Río Bueno weather in November
In November, Río Bueno sees average daytime highs of 17°C and overnight lows near 8°C, with 74 mm of rain across 9.9 wet days and about 14.2 hours of daylight. It is the 5th-warmest and 8th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about 17°C in the first days to 18°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 16% of the time in November, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 13 h 48 min at the start of November to 14 h 36 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, November is Río Bueno's 6th-clearest and 4th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Río Bueno's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 17°
- 5th warmest
- Overnight low
- 8°
- 8th coldest
- Rainfall
- 74 mm
- 9.9 wet days
- Daylight
- 14 h 18 min
- 6:29 AM – 8:45 PM
- Cloud cover
- 68%
- 6th clearest
- Wind
- 11 km/h
- 4th windiest
- Solar energy
- 5.89 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 5.5
- out of 10
Río Bueno is city in Chile.
- Density
- 5,316/km²
- people per km²
- Founded
- 1778
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in November
Highs climb over the month, from about 17°C in the first days to 18°C by the end.
A typical November day in Río Bueno reaches about 17°C in the afternoon and slips back to 8°C overnight — a 10°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 14°C and 22°C. Set against its neighbours, November runs about 2°C warmer than October and about 2°C cooler than December.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 16 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 19 |
| Avg low (°C) | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 16 | 7 |
| 2 | 17 | 7 |
| 3 | 17 | 7 |
| 4 | 17 | 7 |
| 5 | 17 | 7 |
| 6 | 17 | 7 |
| 7 | 17 | 7 |
| 8 | 17 | 7 |
| 9 | 17 | 7 |
| 10 | 17 | 7 |
| 11 | 17 | 7 |
| 12 | 17 | 7 |
| 13 | 17 | 7 |
| 14 | 17 | 7 |
| 15 | 17 | 8 |
| 16 | 18 | 8 |
| 17 | 18 | 8 |
| 18 | 18 | 8 |
| 19 | 18 | 8 |
| 20 | 18 | 8 |
| 21 | 18 | 8 |
| 22 | 18 | 8 |
| 23 | 18 | 8 |
| 24 | 18 | 8 |
| 25 | 18 | 8 |
| 26 | 18 | 8 |
| 27 | 18 | 8 |
| 28 | 18 | 8 |
| 29 | 18 | 8 |
| 30 | 19 | 8 |
Río Bueno weather by month
How November compares with the rest of the year at a glance. November is the 5th-warmest and 8th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 22° / 10° | 36 | 6 | 14.5 | 7.5 |
| Feb | 22° / 10° | 41 | 5.1 | 13.6 | 7.6 |
| Mar | 20° / 9° | 63 | 7.6 | 12.3 | 6.7 |
| Apr | 16° / 7° | 109 | 10.6 | 11 | 4.9 |
| May | 13° / 6° | 189 | 15.4 | 9.8 | 3.1 |
| Jun | 11° / 4° | 254 | 18.3 | 9.2 | 2.0 |
| Jul | 10° / 4° | 229 | 17.8 | 9.4 | 1.9 |
| Aug | 11° / 4° | 210 | 17.8 | 10.4 | 2.3 |
| Sep | 13° / 5° | 125 | 13.5 | 11.7 | 3.4 |
| Oct | 15° / 6° | 110 | 13.4 | 13.1 | 4.3 |
| Nov | 17° / 8° | 74 | 9.9 | 14.2 | 5.5 |
| Dec | 20° / 9° | 64 | 8 | 14.8 | 6.6 |
Cloud cover in November
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 16% of the time in November.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 18% of November, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 66%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 36 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 33 | 33 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 32 | 32 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 39 | 40 | 42 |
| Cloudier (%) | 64 | 66 | 66 | 66 | 66 | 66 | 67 | 67 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 68 | 68 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 66 | 65 | 64 | 63 | 62 | 61 | 61 | 60 | 58 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 36 | 64 |
| 2 | 34 | 66 |
| 3 | 34 | 66 |
| 4 | 34 | 66 |
| 5 | 34 | 66 |
| 6 | 34 | 66 |
| 7 | 33 | 67 |
| 8 | 33 | 67 |
| 9 | 32 | 68 |
| 10 | 32 | 68 |
| 11 | 32 | 68 |
| 12 | 32 | 68 |
| 13 | 33 | 67 |
| 14 | 33 | 67 |
| 15 | 33 | 67 |
| 16 | 32 | 68 |
| 17 | 32 | 68 |
| 18 | 33 | 67 |
| 19 | 33 | 67 |
| 20 | 33 | 67 |
| 21 | 33 | 67 |
| 22 | 34 | 66 |
| 23 | 35 | 65 |
| 24 | 36 | 64 |
| 25 | 37 | 63 |
| 26 | 38 | 62 |
| 27 | 39 | 61 |
| 28 | 39 | 61 |
| 29 | 40 | 60 |
| 30 | 42 | 58 |
Chance of precipitation in November
Río Bueno gets around 74 mm of rain over 9.9 wet days in November. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 33% and peaks near 41% on the wettest days. The odds ease toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 41 | 40 | 40 | 39 | 38 | 37 | 36 | 36 | 35 | 34 | 34 | 33 | 33 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 28 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 41 |
| 2 | 40 |
| 3 | 40 |
| 4 | 39 |
| 5 | 38 |
| 6 | 37 |
| 7 | 36 |
| 8 | 36 |
| 9 | 35 |
| 10 | 34 |
| 11 | 34 |
| 12 | 33 |
| 13 | 33 |
| 14 | 32 |
| 15 | 32 |
| 16 | 32 |
| 17 | 32 |
| 18 | 31 |
| 19 | 31 |
| 20 | 31 |
| 21 | 31 |
| 22 | 31 |
| 23 | 30 |
| 24 | 30 |
| 25 | 30 |
| 26 | 30 |
| 27 | 29 |
| 28 | 29 |
| 29 | 29 |
| 30 | 28 |
Humidity in November
Most of November feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, November lands in the dry band about 99% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 97 | 97 |
| Comfortable (%) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 99 | 1 |
| 2 | 99 | 1 |
| 3 | 99 | 1 |
| 4 | 99 | 1 |
| 5 | 99 | 1 |
| 6 | 99 | 1 |
| 7 | 99 | 1 |
| 8 | 99 | 1 |
| 9 | 99 | 1 |
| 10 | 99 | 1 |
| 11 | 99 | 1 |
| 12 | 99 | 1 |
| 13 | 99 | 1 |
| 14 | 99 | 1 |
| 15 | 99 | 1 |
| 16 | 99 | 1 |
| 17 | 99 | 1 |
| 18 | 99 | 1 |
| 19 | 99 | 1 |
| 20 | 99 | 1 |
| 21 | 99 | 1 |
| 22 | 98 | 2 |
| 23 | 98 | 2 |
| 24 | 98 | 2 |
| 25 | 98 | 2 |
| 26 | 98 | 2 |
| 27 | 98 | 2 |
| 28 | 98 | 2 |
| 29 | 97 | 3 |
| 30 | 97 | 3 |
Wind in November
Winds average 11 km/h in November.
Across November, daily wind ranges from about 10 km/h on the calmest days to 11 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10 | calm |
| 2 | 10 | calm |
| 3 | 10 | calm |
| 4 | 10 | calm |
| 5 | 10 | calm |
| 6 | 10 | calm |
| 7 | 10 | calm |
| 8 | 10 | calm |
| 9 | 10 | calm |
| 10 | 10 | calm |
| 11 | 10 | calm |
| 12 | 10 | calm |
| 13 | 10 | calm |
| 14 | 10 | calm |
| 15 | 10 | calm |
| 16 | 10 | calm |
| 17 | 11 | calm |
| 18 | 11 | calm |
| 19 | 11 | calm |
| 20 | 11 | calm |
| 21 | 11 | calm |
| 22 | 11 | calm |
| 23 | 11 | calm |
| 24 | 11 | calm |
| 25 | 11 | calm |
| 26 | 11 | calm |
| 27 | 11 | calm |
| 28 | 11 | calm |
| 29 | 11 | calm |
| 30 | 11 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in November
Daylight runs from about 13 h 48 min at the start of November to 14 h 36 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 48 minutes over November. Sunrise moves from 6:43 AM to 6:22 AM, and sunset from 8:28 PM to 9:01 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 13.8 | 13.8 | 13.8 | 13.9 | 13.9 | 13.9 | 14.0 | 14.0 | 14.0 | 14.1 | 14.1 | 14.1 | 14.2 | 14.2 | 14.2 | 14.3 | 14.3 | 14.3 | 14.4 | 14.4 | 14.4 | 14.5 | 14.5 | 14.5 | 14.5 | 14.6 | 14.6 | 14.6 | 14.6 | 14.6 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:43 | 6:42 | 6:41 | 6:40 | 6:38 | 6:37 | 6:36 | 6:35 | 6:35 | 6:34 | 6:33 | 6:32 | 6:31 | 6:30 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:28 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:22 | 6:22 | 6:22 |
| Sunset (PM) | 8:28 | 8:29 | 8:30 | 8:31 | 8:33 | 8:34 | 8:35 | 8:36 | 8:37 | 8:38 | 8:40 | 8:41 | 8:42 | 8:43 | 8:44 | 8:45 | 8:47 | 8:48 | 8:49 | 8:50 | 8:51 | 8:52 | 8:53 | 8:54 | 8:55 | 8:56 | 8:57 | 8:59 | 9:00 | 9:01 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 13.8 | 6:43 | 8:28 |
| 2 | 13.8 | 6:42 | 8:29 |
| 3 | 13.8 | 6:41 | 8:30 |
| 4 | 13.9 | 6:40 | 8:31 |
| 5 | 13.9 | 6:38 | 8:33 |
| 6 | 13.9 | 6:37 | 8:34 |
| 7 | 14.0 | 6:36 | 8:35 |
| 8 | 14.0 | 6:35 | 8:36 |
| 9 | 14.0 | 6:35 | 8:37 |
| 10 | 14.1 | 6:34 | 8:38 |
| 11 | 14.1 | 6:33 | 8:40 |
| 12 | 14.1 | 6:32 | 8:41 |
| 13 | 14.2 | 6:31 | 8:42 |
| 14 | 14.2 | 6:30 | 8:43 |
| 15 | 14.2 | 6:29 | 8:44 |
| 16 | 14.3 | 6:29 | 8:45 |
| 17 | 14.3 | 6:28 | 8:47 |
| 18 | 14.3 | 6:27 | 8:48 |
| 19 | 14.4 | 6:27 | 8:49 |
| 20 | 14.4 | 6:26 | 8:50 |
| 21 | 14.4 | 6:26 | 8:51 |
| 22 | 14.5 | 6:25 | 8:52 |
| 23 | 14.5 | 6:25 | 8:53 |
| 24 | 14.5 | 6:24 | 8:54 |
| 25 | 14.5 | 6:24 | 8:55 |
| 26 | 14.6 | 6:23 | 8:56 |
| 27 | 14.6 | 6:23 | 8:57 |
| 28 | 14.6 | 6:22 | 8:59 |
| 29 | 14.6 | 6:22 | 9:00 |
| 30 | 14.6 | 6:22 | 9:01 |
Solar energy in November
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in November, about 5.89 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 1.28 kWh/m² to a high of 7.12 kWh/m² in January across the year — November's 5.89 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 5.4 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.5 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 2 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 3 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 4 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 5 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 6 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 7 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 9 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 10 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 11 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 12 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 13 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 14 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 15 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 16 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 17 | 6.0 | Bright |
| 18 | 6.0 | Bright |
| 19 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 20 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 21 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 22 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 23 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 24 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 25 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 26 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 27 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 28 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 29 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 30 | 6.5 | Intense |
Hazard calendar for Río Bueno
None of Río Bueno's seasonal hazards are active in November. The full-year calendar below shows when the rainy season, cyclone risk and dust haze do peak.
Río Bueno's rainy season runs May–September, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is November a good time to visit Río Bueno?
Our two travel scores rate November for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
November is a reasonable time to visit Río Bueno for sightseeing.
What to pack for Río Bueno in November
From November's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In November, Río Bueno sees daytime highs around 17°C and nights near 8°C. Worth packing: a warm layer, rain gear and sun protection. About 10 days see rain.
UV index in Río Bueno in November
Clear-sky midday UV in November peaks around 9 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Río Bueno peaks around December 20 at about 12 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 18 at about 2 (low).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 8 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 11 | 11 | 7 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 9 | 12 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Very high | Very high | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 11 | Extreme |
| Feb | 11 | Extreme |
| Mar | 7 | Very high |
| Apr | 4 | Moderate |
| May | 2 | Moderate |
| Jun | 2 | Low |
| Jul | 2 | Low |
| Aug | 3 | Moderate |
| Sep | 4 | Moderate |
| Oct | 7 | Very high |
| Nov | 9 | Very high |
| Dec | 12 | Extreme |
Where is Río Bueno?
Río Bueno sits at 40.3°S, 73.0°W, 61 m above sea level, in Chile. The nearest listed city is La Unión, 12 km away.
Topography around Río Bueno
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Río Bueno.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Río Bueno has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 75 m around an average of 55 m above sea level; within 16 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 328 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,198 m.
The land around Río Bueno is covered by grassland (36%), cropland (29%) and trees (23%) within 3 km, cropland (39%), grassland (38%) and trees (22%) within 16 km, and trees (55%) and grassland (22%) within 80 km.
Chile travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type C / F / L
- 220 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 48% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $17,995
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.3 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 98%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 6.3
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 14.9
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- English
- Moderate
- EF EPI 517
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Río Bueno (-40.3349°, -72.9556°, elevation 61 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).