4 | 7:18 | 5:44 |
| 19 | 10.5 | 7:16 | 5:45 |
| 20 | 10.5 | 7:15 | 5:47 |
| 21 | 10.6 | 7:13 | 5:48 |
| 22 | 10.6 | 7:12 | 5:49 |
| 23 | 10.7 | 7:11 | 5:50 |
| 24 | 10.7 | 7:09 | 5:52 |
| 25 | 10.8 | 7:08 | 5:53 |
| 26 | 10.8 | 7:06 | 5:54 |
| 27 | 10.8 | 7:05 | 5:55 |
| 28 | 10.9 | 7:03 | 5:57 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 2.65 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 1.52 kWh/m² to a high of 6.62 kWh/m² in June across the year — February's 2.65 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.1 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2.3 | Moderate |
| 2 | 2.3 | Moderate |
| 3 | 2.3 | Moderate |
| 4 | 2.4 | Moderate |
| 5 | 2.4 | Moderate |
| 6 | 2.4 | Moderate |
| 7 | 2.4 | Moderate |
| 8 | 2.5 | Moderate |
| 9 | 2.5 | Moderate |
| 10 | 2.5 | Moderate |
| 11 | 2.5 | Moderate |
| 12 | 2.6 | Moderate |
| 13 | 2.6 | Moderate |
| 14 | 2.6 | Moderate |
| 15 | 2.7 | Moderate |
| 16 | 2.7 | Moderate |
| 17 | 2.7 | Moderate |
| 18 | 2.8 | Moderate |
| 19 | 2.8 | Moderate |
| 20 | 2.8 | Moderate |
| 21 | 2.9 | Moderate |
| 22 | 2.9 | Moderate |
| 23 | 2.9 | Moderate |
| 24 | 3.0 | Moderate |
| 25 | 3.0 | Moderate |
| 26 | 3.1 | Moderate |
| 27 | 3.1 | Moderate |
| 28 | 3.1 | Moderate |
Is February a good time to visit Harmanli?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Harmanli.
What to pack for Harmanli in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Harmanli sees daytime highs around 8°C and nights near 0°C. Pack a warm layer. About 7 days see rain.
UV index in Harmanli in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 2. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Harmanli peaks around July 17 at about 9 (very high) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 23 at about 1 (low).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 8 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 1 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 1 |
| Level | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Very high | High | Very high | Very high | Very high | High | Moderate | Moderate | Low |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 1 | Low |
| Feb | 2 | Moderate |
| Mar | 4 | Moderate |
| Apr | 8 | Very high |
| May | 7 | High |
| Jun | 8 | Very high |
| Jul | 9 | Very high |
| Aug | 8 | Very high |
| Sep | 6 | High |
| Oct | 4 | Moderate |
| Nov | 2 | Moderate |
| Dec | 1 | Low |
Air quality in Harmanli in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Harmanli is worst in March — around 16 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), about 1.6× the cleanest month (September, 10 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 14 | 14 | 16 | 15 | 14 | 13 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 14 | Moderate |
| Feb | 14 | Moderate |
| Mar | 16 | Moderate |
| Apr | 15 | Moderate |
| May | 14 | Moderate |
| Jun | 13 | Moderate |
| Jul | 12 | Good |
| Aug | 11 | Good |
| Sep | 10 | Good |
| Oct | 11 | Good |
| Nov | 11 | Good |
| Dec | 11 | Good |
Where is Harmanli?
Harmanli sits at 41.9°N, 25.9°E, 61 m above sea level, in Bulgaria. The nearest listed city is Dimitrovgrad, 28 km away.
Topography around Harmanli
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Harmanli.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Harmanli has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 178 m around an average of 114 m above sea level; within 16 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 361 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,691 m.
The land around Harmanli is covered by trees (29%), grassland (29%) and cropland (27%) within 3 km, cropland (34%), grassland (32%) and trees (31%) within 16 km, and cropland (42%), trees (35%) and grassland (20%) within 80 km.
Bulgaria travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 1
- Exercise Normal Precautions
- Power plugs
- Type C / F
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 23% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $20,328
- 2025
- Happiness
- 5.7 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 96%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 1.1
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 9.2
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- English
- High
- EF EPI 594
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Harmanli (41.9323°, 25.9017°, elevation 61 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).