Caldera weather in February
In February, Caldera sees average daytime highs of 21°C and overnight lows near 16°C, with 0 mm of rain across 0 wet days and about 13 hours of daylight. It is the 1st-warmest and 9th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 21°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 86% of the time in February, and the air most often feels comfortable.
Daylight stretches from about 13 h 18 min at the start of February to 12 h 36 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Caldera's 1st-clearest and 4th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Caldera's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 21°
- 1st warmest
- Overnight low
- 16°
- 12th coldest
- Rainfall
- 0 mm
- 0 wet days
- Daylight
- 13 hours
- 7:29 AM – 8:26 PM
- Cloud cover
- 26%
- 1st clearest
- Wind
- 11 km/h
- 4th windiest
- Solar energy
- 8.08 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 8.7
- out of 10
Caldera is settlement in Chile.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 21°C through the month.
A typical February day in Caldera reaches about 21°C in the afternoon and slips back to 16°C overnight — a 5°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 20°C and 22°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs on par with January and about 1°C warmer than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 |
| Avg low (°C) | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 21 | 16 |
| 2 | 21 | 16 |
| 3 | 21 | 16 |
| 4 | 21 | 16 |
| 5 | 21 | 16 |
| 6 | 21 | 16 |
| 7 | 21 | 16 |
| 8 | 21 | 16 |
| 9 | 21 | 16 |
| 10 | 21 | 16 |
| 11 | 21 | 16 |
| 12 | 21 | 16 |
| 13 | 21 | 16 |
| 14 | 21 | 16 |
| 15 | 21 | 16 |
| 16 | 21 | 16 |
| 17 | 21 | 16 |
| 18 | 21 | 16 |
| 19 | 21 | 16 |
| 20 | 21 | 16 |
| 21 | 21 | 16 |
| 22 | 21 | 16 |
| 23 | 21 | 16 |
| 24 | 21 | 16 |
| 25 | 21 | 16 |
| 26 | 21 | 16 |
| 27 | 21 | 16 |
| 28 | 21 | 16 |
Caldera weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 1st-warmest and 9th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 21° / 16° | 0 | 0 | 13.5 | 8.6 |
| Feb | 21° / 16° | 0 | 0 | 13 | 8.7 |
| Mar | 20° / 15° | 1 | 0.1 | 12.2 | 8.5 |
| Apr | 19° / 14° | 1 | 0.1 | 11.4 | 8.0 |
| May | 17° / 13° | 3 | 0.7 | 10.7 | 7.2 |
| Jun | 16° / 11° | 4 | 0.5 | 10.3 | 6.6 |
| Jul | 16° / 11° | 4 | 0.7 | 10.5 | 6.3 |
| Aug | 16° / 11° | 3 | 0.4 | 11 | 6.5 |
| Sep | 16° / 11° | 1 | 0.1 | 11.8 | 6.9 |
| Oct | 17° / 12° | 0 | 0.1 | 12.6 | 7.3 |
| Nov | 18° / 13° | 0 | 0 | 13.3 | 7.9 |
| Dec | 20° / 14° | 0 | 0 | 13.7 | 8.3 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 86% of the time in February, the clearest month of the year.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 9% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 5%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 |
| Cloudier (%) | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 94 | 6 |
| 2 | 94 | 6 |
| 3 | 94 | 6 |
| 4 | 94 | 6 |
| 5 | 94 | 6 |
| 6 | 94 | 6 |
| 7 | 94 | 6 |
| 8 | 94 | 6 |
| 9 | 94 | 6 |
| 10 | 94 | 6 |
| 11 | 94 | 6 |
| 12 | 94 | 6 |
| 13 | 94 | 6 |
| 14 | 94 | 6 |
| 15 | 95 | 5 |
| 16 | 95 | 5 |
| 17 | 95 | 5 |
| 18 | 95 | 5 |
| 19 | 95 | 5 |
| 20 | 95 | 5 |
| 21 | 95 | 5 |
| 22 | 95 | 5 |
| 23 | 95 | 5 |
| 24 | 95 | 5 |
| 25 | 96 | 4 |
| 26 | 96 | 4 |
| 27 | 96 | 4 |
| 28 | 96 | 4 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Caldera gets around 0 mm of rain over 0 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 0% and peaks near 0% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 0 |
| 2 | 0 |
| 3 | 0 |
| 4 | 0 |
| 5 | 0 |
| 6 | 0 |
| 7 | 0 |
| 8 | 0 |
| 9 | 0 |
| 10 | 0 |
| 11 | 0 |
| 12 | 0 |
| 13 | 0 |
| 14 | 0 |
| 15 | 0 |
| 16 | 0 |
| 17 | 0 |
| 18 | 0 |
| 19 | 0 |
| 20 | 0 |
| 21 | 0 |
| 22 | 0 |
| 23 | 0 |
| 24 | 0 |
| 25 | 0 |
| 26 | 0 |
| 27 | 0 |
| 28 | 0 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels comfortable — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the comfortable band about 86% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 |
| Comfortable (%) | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 86 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 83 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 83 | 83 |
| Humid (%) | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | Humid (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1 | 87 | 12 |
| 2 | 1 | 87 | 12 |
| 3 | 1 | 87 | 12 |
| 4 | 1 | 87 | 12 |
| 5 | 1 | 87 | 12 |
| 6 | 1 | 87 | 12 |
| 7 | 1 | 87 | 12 |
| 8 | 1 | 87 | 12 |
| 9 | 1 | 87 | 12 |
| 10 | 1 | 87 | 12 |
| 11 | 1 | 87 | 12 |
| 12 | 1 | 87 | 12 |
| 13 | 1 | 87 | 12 |
| 14 | 2 | 86 | 12 |
| 15 | 2 | 85 | 13 |
| 16 | 2 | 85 | 13 |
| 17 | 2 | 85 | 13 |
| 18 | 2 | 85 | 13 |
| 19 | 3 | 84 | 13 |
| 20 | 3 | 84 | 13 |
| 21 | 3 | 84 | 13 |
| 22 | 3 | 84 | 13 |
| 23 | 4 | 83 | 13 |
| 24 | 4 | 84 | 12 |
| 25 | 4 | 84 | 12 |
| 26 | 4 | 84 | 12 |
| 27 | 5 | 83 | 12 |
| 28 | 5 | 83 | 12 |
Wind in February
Winds average 11 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 11 km/h on the calmest days to 11 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11 | calm |
| 2 | 11 | calm |
| 3 | 11 | calm |
| 4 | 11 | calm |
| 5 | 11 | calm |
| 6 | 11 | calm |
| 7 | 11 | calm |
| 8 | 11 | calm |
| 9 | 11 | calm |
| 10 | 11 | calm |
| 11 | 11 | calm |
| 12 | 11 | calm |
| 13 | 11 | calm |
| 14 | 11 | calm |
| 15 | 11 | calm |
| 16 | 11 | calm |
| 17 | 11 | calm |
| 18 | 11 | calm |
| 19 | 11 | calm |
| 20 | 11 | calm |
| 21 | 11 | calm |
| 22 | 11 | calm |
| 23 | 11 | calm |
| 24 | 11 | calm |
| 25 | 11 | calm |
| 26 | 11 | calm |
| 27 | 11 | calm |
| 28 | 11 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 13 h 18 min at the start of February to 12 h 36 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 42 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 7:19 AM to 7:38 AM, and sunset from 8:35 PM to 8:16 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 13.3 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 13.0 | 13.0 | 13.0 | 13.0 | 13.0 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.6 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 7:19 | 7:20 | 7:20 | 7:21 | 7:22 | 7:23 | 7:23 | 7:24 | 7:25 | 7:26 | 7:26 | 7:27 | 7:28 | 7:29 | 7:29 | 7:30 | 7:31 | 7:31 | 7:32 | 7:33 | 7:33 | 7:34 | 7:35 | 7:35 | 7:36 | 7:37 | 7:37 | 7:38 |
| Sunset (PM) | 8:35 | 8:34 | 8:34 | 8:33 | 8:33 | 8:32 | 8:32 | 8:31 | 8:30 | 8:30 | 8:29 | 8:29 | 8:28 | 8:27 | 8:26 | 8:26 | 8:25 | 8:24 | 8:23 | 8:23 | 8:22 | 8:21 | 8:20 | 8:19 | 8:18 | 8:17 | 8:16 | 8:16 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 13.3 | 7:19 | 8:35 |
| 2 | 13.2 | 7:20 | 8:34 |
| 3 | 13.2 | 7:20 | 8:34 |
| 4 | 13.2 | 7:21 | 8:33 |
| 5 | 13.2 | 7:22 | 8:33 |
| 6 | 13.2 | 7:23 | 8:32 |
| 7 | 13.1 | 7:23 | 8:32 |
| 8 | 13.1 | 7:24 | 8:31 |
| 9 | 13.1 | 7:25 | 8:30 |
| 10 | 13.1 | 7:26 | 8:30 |
| 11 | 13.0 | 7:26 | 8:29 |
| 12 | 13.0 | 7:27 | 8:29 |
| 13 | 13.0 | 7:28 | 8:28 |
| 14 | 13.0 | 7:29 | 8:27 |
| 15 | 13.0 | 7:29 | 8:26 |
| 16 | 12.9 | 7:30 | 8:26 |
| 17 | 12.9 | 7:31 | 8:25 |
| 18 | 12.9 | 7:31 | 8:24 |
| 19 | 12.9 | 7:32 | 8:23 |
| 20 | 12.8 | 7:33 | 8:23 |
| 21 | 12.8 | 7:33 | 8:22 |
| 22 | 12.8 | 7:34 | 8:21 |
| 23 | 12.8 | 7:35 | 8:20 |
| 24 | 12.7 | 7:35 | 8:19 |
| 25 | 12.7 | 7:36 | 8:18 |
| 26 | 12.7 | 7:37 | 8:17 |
| 27 | 12.7 | 7:37 | 8:16 |
| 28 | 12.6 | 7:38 | 8:16 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 8.08 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 3.84 kWh/m² to a high of 9 kWh/m² in December across the year — February's 8.08 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 8.5 | 8.4 | 8.4 | 8.4 | 8.4 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 8.2 | 8.2 | 8.2 | 8.1 | 8.1 | 8.1 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 7.9 | 7.9 | 7.9 | 7.8 | 7.8 | 7.8 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.6 |
| Level | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8.5 | Intense |
| 2 | 8.4 | Intense |
| 3 | 8.4 | Intense |
| 4 | 8.4 | Intense |
| 5 | 8.4 | Intense |
| 6 | 8.3 | Intense |
| 7 | 8.3 | Intense |
| 8 | 8.3 | Intense |
| 9 | 8.3 | Intense |
| 10 | 8.2 | Intense |
| 11 | 8.2 | Intense |
| 12 | 8.2 | Intense |
| 13 | 8.1 | Intense |
| 14 | 8.1 | Intense |
| 15 | 8.1 | Intense |
| 16 | 8.0 | Intense |
| 17 | 8.0 | Intense |
| 18 | 8.0 | Intense |
| 19 | 7.9 | Intense |
| 20 | 7.9 | Intense |
| 21 | 7.9 | Intense |
| 22 | 7.8 | Intense |
| 23 | 7.8 | Intense |
| 24 | 7.8 | Intense |
| 25 | 7.7 | Intense |
| 26 | 7.7 | Intense |
| 27 | 7.7 | Intense |
| 28 | 7.6 | Intense |
Is February a good time to visit Caldera?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is one of the better times to visit Caldera for general sightseeing.
What to pack for Caldera in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Caldera sees daytime highs around 21°C and nights near 16°C. Pack sun protection.
Sea temperature near Caldera in February
The nearest coast averages about 20°C in February — the other half of the beach question. The full-year curve and swim-comfort zones are below.
The sea offshore is warmest in February at about 20°C and coldest in August near 14°C.
The water stays below 20°C all year — cool enough that most swimmers want a wetsuit.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sea temperature (°C) | 19 | 20 | 19 | 18 | 16 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 18 |
| Comfort | Cool | Cool | Cool | Cool | Cool | Cool | Bracing | Bracing | Bracing | Cool | Cool | Cool |
| Sea temperature (°C) | Comfort | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 19 | Cool |
| Feb | 20 | Cool |
| Mar | 19 | Cool |
| Apr | 18 | Cool |
| May | 16 | Cool |
| Jun | 15 | Cool |
| Jul | 15 | Bracing |
| Aug | 14 | Bracing |
| Sep | 14 | Bracing |
| Oct | 15 | Cool |
| Nov | 16 | Cool |
| Dec | 18 | Cool |
UV index in Caldera in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 14 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Caldera peaks around January 19 at about 14 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 22 at about 4 (moderate).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 14 | 14 | 12 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 9 | 12 | 12 | 13 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | High | High | Moderate | Moderate | High | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 14 | Extreme |
| Feb | 14 | Extreme |
| Mar | 12 | Extreme |
| Apr | 7 | High |
| May | 5 | High |
| Jun | 4 | Moderate |
| Jul | 4 | Moderate |
| Aug | 6 | High |
| Sep | 9 | Very high |
| Oct | 12 | Extreme |
| Nov | 12 | Extreme |
| Dec | 13 | Extreme |
Where is Caldera?
Caldera sits at 27.1°S, 70.8°W, 23 m above sea level, in Chile. The nearest listed city is Copiapó, 59 km away.
Topography around Caldera
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Caldera.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Caldera has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 82 m around an average of 27 m above sea level; within 16 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 789 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,395 m.
The land around Caldera is covered by bare terrain (64%) and water (23%) within 3 km, bare terrain (60%) and water (38%) within 16 km, and bare terrain (65%) and water (33%) within 80 km.
Chile travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type C / F / L
- 220 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 48% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $17,995
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.3 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 98%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 6.3
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 14.9
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- English
- Moderate
- EF EPI 517
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Caldera (-27.0681°, -70.8192°, elevation 23 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. Sea temperatures are the NOAA OISST v2.1 1991–2020 monthly climatology (public domain), sampled at the nearest ocean point. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).