San Pedro de Atacama weather in January
In January, San Pedro de Atacama sees average daytime highs of 26°C and overnight lows near 13°C, with 22 mm of rain across 3.8 wet days and about 13.2 hours of daylight. It is the 2nd-warmest and 2nd-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 26°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 49% of the time in January, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 13 h 24 min at the start of January to 13 h 06 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, January is San Pedro de Atacama's 12th-clearest and 7th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see San Pedro de Atacama's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 26°
- 2nd warmest
- Overnight low
- 13°
- 12th coldest
- Rainfall
- 22 mm
- 3.8 wet days
- Daylight
- 13 h 18 min
- 7:04 AM – 8:20 PM
- Cloud cover
- 43%
- 12th clearest
- Wind
- 7 km/h
- 7th windiest
- Solar energy
- 8.41 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 8.0
- out of 10
San Pedro de Atacama is town in Chile.
- Density
- 4,745/km²
- people per km²
- Founded
- 1450
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in January
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 26°C through the month.
A typical January day in San Pedro de Atacama reaches about 26°C in the afternoon and slips back to 13°C overnight — a 13°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 22°C and 29°C. Set against its neighbours, January runs on par with December and on par with February.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 |
| Avg low (°C) | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 26 | 13 |
| 2 | 26 | 13 |
| 3 | 26 | 13 |
| 4 | 26 | 13 |
| 5 | 26 | 13 |
| 6 | 26 | 13 |
| 7 | 26 | 13 |
| 8 | 26 | 13 |
| 9 | 26 | 13 |
| 10 | 26 | 13 |
| 11 | 26 | 13 |
| 12 | 26 | 13 |
| 13 | 26 | 13 |
| 14 | 26 | 13 |
| 15 | 26 | 13 |
| 16 | 26 | 13 |
| 17 | 26 | 13 |
| 18 | 26 | 13 |
| 19 | 26 | 13 |
| 20 | 26 | 13 |
| 21 | 26 | 13 |
| 22 | 26 | 13 |
| 23 | 25 | 13 |
| 24 | 25 | 13 |
| 25 | 25 | 13 |
| 26 | 25 | 13 |
| 27 | 25 | 13 |
| 28 | 25 | 13 |
| 29 | 25 | 13 |
| 30 | 25 | 13 |
| 31 | 25 | 13 |
How January really feels in San Pedro de Atacama
Once humidity and wind are folded in, January averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
January sits comfortably in between — no days that feel dangerously hot or drop to a hard freeze once humidity and wind are folded in.
San Pedro de Atacama weather by month
How January compares with the rest of the year at a glance. January is the 2nd-warmest and 2nd-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 26° / 13° | 22 | 3.8 | 13.2 | 8.0 |
| Feb | 25° / 12° | 28 | 4.6 | 12.8 | 8.0 |
| Mar | 25° / 11° | 14 | 2.5 | 12.2 | 8.8 |
| Apr | 23° / 8° | 3 | 0.6 | 11.5 | 9.2 |
| May | 20° / 5° | 3 | 0.7 | 10.9 | 8.6 |
| Jun | 19° / 3° | 2 | 0.3 | 10.6 | 8.2 |
| Jul | 19° / 3° | 2 | 0.7 | 10.7 | 8.2 |
| Aug | 20° / 4° | 3 | 0.5 | 11.2 | 8.7 |
| Sep | 22° / 6° | 2 | 0.4 | 11.9 | 9.2 |
| Oct | 24° / 8° | 0 | 0.1 | 12.5 | 9.5 |
| Nov | 26° / 10° | 0 | 0 | 13.1 | 9.2 |
| Dec | 26° / 12° | 2 | 0.6 | 13.4 | 8.6 |
Cloud cover in January
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 49% of the time in January, the cloudiest month of the year.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 18% of January, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 33%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 70 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 68 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 66 | 66 | 66 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 66 | 66 | 66 | 66 | 67 | 67 | 66 | 66 | 66 | 66 | 65 | 65 | 64 |
| Cloudier (%) | 30 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 33 | 33 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 35 | 35 | 36 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 70 | 30 |
| 2 | 69 | 31 |
| 3 | 69 | 31 |
| 4 | 69 | 31 |
| 5 | 69 | 31 |
| 6 | 69 | 31 |
| 7 | 68 | 32 |
| 8 | 67 | 33 |
| 9 | 67 | 33 |
| 10 | 67 | 33 |
| 11 | 66 | 34 |
| 12 | 66 | 34 |
| 13 | 66 | 34 |
| 14 | 65 | 35 |
| 15 | 65 | 35 |
| 16 | 65 | 35 |
| 17 | 65 | 35 |
| 18 | 65 | 35 |
| 19 | 66 | 34 |
| 20 | 66 | 34 |
| 21 | 66 | 34 |
| 22 | 66 | 34 |
| 23 | 67 | 33 |
| 24 | 67 | 33 |
| 25 | 66 | 34 |
| 26 | 66 | 34 |
| 27 | 66 | 34 |
| 28 | 66 | 34 |
| 29 | 65 | 35 |
| 30 | 65 | 35 |
| 31 | 64 | 36 |
Chance of precipitation in January
San Pedro de Atacama gets around 22 mm of rain over 3.8 wet days in January. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 12% and peaks near 16% on the wettest days. The odds climb toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 16 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 5 |
| 2 | 5 |
| 3 | 6 |
| 4 | 6 |
| 5 | 7 |
| 6 | 7 |
| 7 | 8 |
| 8 | 9 |
| 9 | 10 |
| 10 | 10 |
| 11 | 11 |
| 12 | 12 |
| 13 | 12 |
| 14 | 13 |
| 15 | 14 |
| 16 | 14 |
| 17 | 15 |
| 18 | 15 |
| 19 | 16 |
| 20 | 16 |
| 21 | 16 |
| 22 | 16 |
| 23 | 16 |
| 24 | 15 |
| 25 | 15 |
| 26 | 15 |
| 27 | 15 |
| 28 | 15 |
| 29 | 16 |
| 30 | 16 |
| 31 | 16 |
Humidity in January
Most of January feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, January lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
| 29 | 100 |
| 30 | 100 |
| 31 | 100 |
Wind in January
Winds average 7 km/h in January.
Across January, daily wind ranges from about 7 km/h on the calmest days to 8 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8 | calm |
| 2 | 8 | calm |
| 3 | 8 | calm |
| 4 | 8 | calm |
| 5 | 8 | calm |
| 6 | 8 | calm |
| 7 | 8 | calm |
| 8 | 8 | calm |
| 9 | 8 | calm |
| 10 | 8 | calm |
| 11 | 8 | calm |
| 12 | 8 | calm |
| 13 | 8 | calm |
| 14 | 8 | calm |
| 15 | 7 | calm |
| 16 | 7 | calm |
| 17 | 7 | calm |
| 18 | 7 | calm |
| 19 | 7 | calm |
| 20 | 7 | calm |
| 21 | 7 | calm |
| 22 | 7 | calm |
| 23 | 7 | calm |
| 24 | 7 | calm |
| 25 | 7 | calm |
| 26 | 7 | calm |
| 27 | 7 | calm |
| 28 | 7 | calm |
| 29 | 7 | calm |
| 30 | 7 | calm |
| 31 | 7 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in January
Daylight runs from about 13 h 24 min at the start of January to 13 h 06 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 18 minutes over January. Sunrise moves from 6:54 AM to 7:14 AM, and sunset from 8:17 PM to 8:18 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 13.4 | 13.4 | 13.4 | 13.4 | 13.4 | 13.4 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 13.1 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:54 | 6:55 | 6:56 | 6:56 | 6:57 | 6:58 | 6:58 | 6:59 | 6:59 | 7:00 | 7:01 | 7:01 | 7:02 | 7:03 | 7:03 | 7:04 | 7:05 | 7:06 | 7:06 | 7:07 | 7:08 | 7:08 | 7:09 | 7:10 | 7:10 | 7:11 | 7:12 | 7:12 | 7:13 | 7:14 | 7:14 |
| Sunset (PM) | 8:17 | 8:18 | 8:18 | 8:18 | 8:19 | 8:19 | 8:19 | 8:19 | 8:19 | 8:20 | 8:20 | 8:20 | 8:20 | 8:20 | 8:20 | 8:20 | 8:20 | 8:20 | 8:20 | 8:20 | 8:20 | 8:20 | 8:20 | 8:19 | 8:19 | 8:19 | 8:19 | 8:19 | 8:18 | 8:18 | 8:18 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 13.4 | 6:54 | 8:17 |
| 2 | 13.4 | 6:55 | 8:18 |
| 3 | 13.4 | 6:56 | 8:18 |
| 4 | 13.4 | 6:56 | 8:18 |
| 5 | 13.4 | 6:57 | 8:19 |
| 6 | 13.4 | 6:58 | 8:19 |
| 7 | 13.3 | 6:58 | 8:19 |
| 8 | 13.3 | 6:59 | 8:19 |
| 9 | 13.3 | 6:59 | 8:19 |
| 10 | 13.3 | 7:00 | 8:20 |
| 11 | 13.3 | 7:01 | 8:20 |
| 12 | 13.3 | 7:01 | 8:20 |
| 13 | 13.3 | 7:02 | 8:20 |
| 14 | 13.3 | 7:03 | 8:20 |
| 15 | 13.3 | 7:03 | 8:20 |
| 16 | 13.3 | 7:04 | 8:20 |
| 17 | 13.3 | 7:05 | 8:20 |
| 18 | 13.2 | 7:06 | 8:20 |
| 19 | 13.2 | 7:06 | 8:20 |
| 20 | 13.2 | 7:07 | 8:20 |
| 21 | 13.2 | 7:08 | 8:20 |
| 22 | 13.2 | 7:08 | 8:20 |
| 23 | 13.2 | 7:09 | 8:20 |
| 24 | 13.2 | 7:10 | 8:19 |
| 25 | 13.2 | 7:10 | 8:19 |
| 26 | 13.1 | 7:11 | 8:19 |
| 27 | 13.1 | 7:12 | 8:19 |
| 28 | 13.1 | 7:12 | 8:19 |
| 29 | 13.1 | 7:13 | 8:18 |
| 30 | 13.1 | 7:14 | 8:18 |
| 31 | 13.1 | 7:14 | 8:18 |
Solar energy in January
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in January, about 8.41 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.84 kWh/m² to a high of 9.24 kWh/m² in December across the year — January's 8.41 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 8.9 | 8.8 | 8.8 | 8.8 | 8.7 | 8.7 | 8.7 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.4 | 8.4 | 8.4 | 8.4 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 8.2 | 8.2 | 8.2 | 8.2 | 8.2 | 8.2 | 8.1 | 8.1 | 8.1 | 8.1 |
| Level | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8.9 | Intense |
| 2 | 8.8 | Intense |
| 3 | 8.8 | Intense |
| 4 | 8.8 | Intense |
| 5 | 8.7 | Intense |
| 6 | 8.7 | Intense |
| 7 | 8.7 | Intense |
| 8 | 8.6 | Intense |
| 9 | 8.6 | Intense |
| 10 | 8.6 | Intense |
| 11 | 8.5 | Intense |
| 12 | 8.5 | Intense |
| 13 | 8.4 | Intense |
| 14 | 8.4 | Intense |
| 15 | 8.4 | Intense |
| 16 | 8.4 | Intense |
| 17 | 8.3 | Intense |
| 18 | 8.3 | Intense |
| 19 | 8.3 | Intense |
| 20 | 8.3 | Intense |
| 21 | 8.3 | Intense |
| 22 | 8.2 | Intense |
| 23 | 8.2 | Intense |
| 24 | 8.2 | Intense |
| 25 | 8.2 | Intense |
| 26 | 8.2 | Intense |
| 27 | 8.2 | Intense |
| 28 | 8.1 | Intense |
| 29 | 8.1 | Intense |
| 30 | 8.1 | Intense |
| 31 | 8.1 | Intense |
Is January a good time to visit San Pedro de Atacama?
Our two travel scores rate January for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
January is one of the better times to visit San Pedro de Atacama for general sightseeing. The water and warmth also suit a beach or pool day.
What to pack for San Pedro de Atacama in January
From January's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In January, San Pedro de Atacama sees daytime highs around 26°C and nights near 13°C. Pack sun protection. Worth having: light clothes. About 4 days see rain.
UV index in San Pedro de Atacama in January
Clear-sky midday UV in January peaks around 17 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in San Pedro de Atacama peaks around January 13 at about 17 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near July 10 at about 7 (high).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 17 | 17 | 15 | 11 | 9 | 7 | 7 | 10 | 13 | 15 | 16 | 17 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | High | High | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 17 | Extreme |
| Feb | 17 | Extreme |
| Mar | 15 | Extreme |
| Apr | 11 | Extreme |
| May | 9 | Very high |
| Jun | 7 | High |
| Jul | 7 | High |
| Aug | 10 | Very high |
| Sep | 13 | Extreme |
| Oct | 15 | Extreme |
| Nov | 16 | Extreme |
| Dec | 17 | Extreme |
Where is San Pedro de Atacama?
San Pedro de Atacama sits at 22.9°S, 68.2°W, 0 m above sea level, in Chile. The nearest listed city is Calama, 90 km away.
Topography around San Pedro de Atacama
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of San Pedro de Atacama.
Within 3 km, the terrain around San Pedro de Atacama has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 228 m around an average of 2,445 m above sea level; within 16 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 704 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 3,696 m.
The land around San Pedro de Atacama is covered by bare terrain (81%) within 3 km, bare terrain (98%) within 16 km, and bare terrain (96%) within 80 km.
Chile travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type C / F / L
- 220 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 48% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $17,995
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.3 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 98%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 6.3
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 14.9
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- English
- Moderate
- EF EPI 517
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for San Pedro de Atacama (-22.9111°, -68.2011°, elevation 0 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).