Vallenar weather in October
In October, Vallenar sees average daytime highs of 23°C and overnight lows near 11°C, with 1 mm of rain across 0.2 wet days and about 12.7 hours of daylight. It is the 7th-warmest and 7th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 23°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 84% of the time in October, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 12 h 18 min at the start of October to 13 h 06 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, October is Vallenar's 7th-clearest and 5th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Vallenar's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 23°
- 7th warmest
- Overnight low
- 11°
- 6th coldest
- Rainfall
- 1 mm
- 0.2 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 h 42 min
- 7:07 AM – 7:49 PM
- Cloud cover
- 16%
- 7th clearest
- Wind
- 7 km/h
- 5th windiest
- Solar energy
- 7.83 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 9.2
- out of 10
Vallenar is city in Chile.
- Density
- 3,560/km²
- people per km²
- Founded
- 1789
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in October
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 23°C through the month.
A typical October day in Vallenar reaches about 23°C in the afternoon and slips back to 11°C overnight — a 12°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 20°C and 25°C. Set against its neighbours, October runs about 1°C warmer than September and about 1°C cooler than November.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 |
| Avg low (°C) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 22 | 10 |
| 2 | 22 | 10 |
| 3 | 22 | 10 |
| 4 | 22 | 10 |
| 5 | 22 | 10 |
| 6 | 22 | 10 |
| 7 | 22 | 10 |
| 8 | 22 | 10 |
| 9 | 22 | 10 |
| 10 | 22 | 10 |
| 11 | 22 | 11 |
| 12 | 22 | 11 |
| 13 | 22 | 11 |
| 14 | 23 | 11 |
| 15 | 23 | 11 |
| 16 | 23 | 11 |
| 17 | 23 | 11 |
| 18 | 23 | 11 |
| 19 | 23 | 11 |
| 20 | 23 | 11 |
| 21 | 23 | 11 |
| 22 | 23 | 11 |
| 23 | 23 | 11 |
| 24 | 23 | 11 |
| 25 | 23 | 12 |
| 26 | 23 | 12 |
| 27 | 23 | 12 |
| 28 | 23 | 12 |
| 29 | 23 | 12 |
| 30 | 23 | 12 |
| 31 | 23 | 12 |
Vallenar weather by month
How October compares with the rest of the year at a glance. October is the 7th-warmest and 7th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 26° / 16° | 0 | 0 | 13.6 | 9.2 |
| Feb | 26° / 15° | 0 | 0 | 13 | 9.3 |
| Mar | 25° / 14° | 4 | 0.2 | 12.2 | 9.5 |
| Apr | 23° / 12° | 2 | 0.4 | 11.3 | 9.3 |
| May | 21° / 9° | 8 | 1 | 10.6 | 8.3 |
| Jun | 19° / 7° | 13 | 1.4 | 10.2 | 7.9 |
| Jul | 19° / 6° | 9 | 1.4 | 10.4 | 8.0 |
| Aug | 20° / 7° | 9 | 0.8 | 11 | 8.3 |
| Sep | 21° / 9° | 1 | 0.4 | 11.8 | 8.8 |
| Oct | 23° / 11° | 1 | 0.2 | 12.7 | 9.2 |
| Nov | 24° / 13° | 0 | 0 | 13.4 | 9.7 |
| Dec | 25° / 14° | 0 | 0 | 13.8 | 9.5 |
Cloud cover in October
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 84% of the time in October.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 7% of October, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 9%. Skies tend to open up as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 89 | 89 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 |
| Cloudier (%) | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 88 | 12 |
| 2 | 88 | 12 |
| 3 | 88 | 12 |
| 4 | 88 | 12 |
| 5 | 88 | 12 |
| 6 | 88 | 12 |
| 7 | 89 | 11 |
| 8 | 89 | 11 |
| 9 | 90 | 10 |
| 10 | 90 | 10 |
| 11 | 90 | 10 |
| 12 | 90 | 10 |
| 13 | 90 | 10 |
| 14 | 91 | 9 |
| 15 | 91 | 9 |
| 16 | 91 | 9 |
| 17 | 92 | 8 |
| 18 | 92 | 8 |
| 19 | 92 | 8 |
| 20 | 92 | 8 |
| 21 | 92 | 8 |
| 22 | 92 | 8 |
| 23 | 93 | 7 |
| 24 | 93 | 7 |
| 25 | 93 | 7 |
| 26 | 94 | 6 |
| 27 | 94 | 6 |
| 28 | 94 | 6 |
| 29 | 94 | 6 |
| 30 | 94 | 6 |
| 31 | 94 | 6 |
Chance of precipitation in October
Vallenar gets around 1 mm of rain over 0.2 wet days in October. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 1% and peaks near 1% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 0 |
| 2 | 0 |
| 3 | 0 |
| 4 | 0 |
| 5 | 1 |
| 6 | 1 |
| 7 | 1 |
| 8 | 1 |
| 9 | 1 |
| 10 | 1 |
| 11 | 1 |
| 12 | 1 |
| 13 | 1 |
| 14 | 1 |
| 15 | 1 |
| 16 | 1 |
| 17 | 1 |
| 18 | 1 |
| 19 | 1 |
| 20 | 1 |
| 21 | 1 |
| 22 | 1 |
| 23 | 1 |
| 24 | 0 |
| 25 | 0 |
| 26 | 0 |
| 27 | 0 |
| 28 | 0 |
| 29 | 0 |
| 30 | 0 |
| 31 | 0 |
Humidity in October
Most of October feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, October lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
| 29 | 100 |
| 30 | 100 |
| 31 | 100 |
Wind in October
Winds average 7 km/h in October.
Across October, daily wind ranges from about 7 km/h on the calmest days to 7 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 7 | calm |
| 2 | 7 | calm |
| 3 | 7 | calm |
| 4 | 7 | calm |
| 5 | 7 | calm |
| 6 | 7 | calm |
| 7 | 7 | calm |
| 8 | 7 | calm |
| 9 | 7 | calm |
| 10 | 7 | calm |
| 11 | 7 | calm |
| 12 | 7 | calm |
| 13 | 7 | calm |
| 14 | 7 | calm |
| 15 | 7 | calm |
| 16 | 7 | calm |
| 17 | 7 | calm |
| 18 | 7 | calm |
| 19 | 7 | calm |
| 20 | 7 | calm |
| 21 | 7 | calm |
| 22 | 7 | calm |
| 23 | 7 | calm |
| 24 | 7 | calm |
| 25 | 7 | calm |
| 26 | 7 | calm |
| 27 | 7 | calm |
| 28 | 7 | calm |
| 29 | 7 | calm |
| 30 | 7 | calm |
| 31 | 7 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in October
Daylight runs from about 12 h 18 min at the start of October to 13 h 06 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 48 minutes over October. Sunrise moves from 7:24 AM to 6:54 AM, and sunset from 7:40 PM to 7:59 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 13.0 | 13.0 | 13.0 | 13.0 | 13.1 | 13.1 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 7:24 | 7:23 | 7:22 | 7:20 | 7:19 | 7:18 | 7:17 | 7:16 | 7:15 | 7:14 | 7:12 | 7:11 | 7:10 | 7:09 | 7:08 | 7:07 | 7:06 | 7:05 | 7:04 | 7:03 | 7:02 | 7:01 | 7:00 | 7:00 | 6:59 | 6:58 | 6:57 | 6:56 | 6:55 | 6:55 | 6:54 |
| Sunset (PM) | 7:40 | 7:41 | 7:41 | 7:42 | 7:42 | 7:43 | 7:44 | 7:44 | 7:45 | 7:45 | 7:46 | 7:46 | 7:47 | 7:48 | 7:48 | 7:49 | 7:50 | 7:50 | 7:51 | 7:52 | 7:52 | 7:53 | 7:54 | 7:54 | 7:55 | 7:56 | 7:56 | 7:57 | 7:58 | 7:59 | 7:59 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12.3 | 7:24 | 7:40 |
| 2 | 12.3 | 7:23 | 7:41 |
| 3 | 12.3 | 7:22 | 7:41 |
| 4 | 12.4 | 7:20 | 7:42 |
| 5 | 12.4 | 7:19 | 7:42 |
| 6 | 12.4 | 7:18 | 7:43 |
| 7 | 12.4 | 7:17 | 7:44 |
| 8 | 12.5 | 7:16 | 7:44 |
| 9 | 12.5 | 7:15 | 7:45 |
| 10 | 12.5 | 7:14 | 7:45 |
| 11 | 12.6 | 7:12 | 7:46 |
| 12 | 12.6 | 7:11 | 7:46 |
| 13 | 12.6 | 7:10 | 7:47 |
| 14 | 12.6 | 7:09 | 7:48 |
| 15 | 12.7 | 7:08 | 7:48 |
| 16 | 12.7 | 7:07 | 7:49 |
| 17 | 12.7 | 7:06 | 7:50 |
| 18 | 12.8 | 7:05 | 7:50 |
| 19 | 12.8 | 7:04 | 7:51 |
| 20 | 12.8 | 7:03 | 7:52 |
| 21 | 12.8 | 7:02 | 7:52 |
| 22 | 12.9 | 7:01 | 7:53 |
| 23 | 12.9 | 7:00 | 7:54 |
| 24 | 12.9 | 7:00 | 7:54 |
| 25 | 12.9 | 6:59 | 7:55 |
| 26 | 13.0 | 6:58 | 7:56 |
| 27 | 13.0 | 6:57 | 7:56 |
| 28 | 13.0 | 6:56 | 7:57 |
| 29 | 13.0 | 6:55 | 7:58 |
| 30 | 13.1 | 6:55 | 7:59 |
| 31 | 13.1 | 6:54 | 7:59 |
Solar energy in October
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in October, about 7.83 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 3.7 kWh/m² to a high of 9.24 kWh/m² in December across the year — October's 7.83 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 7.2 | 7.2 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.6 | 7.6 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.8 | 7.8 | 7.8 | 7.9 | 7.9 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.1 | 8.1 | 8.2 | 8.2 | 8.2 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 8.4 |
| Level | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 7.2 | Intense |
| 2 | 7.2 | Intense |
| 3 | 7.3 | Intense |
| 4 | 7.3 | Intense |
| 5 | 7.4 | Intense |
| 6 | 7.4 | Intense |
| 7 | 7.5 | Intense |
| 8 | 7.5 | Intense |
| 9 | 7.5 | Intense |
| 10 | 7.6 | Intense |
| 11 | 7.6 | Intense |
| 12 | 7.7 | Intense |
| 13 | 7.7 | Intense |
| 14 | 7.8 | Intense |
| 15 | 7.8 | Intense |
| 16 | 7.8 | Intense |
| 17 | 7.9 | Intense |
| 18 | 7.9 | Intense |
| 19 | 8.0 | Intense |
| 20 | 8.0 | Intense |
| 21 | 8.0 | Intense |
| 22 | 8.1 | Intense |
| 23 | 8.1 | Intense |
| 24 | 8.2 | Intense |
| 25 | 8.2 | Intense |
| 26 | 8.2 | Intense |
| 27 | 8.3 | Intense |
| 28 | 8.3 | Intense |
| 29 | 8.3 | Intense |
| 30 | 8.3 | Intense |
| 31 | 8.4 | Intense |
Is October a good time to visit Vallenar?
Our two travel scores rate October for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
October is one of the better times to visit Vallenar for general sightseeing. The water and warmth also suit a beach or pool day.
What to pack for Vallenar in October
From October's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In October, Vallenar sees daytime highs around 23°C and nights near 11°C. Pack sun protection. Worth having: light clothes.
Sea temperature near Vallenar in October
The nearest coast averages about 14°C in October — the other half of the beach question. The full-year curve and swim-comfort zones are below.
The sea at the nearest coast (about 60 km away) is warmest in February at about 18°C and coldest in August near 14°C.
The water stays below 20°C all year — cool enough that most swimmers want a wetsuit.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sea temperature (°C) | 18 | 18 | 18 | 17 | 16 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 16 |
| Comfort | Cool | Cool | Cool | Cool | Cool | Bracing | Bracing | Bracing | Bracing | Bracing | Bracing | Cool |
| Sea temperature (°C) | Comfort | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 18 | Cool |
| Feb | 18 | Cool |
| Mar | 18 | Cool |
| Apr | 17 | Cool |
| May | 16 | Cool |
| Jun | 15 | Bracing |
| Jul | 14 | Bracing |
| Aug | 14 | Bracing |
| Sep | 14 | Bracing |
| Oct | 14 | Bracing |
| Nov | 15 | Bracing |
| Dec | 16 | Cool |
UV index in Vallenar in October
Clear-sky midday UV in October peaks around 12 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Vallenar peaks around January 22 at about 15 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 19 at about 4 (moderate).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 15 | 15 | 12 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 12 | 12 | 13 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | High | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | High | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 15 | Extreme |
| Feb | 15 | Extreme |
| Mar | 12 | Extreme |
| Apr | 7 | High |
| May | 5 | Moderate |
| Jun | 4 | Moderate |
| Jul | 4 | Moderate |
| Aug | 6 | High |
| Sep | 8 | Very high |
| Oct | 12 | Extreme |
| Nov | 12 | Extreme |
| Dec | 13 | Extreme |
Where is Vallenar?
Vallenar sits at 28.6°S, 70.8°W, 388 m above sea level, in Chile. The nearest listed city is Copiapó, 141 km away.
Topography around Vallenar
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Vallenar.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Vallenar has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 210 m around an average of 468 m above sea level; within 16 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,150 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 4,526 m.
The land around Vallenar is covered by bare terrain (55%) and artificial surfaces (23%) within 3 km, bare terrain (84%) within 16 km, and bare terrain (69%) within 80 km.
Chile travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type C / F / L
- 220 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 48% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $17,995
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.3 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 98%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 6.3
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 14.9
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- English
- Moderate
- EF EPI 517
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Vallenar (-28.5762°, -70.7594°, elevation 388 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. Sea temperatures are the NOAA OISST v2.1 1991–2020 monthly climatology (public domain), sampled at the nearest ocean point. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).