Caldas weather in February
In February, Caldas sees average daytime highs of 25°C and overnight lows near 15°C, with 136 mm of rain across 19.3 wet days and about 11.8 hours of daylight. It is the 4th-warmest and 11th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 25°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 8% of the time in February, and the air most often feels humid.
Daylight stretches from about 11 h 42 min at the start of February to 11 h 54 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Caldas's 2nd-clearest and 5th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Caldas's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 25°
- 4th warmest
- Overnight low
- 15°
- 7th coldest
- Rainfall
- 136 mm
- 19.3 wet days
- Daylight
- 11 h 48 min
- 6:23 AM – 6:11 PM
- Cloud cover
- 75%
- 2nd clearest
- Wind
- 3 km/h
- 5th windiest
- Solar energy
- 5.17 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 4.9
- out of 10
- Air quality
- Elevated
- PM2.5 21.8 µg/m³ · 2019
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 25°C through the month.
A typical February day in Caldas reaches about 25°C in the afternoon and slips back to 15°C overnight — a 11°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 22°C and 28°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs on par with January and on par with March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 |
| Avg low (°C) | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 25 | 15 |
| 2 | 25 | 15 |
| 3 | 25 | 15 |
| 4 | 25 | 15 |
| 5 | 25 | 15 |
| 6 | 25 | 15 |
| 7 | 25 | 15 |
| 8 | 25 | 15 |
| 9 | 25 | 15 |
| 10 | 25 | 15 |
| 11 | 25 | 15 |
| 12 | 25 | 15 |
| 13 | 25 | 15 |
| 14 | 25 | 15 |
| 15 | 25 | 15 |
| 16 | 25 | 15 |
| 17 | 25 | 15 |
| 18 | 25 | 15 |
| 19 | 25 | 15 |
| 20 | 25 | 15 |
| 21 | 25 | 15 |
| 22 | 25 | 15 |
| 23 | 25 | 15 |
| 24 | 25 | 15 |
| 25 | 25 | 15 |
| 26 | 25 | 15 |
| 27 | 25 | 15 |
| 28 | 25 | 15 |
Caldas weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 4th-warmest and 11th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 25° / 15° | 111 | 18 | 11.7 | 5.4 |
| Feb | 25° / 15° | 136 | 19.3 | 11.8 | 4.9 |
| Mar | 25° / 15° | 214 | 25.6 | 12 | 4.2 |
| Apr | 25° / 15° | 290 | 27.9 | 12.1 | 3.7 |
| May | 25° / 15° | 347 | 28.8 | 12.3 | 3.7 |
| Jun | 25° / 15° | 239 | 26.2 | 12.3 | 3.9 |
| Jul | 26° / 14° | 198 | 24.4 | 12.3 | 4.2 |
| Aug | 26° / 14° | 197 | 23.6 | 12.2 | 4.2 |
| Sep | 26° / 15° | 253 | 26.4 | 12 | 3.9 |
| Oct | 24° / 15° | 302 | 28.4 | 11.9 | 3.8 |
| Nov | 24° / 15° | 275 | 27.6 | 11.7 | 3.8 |
| Dec | 25° / 15° | 170 | 21.9 | 11.7 | 4.8 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 8% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 15% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 77%. Skies tend to cloud over as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 29 | 29 | 29 | 28 | 27 | 28 | 27 | 26 | 26 | 25 | 24 | 24 | 22 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 17 |
| Cloudier (%) | 71 | 71 | 71 | 72 | 73 | 72 | 73 | 74 | 74 | 75 | 76 | 76 | 78 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 83 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 29 | 71 |
| 2 | 29 | 71 |
| 3 | 29 | 71 |
| 4 | 28 | 72 |
| 5 | 27 | 73 |
| 6 | 28 | 72 |
| 7 | 27 | 73 |
| 8 | 26 | 74 |
| 9 | 26 | 74 |
| 10 | 25 | 75 |
| 11 | 24 | 76 |
| 12 | 24 | 76 |
| 13 | 22 | 78 |
| 14 | 21 | 79 |
| 15 | 21 | 79 |
| 16 | 21 | 79 |
| 17 | 20 | 80 |
| 18 | 20 | 80 |
| 19 | 20 | 80 |
| 20 | 20 | 80 |
| 21 | 19 | 81 |
| 22 | 19 | 81 |
| 23 | 19 | 81 |
| 24 | 18 | 82 |
| 25 | 18 | 82 |
| 26 | 18 | 82 |
| 27 | 18 | 82 |
| 28 | 17 | 83 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Caldas gets around 136 mm of rain over 19.3 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 68% and peaks near 78% on the wettest days. The odds climb toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 58 | 59 | 60 | 61 | 61 | 62 | 63 | 63 | 64 | 65 | 65 | 66 | 67 | 68 | 68 | 69 | 70 | 71 | 72 | 72 | 73 | 74 | 75 | 76 | 77 | 77 | 78 | 78 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 58 |
| 2 | 59 |
| 3 | 60 |
| 4 | 61 |
| 5 | 61 |
| 6 | 62 |
| 7 | 63 |
| 8 | 63 |
| 9 | 64 |
| 10 | 65 |
| 11 | 65 |
| 12 | 66 |
| 13 | 67 |
| 14 | 68 |
| 15 | 68 |
| 16 | 69 |
| 17 | 70 |
| 18 | 71 |
| 19 | 72 |
| 20 | 72 |
| 21 | 73 |
| 22 | 74 |
| 23 | 75 |
| 24 | 76 |
| 25 | 77 |
| 26 | 77 |
| 27 | 78 |
| 28 | 78 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels humid — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the humid band about 54% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Comfortable (%) | 52 | 51 | 50 | 49 | 48 | 47 | 47 | 46 | 46 | 45 | 45 | 44 | 44 | 43 | 43 | 43 | 43 | 43 | 43 | 43 | 43 | 43 | 42 | 41 | 40 | 40 | 39 | 38 |
| Humid (%) | 47 | 48 | 49 | 50 | 51 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 53 | 53 | 54 | 54 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 57 | 58 | 59 | 59 | 60 | 61 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | Humid (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1 | 52 | 47 |
| 2 | 1 | 51 | 48 |
| 3 | 1 | 50 | 49 |
| 4 | 1 | 49 | 50 |
| 5 | 1 | 48 | 51 |
| 6 | 1 | 47 | 52 |
| 7 | 1 | 47 | 52 |
| 8 | 2 | 46 | 52 |
| 9 | 2 | 46 | 52 |
| 10 | 2 | 45 | 53 |
| 11 | 2 | 45 | 53 |
| 12 | 2 | 44 | 54 |
| 13 | 2 | 44 | 54 |
| 14 | 2 | 43 | 55 |
| 15 | 2 | 43 | 55 |
| 16 | 2 | 43 | 55 |
| 17 | 2 | 43 | 55 |
| 18 | 2 | 43 | 55 |
| 19 | 1 | 43 | 56 |
| 20 | 1 | 43 | 56 |
| 21 | 1 | 43 | 56 |
| 22 | 1 | 43 | 56 |
| 23 | 1 | 42 | 57 |
| 24 | 1 | 41 | 58 |
| 25 | 1 | 40 | 59 |
| 26 | 1 | 40 | 59 |
| 27 | 1 | 39 | 60 |
| 28 | 1 | 38 | 61 |
Wind in February
Winds average 3 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 3 km/h on the calmest days to 3 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 3 | calm |
| 2 | 3 | calm |
| 3 | 3 | calm |
| 4 | 3 | calm |
| 5 | 3 | calm |
| 6 | 3 | calm |
| 7 | 3 | calm |
| 8 | 3 | calm |
| 9 | 3 | calm |
| 10 | 3 | calm |
| 11 | 3 | calm |
| 12 | 3 | calm |
| 13 | 3 | calm |
| 14 | 3 | calm |
| 15 | 3 | calm |
| 16 | 3 | calm |
| 17 | 3 | calm |
| 18 | 3 | calm |
| 19 | 3 | calm |
| 20 | 3 | calm |
| 21 | 3 | calm |
| 22 | 3 | calm |
| 23 | 3 | calm |
| 24 | 3 | calm |
| 25 | 3 | calm |
| 26 | 3 | calm |
| 27 | 3 | calm |
| 28 | 3 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 11 h 42 min at the start of February to 11 h 54 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 12 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 6:24 AM to 6:20 AM, and sunset from 6:08 PM to 6:12 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:22 | 6:22 | 6:22 | 6:22 | 6:21 | 6:21 | 6:21 | 6:21 | 6:20 | 6:20 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:08 | 6:08 | 6:09 | 6:09 | 6:09 | 6:09 | 6:10 | 6:10 | 6:10 | 6:10 | 6:11 | 6:11 | 6:11 | 6:11 | 6:11 | 6:11 | 6:11 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11.7 | 6:24 | 6:08 |
| 2 | 11.7 | 6:24 | 6:08 |
| 3 | 11.7 | 6:24 | 6:09 |
| 4 | 11.8 | 6:24 | 6:09 |
| 5 | 11.8 | 6:24 | 6:09 |
| 6 | 11.8 | 6:24 | 6:09 |
| 7 | 11.8 | 6:24 | 6:10 |
| 8 | 11.8 | 6:24 | 6:10 |
| 9 | 11.8 | 6:24 | 6:10 |
| 10 | 11.8 | 6:24 | 6:10 |
| 11 | 11.8 | 6:24 | 6:11 |
| 12 | 11.8 | 6:24 | 6:11 |
| 13 | 11.8 | 6:23 | 6:11 |
| 14 | 11.8 | 6:23 | 6:11 |
| 15 | 11.8 | 6:23 | 6:11 |
| 16 | 11.8 | 6:23 | 6:11 |
| 17 | 11.8 | 6:23 | 6:11 |
| 18 | 11.8 | 6:23 | 6:12 |
| 19 | 11.8 | 6:22 | 6:12 |
| 20 | 11.8 | 6:22 | 6:12 |
| 21 | 11.8 | 6:22 | 6:12 |
| 22 | 11.8 | 6:22 | 6:12 |
| 23 | 11.8 | 6:21 | 6:12 |
| 24 | 11.8 | 6:21 | 6:12 |
| 25 | 11.9 | 6:21 | 6:12 |
| 26 | 11.9 | 6:21 | 6:12 |
| 27 | 11.9 | 6:20 | 6:12 |
| 28 | 11.9 | 6:20 | 6:12 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 5.17 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.12 kWh/m² to a high of 5.89 kWh/m² in August across the year — February's 5.17 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 2 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 3 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 4 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 5 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 6 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 7 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 9 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 10 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 11 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 12 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 13 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 14 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 15 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 16 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 17 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 18 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 19 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 20 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 21 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 24 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 25 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 26 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 27 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 28 | 5.2 | Bright |
Is February a good time to visit Caldas?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a reasonable time to visit Caldas for sightseeing.
What to pack for Caldas in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Caldas sees daytime highs around 25°C and nights near 15°C. Pack rain gear. Worth having: light clothes and sun protection. About 19 days see rain.
UV index in Caldas in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 15 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Caldas peaks around February 22 at about 15 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 12 at about 12 (extreme).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 13 | 15 | 15 | 13 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 13 | 12 | 12 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 13 | Extreme |
| Feb | 15 | Extreme |
| Mar | 15 | Extreme |
| Apr | 13 | Extreme |
| May | 14 | Extreme |
| Jun | 13 | Extreme |
| Jul | 13 | Extreme |
| Aug | 13 | Extreme |
| Sep | 14 | Extreme |
| Oct | 13 | Extreme |
| Nov | 12 | Extreme |
| Dec | 12 | Extreme |
Air quality in Caldas in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Caldas is worst in March — around 30 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), about 1.6× the cleanest month (October, 18 µg/m³).
Seasonal pattern from CAMS reanalysis, scaled to Caldas's WHO annual average of 21.8 µg/m³.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 23 | 26 | 30 | 24 | 21 | 20 | 20 | 21 | 20 | 18 | 18 | 21 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 23 | Moderate |
| Feb | 26 | Moderate |
| Mar | 30 | Moderate |
| Apr | 24 | Moderate |
| May | 21 | Moderate |
| Jun | 20 | Moderate |
| Jul | 20 | Moderate |
| Aug | 21 | Moderate |
| Sep | 20 | Moderate |
| Oct | 18 | Moderate |
| Nov | 18 | Moderate |
| Dec | 21 | Moderate |
Where is Caldas?
Caldas sits at 6.1°N, 75.6°W, 1,756 m above sea level, in Colombia. The nearest listed city is Sabaneta, 7.0 km away.
Topography around Caldas
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Caldas.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Caldas has large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 763 m around an average of 1,916 m above sea level; within 16 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,342 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 3,581 m.
The land around Caldas is covered by trees (67%) and grassland (23%) within 3 km, trees (72%) and grassland (21%) within 16 km, and trees (69%) and grassland (30%) within 80 km.
Colombia travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 3
- Reconsider Travel
- Power plugs
- Type A / B
- 120 / 240 V · 60 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 38% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $8,562
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.0 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 74%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 24.9
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 15.4
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Low
- EF EPI 480
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Caldas (6.0911°, -75.6357°, elevation 1,756 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).