Caldera weather in November
In November, Caldera sees average daytime highs of 18°C and overnight lows near 13°C, with 0 mm of rain across 0 wet days and about 13.3 hours of daylight. It is the 6th-warmest and 9th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 18°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 85% of the time in November, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 13 hours at the start of November to 13 h 36 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, November is Caldera's 4th-clearest and 3rd-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Caldera's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 18°
- 6th warmest
- Overnight low
- 13°
- 7th coldest
- Rainfall
- 0 mm
- 0 wet days
- Daylight
- 13 h 24 min
- 6:48 AM – 8:09 PM
- Cloud cover
- 27%
- 4th clearest
- Wind
- 11 km/h
- 3rd windiest
- Solar energy
- 8.61 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 7.9
- out of 10
Caldera is settlement in Chile.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in November
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 18°C through the month.
A typical November day in Caldera reaches about 18°C in the afternoon and slips back to 13°C overnight — a 5°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 17°C and 19°C. Set against its neighbours, November runs about 1°C warmer than October and about 2°C cooler than December.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 |
| Avg low (°C) | 12 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 14 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 18 | 12 |
| 2 | 18 | 13 |
| 3 | 18 | 13 |
| 4 | 18 | 13 |
| 5 | 18 | 13 |
| 6 | 18 | 13 |
| 7 | 18 | 13 |
| 8 | 18 | 13 |
| 9 | 18 | 13 |
| 10 | 18 | 13 |
| 11 | 18 | 13 |
| 12 | 18 | 13 |
| 13 | 18 | 13 |
| 14 | 18 | 13 |
| 15 | 18 | 13 |
| 16 | 18 | 13 |
| 17 | 18 | 13 |
| 18 | 18 | 13 |
| 19 | 18 | 13 |
| 20 | 18 | 13 |
| 21 | 18 | 13 |
| 22 | 18 | 13 |
| 23 | 18 | 13 |
| 24 | 18 | 13 |
| 25 | 19 | 13 |
| 26 | 19 | 13 |
| 27 | 19 | 13 |
| 28 | 19 | 13 |
| 29 | 19 | 14 |
| 30 | 19 | 14 |
Caldera weather by month
How November compares with the rest of the year at a glance. November is the 6th-warmest and 9th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 21° / 16° | 0 | 0 | 13.5 | 8.6 |
| Feb | 21° / 16° | 0 | 0 | 13 | 8.7 |
| Mar | 20° / 15° | 1 | 0.1 | 12.2 | 8.5 |
| Apr | 19° / 14° | 1 | 0.1 | 11.4 | 8.0 |
| May | 17° / 13° | 3 | 0.7 | 10.7 | 7.2 |
| Jun | 16° / 11° | 4 | 0.5 | 10.3 | 6.6 |
| Jul | 16° / 11° | 4 | 0.7 | 10.5 | 6.3 |
| Aug | 16° / 11° | 3 | 0.4 | 11 | 6.5 |
| Sep | 16° / 11° | 1 | 0.1 | 11.8 | 6.9 |
| Oct | 17° / 12° | 0 | 0.1 | 12.6 | 7.3 |
| Nov | 18° / 13° | 0 | 0 | 13.3 | 7.9 |
| Dec | 20° / 14° | 0 | 0 | 13.7 | 8.3 |
Cloud cover in November
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 85% of the time in November.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 8% of November, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 7%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 93 | 93 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 94 | 94 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 |
| Cloudier (%) | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 93 | 7 |
| 2 | 93 | 7 |
| 3 | 93 | 7 |
| 4 | 93 | 7 |
| 5 | 93 | 7 |
| 6 | 94 | 6 |
| 7 | 94 | 6 |
| 8 | 94 | 6 |
| 9 | 93 | 7 |
| 10 | 93 | 7 |
| 11 | 92 | 8 |
| 12 | 92 | 8 |
| 13 | 92 | 8 |
| 14 | 92 | 8 |
| 15 | 92 | 8 |
| 16 | 92 | 8 |
| 17 | 92 | 8 |
| 18 | 92 | 8 |
| 19 | 92 | 8 |
| 20 | 92 | 8 |
| 21 | 93 | 7 |
| 22 | 93 | 7 |
| 23 | 93 | 7 |
| 24 | 93 | 7 |
| 25 | 94 | 6 |
| 26 | 94 | 6 |
| 27 | 95 | 5 |
| 28 | 95 | 5 |
| 29 | 95 | 5 |
| 30 | 95 | 5 |
Chance of precipitation in November
Caldera gets around 0 mm of rain over 0 wet days in November. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 0% and peaks near 0% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 0 |
| 2 | 0 |
| 3 | 0 |
| 4 | 0 |
| 5 | 0 |
| 6 | 0 |
| 7 | 0 |
| 8 | 0 |
| 9 | 0 |
| 10 | 0 |
| 11 | 0 |
| 12 | 0 |
| 13 | 0 |
| 14 | 0 |
| 15 | 0 |
| 16 | 0 |
| 17 | 0 |
| 18 | 0 |
| 19 | 0 |
| 20 | 0 |
| 21 | 0 |
| 22 | 0 |
| 23 | 0 |
| 24 | 0 |
| 25 | 0 |
| 26 | 0 |
| 27 | 0 |
| 28 | 0 |
| 29 | 0 |
| 30 | 0 |
Humidity in November
Most of November feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, November lands in the dry band about 95% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 97 | 97 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 95 | 95 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 93 | 92 | 92 | 91 | 91 | 90 | 89 | 89 | 88 | 87 |
| Comfortable (%) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 13 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 99 | 1 |
| 2 | 99 | 1 |
| 3 | 99 | 1 |
| 4 | 99 | 1 |
| 5 | 99 | 1 |
| 6 | 98 | 2 |
| 7 | 98 | 2 |
| 8 | 98 | 2 |
| 9 | 98 | 2 |
| 10 | 98 | 2 |
| 11 | 97 | 3 |
| 12 | 97 | 3 |
| 13 | 96 | 4 |
| 14 | 96 | 4 |
| 15 | 96 | 4 |
| 16 | 95 | 5 |
| 17 | 95 | 5 |
| 18 | 94 | 6 |
| 19 | 94 | 6 |
| 20 | 94 | 6 |
| 21 | 93 | 7 |
| 22 | 92 | 8 |
| 23 | 92 | 8 |
| 24 | 91 | 9 |
| 25 | 91 | 9 |
| 26 | 90 | 10 |
| 27 | 89 | 11 |
| 28 | 89 | 11 |
| 29 | 88 | 12 |
| 30 | 87 | 13 |
Wind in November
Winds average 11 km/h in November.
Across November, daily wind ranges from about 11 km/h on the calmest days to 11 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11 | calm |
| 2 | 11 | calm |
| 3 | 11 | calm |
| 4 | 11 | calm |
| 5 | 11 | calm |
| 6 | 11 | calm |
| 7 | 11 | calm |
| 8 | 11 | calm |
| 9 | 11 | calm |
| 10 | 11 | calm |
| 11 | 11 | calm |
| 12 | 11 | calm |
| 13 | 11 | calm |
| 14 | 11 | calm |
| 15 | 11 | calm |
| 16 | 11 | calm |
| 17 | 11 | calm |
| 18 | 11 | calm |
| 19 | 11 | calm |
| 20 | 11 | calm |
| 21 | 11 | calm |
| 22 | 11 | calm |
| 23 | 11 | calm |
| 24 | 11 | calm |
| 25 | 11 | calm |
| 26 | 11 | calm |
| 27 | 11 | calm |
| 28 | 11 | calm |
| 29 | 11 | calm |
| 30 | 11 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in November
Daylight runs from about 13 hours at the start of November to 13 h 36 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 36 minutes over November. Sunrise moves from 6:55 AM to 6:46 AM, and sunset from 7:58 PM to 8:20 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 13.0 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.4 | 13.4 | 13.4 | 13.4 | 13.4 | 13.4 | 13.5 | 13.5 | 13.5 | 13.5 | 13.5 | 13.5 | 13.5 | 13.6 | 13.6 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:55 | 6:55 | 6:54 | 6:53 | 6:53 | 6:52 | 6:52 | 6:51 | 6:51 | 6:50 | 6:50 | 6:49 | 6:49 | 6:49 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:47 | 6:47 | 6:47 | 6:47 | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:46 |
| Sunset (PM) | 7:58 | 7:59 | 8:00 | 8:00 | 8:01 | 8:02 | 8:03 | 8:03 | 8:04 | 8:05 | 8:05 | 8:06 | 8:07 | 8:08 | 8:09 | 8:09 | 8:10 | 8:11 | 8:12 | 8:12 | 8:13 | 8:14 | 8:15 | 8:15 | 8:16 | 8:17 | 8:18 | 8:18 | 8:19 | 8:20 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 13.0 | 6:55 | 7:58 |
| 2 | 13.1 | 6:55 | 7:59 |
| 3 | 13.1 | 6:54 | 8:00 |
| 4 | 13.1 | 6:53 | 8:00 |
| 5 | 13.1 | 6:53 | 8:01 |
| 6 | 13.2 | 6:52 | 8:02 |
| 7 | 13.2 | 6:52 | 8:03 |
| 8 | 13.2 | 6:51 | 8:03 |
| 9 | 13.2 | 6:51 | 8:04 |
| 10 | 13.2 | 6:50 | 8:05 |
| 11 | 13.3 | 6:50 | 8:05 |
| 12 | 13.3 | 6:49 | 8:06 |
| 13 | 13.3 | 6:49 | 8:07 |
| 14 | 13.3 | 6:49 | 8:08 |
| 15 | 13.3 | 6:48 | 8:09 |
| 16 | 13.4 | 6:48 | 8:09 |
| 17 | 13.4 | 6:47 | 8:10 |
| 18 | 13.4 | 6:47 | 8:11 |
| 19 | 13.4 | 6:47 | 8:12 |
| 20 | 13.4 | 6:47 | 8:12 |
| 21 | 13.4 | 6:46 | 8:13 |
| 22 | 13.5 | 6:46 | 8:14 |
| 23 | 13.5 | 6:46 | 8:15 |
| 24 | 13.5 | 6:46 | 8:15 |
| 25 | 13.5 | 6:46 | 8:16 |
| 26 | 13.5 | 6:46 | 8:17 |
| 27 | 13.5 | 6:46 | 8:18 |
| 28 | 13.5 | 6:46 | 8:18 |
| 29 | 13.6 | 6:46 | 8:19 |
| 30 | 13.6 | 6:46 | 8:20 |
Solar energy in November
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in November, about 8.61 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 3.84 kWh/m² to a high of 9 kWh/m² in December across the year — November's 8.61 kWh/m² sits near the top of that range.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 8.2 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 8.4 | 8.4 | 8.4 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 8.7 | 8.7 | 8.7 | 8.7 | 8.7 | 8.7 | 8.8 | 8.8 | 8.8 | 8.8 | 8.8 | 8.8 | 8.9 | 8.9 |
| Level | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8.2 | Intense |
| 2 | 8.3 | Intense |
| 3 | 8.3 | Intense |
| 4 | 8.3 | Intense |
| 5 | 8.3 | Intense |
| 6 | 8.4 | Intense |
| 7 | 8.4 | Intense |
| 8 | 8.4 | Intense |
| 9 | 8.5 | Intense |
| 10 | 8.5 | Intense |
| 11 | 8.5 | Intense |
| 12 | 8.5 | Intense |
| 13 | 8.6 | Intense |
| 14 | 8.6 | Intense |
| 15 | 8.6 | Intense |
| 16 | 8.6 | Intense |
| 17 | 8.7 | Intense |
| 18 | 8.7 | Intense |
| 19 | 8.7 | Intense |
| 20 | 8.7 | Intense |
| 21 | 8.7 | Intense |
| 22 | 8.7 | Intense |
| 23 | 8.8 | Intense |
| 24 | 8.8 | Intense |
| 25 | 8.8 | Intense |
| 26 | 8.8 | Intense |
| 27 | 8.8 | Intense |
| 28 | 8.8 | Intense |
| 29 | 8.9 | Intense |
| 30 | 8.9 | Intense |
Is November a good time to visit Caldera?
Our two travel scores rate November for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
November is one of the better times to visit Caldera for general sightseeing.
What to pack for Caldera in November
From November's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In November, Caldera sees daytime highs around 18°C and nights near 13°C. Pack sun protection.
Sea temperature near Caldera in November
The nearest coast averages about 16°C in November — the other half of the beach question. The full-year curve and swim-comfort zones are below.
The sea offshore is warmest in February at about 20°C and coldest in August near 14°C.
The water stays below 20°C all year — cool enough that most swimmers want a wetsuit.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sea temperature (°C) | 19 | 20 | 19 | 18 | 16 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 18 |
| Comfort | Cool | Cool | Cool | Cool | Cool | Cool | Bracing | Bracing | Bracing | Cool | Cool | Cool |
| Sea temperature (°C) | Comfort | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 19 | Cool |
| Feb | 20 | Cool |
| Mar | 19 | Cool |
| Apr | 18 | Cool |
| May | 16 | Cool |
| Jun | 15 | Cool |
| Jul | 15 | Bracing |
| Aug | 14 | Bracing |
| Sep | 14 | Bracing |
| Oct | 15 | Cool |
| Nov | 16 | Cool |
| Dec | 18 | Cool |
UV index in Caldera in November
Clear-sky midday UV in November peaks around 12 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Caldera peaks around January 19 at about 14 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 22 at about 4 (moderate).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 14 | 14 | 12 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 9 | 12 | 12 | 13 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | High | High | Moderate | Moderate | High | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 14 | Extreme |
| Feb | 14 | Extreme |
| Mar | 12 | Extreme |
| Apr | 7 | High |
| May | 5 | High |
| Jun | 4 | Moderate |
| Jul | 4 | Moderate |
| Aug | 6 | High |
| Sep | 9 | Very high |
| Oct | 12 | Extreme |
| Nov | 12 | Extreme |
| Dec | 13 | Extreme |
Where is Caldera?
Caldera sits at 27.1°S, 70.8°W, 23 m above sea level, in Chile. The nearest listed city is Copiapó, 59 km away.
Topography around Caldera
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Caldera.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Caldera has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 82 m around an average of 27 m above sea level; within 16 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 789 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,395 m.
The land around Caldera is covered by bare terrain (64%) and water (23%) within 3 km, bare terrain (60%) and water (38%) within 16 km, and bare terrain (65%) and water (33%) within 80 km.
Chile travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type C / F / L
- 220 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 48% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $17,995
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.3 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 98%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 6.3
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 14.9
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- English
- Moderate
- EF EPI 517
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Caldera (-27.0681°, -70.8192°, elevation 23 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. Sea temperatures are the NOAA OISST v2.1 1991–2020 monthly climatology (public domain), sampled at the nearest ocean point. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).