Río Bueno weather in December
In December, Río Bueno sees average daytime highs of 20°C and overnight lows near 9°C, with 64 mm of rain across 8 wet days and about 14.8 hours of daylight. It is the 3rd-warmest and 9th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about 19°C in the first days to 21°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 28% of the time in December, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 14 h 42 min at the start of December to 14 h 48 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, December is Río Bueno's 4th-clearest and 3rd-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Río Bueno's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 20°
- 3rd warmest
- Overnight low
- 9°
- 10th coldest
- Rainfall
- 64 mm
- 8 wet days
- Daylight
- 14 h 54 min
- 6:22 AM – 9:14 PM
- Cloud cover
- 58%
- 4th clearest
- Wind
- 11 km/h
- 3rd windiest
- Solar energy
- 6.88 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 6.6
- out of 10
Río Bueno is city in Chile.
- Density
- 5,316/km²
- people per km²
- Founded
- 1778
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in December
Highs climb over the month, from about 19°C in the first days to 21°C by the end.
A typical December day in Río Bueno reaches about 20°C in the afternoon and slips back to 9°C overnight — a 11°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 16°C and 25°C. Set against its neighbours, December runs about 2°C warmer than November and about 2°C cooler than January.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 |
| Avg low (°C) | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 19 | 8 |
| 2 | 19 | 8 |
| 3 | 19 | 8 |
| 4 | 19 | 8 |
| 5 | 19 | 9 |
| 6 | 19 | 9 |
| 7 | 19 | 9 |
| 8 | 19 | 9 |
| 9 | 19 | 9 |
| 10 | 20 | 9 |
| 11 | 20 | 9 |
| 12 | 20 | 9 |
| 13 | 20 | 9 |
| 14 | 20 | 9 |
| 15 | 20 | 9 |
| 16 | 20 | 9 |
| 17 | 20 | 9 |
| 18 | 20 | 9 |
| 19 | 20 | 9 |
| 20 | 20 | 9 |
| 21 | 20 | 9 |
| 22 | 20 | 9 |
| 23 | 20 | 9 |
| 24 | 20 | 10 |
| 25 | 21 | 10 |
| 26 | 21 | 10 |
| 27 | 21 | 10 |
| 28 | 21 | 10 |
| 29 | 21 | 10 |
| 30 | 21 | 10 |
| 31 | 21 | 10 |
Río Bueno weather by month
How December compares with the rest of the year at a glance. December is the 3rd-warmest and 9th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 22° / 10° | 36 | 6 | 14.5 | 7.5 |
| Feb | 22° / 10° | 41 | 5.1 | 13.6 | 7.6 |
| Mar | 20° / 9° | 63 | 7.6 | 12.3 | 6.7 |
| Apr | 16° / 7° | 109 | 10.6 | 11 | 4.9 |
| May | 13° / 6° | 189 | 15.4 | 9.8 | 3.1 |
| Jun | 11° / 4° | 254 | 18.3 | 9.2 | 2.0 |
| Jul | 10° / 4° | 229 | 17.8 | 9.4 | 1.9 |
| Aug | 11° / 4° | 210 | 17.8 | 10.4 | 2.3 |
| Sep | 13° / 5° | 125 | 13.5 | 11.7 | 3.4 |
| Oct | 15° / 6° | 110 | 13.4 | 13.1 | 4.3 |
| Nov | 17° / 8° | 74 | 9.9 | 14.2 | 5.5 |
| Dec | 20° / 9° | 64 | 8 | 14.8 | 6.6 |
Cloud cover in December
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 28% of the time in December.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 20% of December, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 52%. Skies tend to open up as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 43 | 43 | 43 | 45 | 45 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 49 | 49 | 50 | 51 | 51 | 52 | 52 | 53 | 53 | 54 | 54 |
| Cloudier (%) | 57 | 57 | 57 | 55 | 55 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 51 | 51 | 50 | 49 | 49 | 48 | 48 | 47 | 47 | 46 | 46 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 43 | 57 |
| 2 | 43 | 57 |
| 3 | 43 | 57 |
| 4 | 45 | 55 |
| 5 | 45 | 55 |
| 6 | 46 | 54 |
| 7 | 46 | 54 |
| 8 | 46 | 54 |
| 9 | 46 | 54 |
| 10 | 46 | 54 |
| 11 | 46 | 54 |
| 12 | 46 | 54 |
| 13 | 46 | 54 |
| 14 | 46 | 54 |
| 15 | 46 | 54 |
| 16 | 48 | 52 |
| 17 | 48 | 52 |
| 18 | 48 | 52 |
| 19 | 48 | 52 |
| 20 | 48 | 52 |
| 21 | 49 | 51 |
| 22 | 49 | 51 |
| 23 | 50 | 50 |
| 24 | 51 | 49 |
| 25 | 51 | 49 |
| 26 | 52 | 48 |
| 27 | 52 | 48 |
| 28 | 53 | 47 |
| 29 | 53 | 47 |
| 30 | 54 | 46 |
| 31 | 54 | 46 |
Chance of precipitation in December
Río Bueno gets around 64 mm of rain over 8 wet days in December. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 25% and peaks near 28% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 28 | 28 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 28 |
| 2 | 28 |
| 3 | 27 |
| 4 | 27 |
| 5 | 27 |
| 6 | 26 |
| 7 | 26 |
| 8 | 26 |
| 9 | 26 |
| 10 | 25 |
| 11 | 25 |
| 12 | 25 |
| 13 | 24 |
| 14 | 24 |
| 15 | 24 |
| 16 | 24 |
| 17 | 24 |
| 18 | 25 |
| 19 | 25 |
| 20 | 25 |
| 21 | 25 |
| 22 | 25 |
| 23 | 25 |
| 24 | 25 |
| 25 | 25 |
| 26 | 25 |
| 27 | 25 |
| 28 | 25 |
| 29 | 25 |
| 30 | 25 |
| 31 | 25 |
Humidity in December
Most of December feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, December lands in the dry band about 95% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 95 | 95 | 94 | 94 | 93 | 93 | 92 | 92 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 |
| Comfortable (%) | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 97 | 3 |
| 2 | 97 | 3 |
| 3 | 97 | 3 |
| 4 | 97 | 3 |
| 5 | 97 | 3 |
| 6 | 97 | 3 |
| 7 | 97 | 3 |
| 8 | 97 | 3 |
| 9 | 97 | 3 |
| 10 | 97 | 3 |
| 11 | 97 | 3 |
| 12 | 97 | 3 |
| 13 | 97 | 3 |
| 14 | 97 | 3 |
| 15 | 97 | 3 |
| 16 | 97 | 3 |
| 17 | 96 | 4 |
| 18 | 96 | 4 |
| 19 | 96 | 4 |
| 20 | 95 | 5 |
| 21 | 95 | 5 |
| 22 | 94 | 6 |
| 23 | 94 | 6 |
| 24 | 93 | 7 |
| 25 | 93 | 7 |
| 26 | 92 | 8 |
| 27 | 92 | 8 |
| 28 | 91 | 9 |
| 29 | 91 | 9 |
| 30 | 91 | 9 |
| 31 | 91 | 9 |
Wind in December
Winds average 11 km/h in December.
Across December, daily wind ranges from about 11 km/h on the calmest days to 11 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11 | calm |
| 2 | 11 | calm |
| 3 | 11 | calm |
| 4 | 11 | calm |
| 5 | 11 | calm |
| 6 | 11 | calm |
| 7 | 11 | calm |
| 8 | 11 | calm |
| 9 | 11 | calm |
| 10 | 11 | calm |
| 11 | 11 | calm |
| 12 | 11 | calm |
| 13 | 11 | calm |
| 14 | 11 | calm |
| 15 | 11 | calm |
| 16 | 11 | calm |
| 17 | 11 | calm |
| 18 | 11 | calm |
| 19 | 11 | calm |
| 20 | 11 | calm |
| 21 | 11 | calm |
| 22 | 11 | calm |
| 23 | 11 | calm |
| 24 | 11 | calm |
| 25 | 11 | calm |
| 26 | 11 | calm |
| 27 | 11 | calm |
| 28 | 11 | calm |
| 29 | 11 | calm |
| 30 | 11 | calm |
| 31 | 11 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in December
Daylight runs from about 14 h 42 min at the start of December to 14 h 48 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 6 minutes over December. Sunrise moves from 6:22 AM to 6:30 AM, and sunset from 9:02 PM to 9:20 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 14.7 | 14.7 | 14.7 | 14.7 | 14.7 | 14.8 | 14.8 | 14.8 | 14.8 | 14.8 | 14.8 | 14.8 | 14.8 | 14.8 | 14.9 | 14.9 | 14.9 | 14.9 | 14.9 | 14.9 | 14.9 | 14.9 | 14.9 | 14.9 | 14.9 | 14.9 | 14.9 | 14.9 | 14.9 | 14.8 | 14.8 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:22 | 6:21 | 6:21 | 6:21 | 6:21 | 6:21 | 6:21 | 6:21 | 6:21 | 6:21 | 6:21 | 6:21 | 6:21 | 6:22 | 6:22 | 6:22 | 6:22 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:26 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:29 | 6:30 |
| Sunset (PM) | 9:02 | 9:02 | 9:03 | 9:04 | 9:05 | 9:06 | 9:07 | 9:08 | 9:09 | 9:10 | 9:10 | 9:11 | 9:12 | 9:13 | 9:13 | 9:14 | 9:14 | 9:15 | 9:16 | 9:16 | 9:17 | 9:17 | 9:18 | 9:18 | 9:18 | 9:19 | 9:19 | 9:19 | 9:20 | 9:20 | 9:20 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 14.7 | 6:22 | 9:02 |
| 2 | 14.7 | 6:21 | 9:02 |
| 3 | 14.7 | 6:21 | 9:03 |
| 4 | 14.7 | 6:21 | 9:04 |
| 5 | 14.7 | 6:21 | 9:05 |
| 6 | 14.8 | 6:21 | 9:06 |
| 7 | 14.8 | 6:21 | 9:07 |
| 8 | 14.8 | 6:21 | 9:08 |
| 9 | 14.8 | 6:21 | 9:09 |
| 10 | 14.8 | 6:21 | 9:10 |
| 11 | 14.8 | 6:21 | 9:10 |
| 12 | 14.8 | 6:21 | 9:11 |
| 13 | 14.8 | 6:21 | 9:12 |
| 14 | 14.8 | 6:22 | 9:13 |
| 15 | 14.9 | 6:22 | 9:13 |
| 16 | 14.9 | 6:22 | 9:14 |
| 17 | 14.9 | 6:22 | 9:14 |
| 18 | 14.9 | 6:23 | 9:15 |
| 19 | 14.9 | 6:23 | 9:16 |
| 20 | 14.9 | 6:24 | 9:16 |
| 21 | 14.9 | 6:24 | 9:17 |
| 22 | 14.9 | 6:24 | 9:17 |
| 23 | 14.9 | 6:25 | 9:18 |
| 24 | 14.9 | 6:25 | 9:18 |
| 25 | 14.9 | 6:26 | 9:18 |
| 26 | 14.9 | 6:27 | 9:19 |
| 27 | 14.9 | 6:27 | 9:19 |
| 28 | 14.9 | 6:28 | 9:19 |
| 29 | 14.9 | 6:28 | 9:20 |
| 30 | 14.8 | 6:29 | 9:20 |
| 31 | 14.8 | 6:30 | 9:20 |
Solar energy in December
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in December, about 6.88 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 1.28 kWh/m² to a high of 7.12 kWh/m² in January across the year — December's 6.88 kWh/m² sits near the top of that range.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.1 | 7.1 | 7.1 |
| Level | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 2 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 3 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 4 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 5 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 6 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 7 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 8 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 9 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 10 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 11 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 12 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 13 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 14 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 15 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 16 | 6.9 | Intense |
| 17 | 6.9 | Intense |
| 18 | 6.9 | Intense |
| 19 | 6.9 | Intense |
| 20 | 6.9 | Intense |
| 21 | 6.9 | Intense |
| 22 | 7.0 | Intense |
| 23 | 7.0 | Intense |
| 24 | 7.0 | Intense |
| 25 | 7.0 | Intense |
| 26 | 7.0 | Intense |
| 27 | 7.0 | Intense |
| 28 | 7.0 | Intense |
| 29 | 7.1 | Intense |
| 30 | 7.1 | Intense |
| 31 | 7.1 | Intense |
Hazard calendar for Río Bueno
None of Río Bueno's seasonal hazards are active in December. The full-year calendar below shows when the rainy season, cyclone risk and dust haze do peak.
Río Bueno's rainy season runs May–September, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is December a good time to visit Río Bueno?
Our two travel scores rate December for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
December is a reasonable time to visit Río Bueno for sightseeing.
What to pack for Río Bueno in December
From December's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In December, Río Bueno sees daytime highs around 20°C and nights near 9°C. Pack sun protection. Worth having: rain gear. About 8 days see rain.
UV index in Río Bueno in December
Clear-sky midday UV in December peaks around 12 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Río Bueno peaks around December 20 at about 12 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 18 at about 2 (low).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 8 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 11 | 11 | 7 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 9 | 12 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Very high | Very high | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 11 | Extreme |
| Feb | 11 | Extreme |
| Mar | 7 | Very high |
| Apr | 4 | Moderate |
| May | 2 | Moderate |
| Jun | 2 | Low |
| Jul | 2 | Low |
| Aug | 3 | Moderate |
| Sep | 4 | Moderate |
| Oct | 7 | Very high |
| Nov | 9 | Very high |
| Dec | 12 | Extreme |
Where is Río Bueno?
Río Bueno sits at 40.3°S, 73.0°W, 61 m above sea level, in Chile. The nearest listed city is La Unión, 12 km away.
Topography around Río Bueno
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Río Bueno.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Río Bueno has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 75 m around an average of 55 m above sea level; within 16 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 328 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,198 m.
The land around Río Bueno is covered by grassland (36%), cropland (29%) and trees (23%) within 3 km, cropland (39%), grassland (38%) and trees (22%) within 16 km, and trees (55%) and grassland (22%) within 80 km.
Chile travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type C / F / L
- 220 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 48% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $17,995
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.3 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 98%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 6.3
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 14.9
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- English
- Moderate
- EF EPI 517
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Río Bueno (-40.3349°, -72.9556°, elevation 61 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).