Colina weather in September
In September, Colina sees average daytime highs of 18°C and overnight lows near 7°C, with 77 mm of precipitation across 9.9 wet days and about 11.8 hours of daylight. It is the 9th-warmest and 5th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about 17°C in the first days to 19°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 38% of the time in September, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 11 h 18 min at the start of September to 12 h 18 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, September is Colina's 9th-clearest and 7th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Colina's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 18°
- 9th warmest
- Overnight low
- 7°
- 4th coldest
- Precipitation
- 77 mm
- 9.9 wet days
- Daylight
- 11 h 48 min
- 7:43 AM – 7:31 PM
- Cloud cover
- 52%
- 9th clearest
- Wind
- 5 km/h
- 7th windiest
- Solar energy
- 5.19 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 5.9
- out of 10
Temperature in September
Highs climb over the month, from about 17°C in the first days to 19°C by the end.
A typical September day in Colina reaches about 18°C in the afternoon and slips back to 7°C overnight — a 10°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 13°C and 23°C. Set against its neighbours, September runs about 2°C warmer than August and about 3°C cooler than October.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 |
| Avg low (°C) | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 17 | 7 |
| 2 | 17 | 7 |
| 3 | 17 | 7 |
| 4 | 17 | 7 |
| 5 | 17 | 7 |
| 6 | 17 | 7 |
| 7 | 17 | 7 |
| 8 | 17 | 7 |
| 9 | 17 | 7 |
| 10 | 17 | 7 |
| 11 | 17 | 7 |
| 12 | 17 | 7 |
| 13 | 18 | 7 |
| 14 | 18 | 7 |
| 15 | 18 | 7 |
| 16 | 18 | 7 |
| 17 | 18 | 7 |
| 18 | 18 | 8 |
| 19 | 18 | 8 |
| 20 | 18 | 8 |
| 21 | 18 | 8 |
| 22 | 18 | 8 |
| 23 | 18 | 8 |
| 24 | 19 | 8 |
| 25 | 19 | 8 |
| 26 | 19 | 8 |
| 27 | 19 | 8 |
| 28 | 19 | 8 |
| 29 | 19 | 8 |
| 30 | 19 | 8 |
Colina weather by month
How September compares with the rest of the year at a glance. September is the 9th-warmest and 5th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 28° / 16° | 8 | 2 | 13.9 | 7.8 |
| Feb | 28° / 16° | 9 | 1.8 | 13.2 | 8.2 |
| Mar | 26° / 14° | 14 | 1.9 | 12.3 | 8.8 |
| Apr | 22° / 11° | 39 | 3.8 | 11.2 | 8.1 |
| May | 18° / 8° | 81 | 7 | 10.3 | 6.3 |
| Jun | 15° / 5° | 116 | 7.9 | 9.8 | 4.8 |
| Jul | 15° / 5° | 96 | 8.2 | 10 | 4.6 |
| Aug | 16° / 6° | 99 | 8.9 | 10.8 | 5.2 |
| Sep | 18° / 7° | 77 | 9.9 | 11.8 | 5.9 |
| Oct | 20° / 10° | 59 | 8.7 | 12.8 | 6.8 |
| Nov | 24° / 12° | 28 | 4.7 | 13.7 | 8.3 |
| Dec | 27° / 14° | 13 | 2.2 | 14.2 | 8.6 |
Cloud cover in September
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 38% of the time in September.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 13% of September, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 48%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 48 | 48 | 48 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 50 | 50 | 51 | 51 | 52 | 51 | 52 | 53 | 54 | 53 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 53 | 53 | 53 | 53 | 53 | 52 | 52 | 53 | 53 | 53 |
| Cloudier (%) | 52 | 52 | 52 | 51 | 51 | 51 | 50 | 50 | 49 | 49 | 48 | 49 | 48 | 47 | 46 | 47 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 48 | 48 | 47 | 47 | 47 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 48 | 52 |
| 2 | 48 | 52 |
| 3 | 48 | 52 |
| 4 | 49 | 51 |
| 5 | 49 | 51 |
| 6 | 49 | 51 |
| 7 | 50 | 50 |
| 8 | 50 | 50 |
| 9 | 51 | 49 |
| 10 | 51 | 49 |
| 11 | 52 | 48 |
| 12 | 51 | 49 |
| 13 | 52 | 48 |
| 14 | 53 | 47 |
| 15 | 54 | 46 |
| 16 | 53 | 47 |
| 17 | 54 | 46 |
| 18 | 54 | 46 |
| 19 | 54 | 46 |
| 20 | 54 | 46 |
| 21 | 53 | 47 |
| 22 | 53 | 47 |
| 23 | 53 | 47 |
| 24 | 53 | 47 |
| 25 | 53 | 47 |
| 26 | 52 | 48 |
| 27 | 52 | 48 |
| 28 | 53 | 47 |
| 29 | 53 | 47 |
| 30 | 53 | 47 |
Chance of precipitation in September
Colina gets around 77 mm of rain and snow over 9.9 wet days in September. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 33% and peaks near 35% on the wettest days, and about 0 day brings snow.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 34 | 34 | 34 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 33 | 32 | 32 | 31 | 31 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 31 | 31 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 34 |
| 2 | 34 |
| 3 | 34 |
| 4 | 35 |
| 5 | 35 |
| 6 | 35 |
| 7 | 35 |
| 8 | 35 |
| 9 | 34 |
| 10 | 34 |
| 11 | 34 |
| 12 | 33 |
| 13 | 32 |
| 14 | 32 |
| 15 | 31 |
| 16 | 31 |
| 17 | 30 |
| 18 | 30 |
| 19 | 30 |
| 20 | 30 |
| 21 | 30 |
| 22 | 31 |
| 23 | 31 |
| 24 | 32 |
| 25 | 32 |
| 26 | 32 |
| 27 | 33 |
| 28 | 33 |
| 29 | 33 |
| 30 | 33 |
Humidity in September
Most of September feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, September lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
| 29 | 100 |
| 30 | 100 |
Wind in September
Winds average 5 km/h in September.
Across September, daily wind ranges from about 5 km/h on the calmest days to 5 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5 | calm |
| 2 | 5 | calm |
| 3 | 5 | calm |
| 4 | 5 | calm |
| 5 | 5 | calm |
| 6 | 5 | calm |
| 7 | 5 | calm |
| 8 | 5 | calm |
| 9 | 5 | calm |
| 10 | 5 | calm |
| 11 | 5 | calm |
| 12 | 5 | calm |
| 13 | 5 | calm |
| 14 | 5 | calm |
| 15 | 5 | calm |
| 16 | 5 | calm |
| 17 | 5 | calm |
| 18 | 5 | calm |
| 19 | 5 | calm |
| 20 | 5 | calm |
| 21 | 5 | calm |
| 22 | 5 | calm |
| 23 | 5 | calm |
| 24 | 5 | calm |
| 25 | 5 | calm |
| 26 | 5 | calm |
| 27 | 5 | calm |
| 28 | 5 | calm |
| 29 | 5 | calm |
| 30 | 5 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in September
Daylight runs from about 11 h 18 min at the start of September to 12 h 18 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 60 minutes over September. Sunrise moves from 8:04 AM to 7:23 AM, and sunset from 7:21 PM to 7:41 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 11.3 | 11.3 | 11.3 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.3 | 12.3 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 8:04 | 8:03 | 8:01 | 8:00 | 7:59 | 7:57 | 7:56 | 7:54 | 7:53 | 7:52 | 7:50 | 7:49 | 7:47 | 7:46 | 7:45 | 7:43 | 7:42 | 7:40 | 7:39 | 7:37 | 7:36 | 7:35 | 7:33 | 7:32 | 7:30 | 7:29 | 7:27 | 7:26 | 7:25 | 7:23 |
| Sunset (PM) | 7:21 | 7:21 | 7:22 | 7:23 | 7:23 | 7:24 | 7:25 | 7:26 | 7:26 | 7:27 | 7:28 | 7:28 | 7:29 | 7:30 | 7:30 | 7:31 | 7:32 | 7:32 | 7:33 | 7:34 | 7:34 | 7:35 | 7:36 | 7:36 | 7:37 | 7:38 | 7:39 | 7:39 | 7:40 | 7:41 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11.3 | 8:04 | 7:21 |
| 2 | 11.3 | 8:03 | 7:21 |
| 3 | 11.3 | 8:01 | 7:22 |
| 4 | 11.4 | 8:00 | 7:23 |
| 5 | 11.4 | 7:59 | 7:23 |
| 6 | 11.4 | 7:57 | 7:24 |
| 7 | 11.5 | 7:56 | 7:25 |
| 8 | 11.5 | 7:54 | 7:26 |
| 9 | 11.6 | 7:53 | 7:26 |
| 10 | 11.6 | 7:52 | 7:27 |
| 11 | 11.6 | 7:50 | 7:28 |
| 12 | 11.7 | 7:49 | 7:28 |
| 13 | 11.7 | 7:47 | 7:29 |
| 14 | 11.7 | 7:46 | 7:30 |
| 15 | 11.8 | 7:45 | 7:30 |
| 16 | 11.8 | 7:43 | 7:31 |
| 17 | 11.8 | 7:42 | 7:32 |
| 18 | 11.9 | 7:40 | 7:32 |
| 19 | 11.9 | 7:39 | 7:33 |
| 20 | 11.9 | 7:37 | 7:34 |
| 21 | 12.0 | 7:36 | 7:34 |
| 22 | 12.0 | 7:35 | 7:35 |
| 23 | 12.0 | 7:33 | 7:36 |
| 24 | 12.1 | 7:32 | 7:36 |
| 25 | 12.1 | 7:30 | 7:37 |
| 26 | 12.1 | 7:29 | 7:38 |
| 27 | 12.2 | 7:27 | 7:39 |
| 28 | 12.2 | 7:26 | 7:39 |
| 29 | 12.3 | 7:25 | 7:40 |
| 30 | 12.3 | 7:23 | 7:41 |
Solar energy in September
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in September, about 5.19 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 2.54 kWh/m² to a high of 8.91 kWh/m² in December across the year — September's 5.19 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 6.0 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 2 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 3 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 4 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 5 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 6 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 7 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 8 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 9 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 10 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 11 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 12 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 13 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 14 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 15 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 16 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 17 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 18 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 19 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 20 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 21 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 24 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 25 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 26 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 27 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 28 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 29 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 30 | 6.0 | Bright |
Hazard calendar for Colina
In September, Colina sits inside its rainy season season. The full year is below, with each hazard's peak months called out.
Colina's rainy season runs May–October, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is September a good time to visit Colina?
Our two travel scores rate September for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
September is a reasonable time to visit Colina for sightseeing.
What to pack for Colina in September
From September's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In September, Colina sees daytime highs around 18°C and nights near 7°C. Worth packing: a warm layer, rain gear and sun protection. About 10 days see rain.
UV index in Colina in September
Clear-sky midday UV in September peaks around 6 — enough to warrant sun protection. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Colina peaks around January 18 at about 14 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 17 at about 3 (moderate).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 11 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 14 | 13 | 10 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | High | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | High | Very high | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 14 | Extreme |
| Feb | 13 | Extreme |
| Mar | 10 | Extreme |
| Apr | 6 | High |
| May | 3 | Moderate |
| Jun | 3 | Moderate |
| Jul | 3 | Moderate |
| Aug | 4 | Moderate |
| Sep | 6 | High |
| Oct | 10 | Very high |
| Nov | 11 | Extreme |
| Dec | 12 | Extreme |
Air quality in Colina in September
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where September falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Colina is worst in July — around 118 µg/m³ PM2.5 (unhealthy), about 4.8× the cleanest month (January, 25 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 25 | 28 | 41 | 58 | 84 | 104 | 118 | 102 | 82 | 55 | 36 | 26 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Poor | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Poor | Poor | Moderate |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 25 | Moderate |
| Feb | 28 | Moderate |
| Mar | 41 | Poor |
| Apr | 58 | Unhealthy |
| May | 84 | Unhealthy |
| Jun | 104 | Unhealthy |
| Jul | 118 | Unhealthy |
| Aug | 102 | Unhealthy |
| Sep | 82 | Unhealthy |
| Oct | 55 | Poor |
| Nov | 36 | Poor |
| Dec | 26 | Moderate |
Where is Colina?
Colina sits at 33.2°S, 70.7°W, 599 m above sea level, in Chile. The nearest listed city is Chicureo, 9.0 km away.
Topography around Colina
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Colina.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Colina has significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 250 m around an average of 593 m above sea level; within 16 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,060 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 6,033 m.
The land around Colina is covered by artificial surfaces (27%) and cropland (25%) within 3 km, grassland (32%) and shrubs (30%) within 16 km, and shrubs (29%), bare terrain (26%) and grassland (21%) within 80 km.
Chile travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type C / F / L
- 220 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 48% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $17,995
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.3 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 98%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 6.3
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 14.9
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- English
- Moderate
- EF EPI 517
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Colina (-33.2044°, -70.6747°, elevation 599 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).