Frontino weather in February
In February, Frontino sees average daytime highs of 23°C and overnight lows near 16°C, with 255 mm of rain across 27.7 wet days and about 11.8 hours of daylight. It is the 5th-warmest and 11th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 23°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 1% of the time in February, and the air most often feels humid.
Daylight stretches from about 11 h 42 min at the start of February to 11 h 54 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Frontino's 2nd-clearest and 4th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Frontino's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 23°
- 5th warmest
- Overnight low
- 16°
- 8th coldest
- Rainfall
- 255 mm
- 27.7 wet days
- Daylight
- 11 h 48 min
- 6:26 AM – 6:12 PM
- Cloud cover
- 84%
- 2nd clearest
- Wind
- 3 km/h
- 4th windiest
- Solar energy
- 4.54 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 3.5
- out of 10
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 23°C through the month.
A typical February day in Frontino reaches about 23°C in the afternoon and slips back to 16°C overnight — a 7°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 22°C and 25°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs on par with January and on par with March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 |
| Avg low (°C) | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 23 | 16 |
| 2 | 23 | 16 |
| 3 | 23 | 16 |
| 4 | 23 | 16 |
| 5 | 23 | 16 |
| 6 | 23 | 16 |
| 7 | 23 | 16 |
| 8 | 23 | 16 |
| 9 | 23 | 16 |
| 10 | 23 | 16 |
| 11 | 23 | 16 |
| 12 | 23 | 16 |
| 13 | 23 | 16 |
| 14 | 23 | 16 |
| 15 | 23 | 16 |
| 16 | 23 | 16 |
| 17 | 23 | 16 |
| 18 | 23 | 16 |
| 19 | 23 | 16 |
| 20 | 23 | 16 |
| 21 | 23 | 16 |
| 22 | 23 | 16 |
| 23 | 23 | 16 |
| 24 | 23 | 16 |
| 25 | 23 | 16 |
| 26 | 23 | 16 |
| 27 | 23 | 16 |
| 28 | 23 | 16 |
Frontino weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 5th-warmest and 11th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 23° / 16° | 235 | 30.8 | 11.7 | 3.6 |
| Feb | 23° / 16° | 255 | 27.7 | 11.8 | 3.5 |
| Mar | 23° / 17° | 346 | 30.7 | 12 | 3.5 |
| Apr | 24° / 17° | 401 | 30 | 12.1 | 3.4 |
| May | 24° / 17° | 495 | 31 | 12.3 | 3.4 |
| Jun | 23° / 17° | 401 | 30 | 12.4 | 3.4 |
| Jul | 23° / 16° | 402 | 31 | 12.4 | 3.4 |
| Aug | 23° / 16° | 411 | 31 | 12.2 | 3.4 |
| Sep | 23° / 16° | 439 | 30 | 12 | 3.3 |
| Oct | 23° / 16° | 489 | 30.8 | 11.8 | 3.4 |
| Nov | 23° / 16° | 448 | 29.7 | 11.7 | 3.4 |
| Dec | 23° / 16° | 305 | 30.6 | 11.6 | 3.5 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 1% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 7% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 92%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 |
| Cloudier (%) | 93 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 92 | 92 | 93 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 95 | 95 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 7 | 93 |
| 2 | 8 | 92 |
| 3 | 8 | 92 |
| 4 | 8 | 92 |
| 5 | 8 | 92 |
| 6 | 9 | 91 |
| 7 | 9 | 91 |
| 8 | 9 | 91 |
| 9 | 9 | 91 |
| 10 | 9 | 91 |
| 11 | 9 | 91 |
| 12 | 9 | 91 |
| 13 | 9 | 91 |
| 14 | 9 | 91 |
| 15 | 9 | 91 |
| 16 | 9 | 91 |
| 17 | 9 | 91 |
| 18 | 9 | 91 |
| 19 | 9 | 91 |
| 20 | 8 | 92 |
| 21 | 8 | 92 |
| 22 | 7 | 93 |
| 23 | 6 | 94 |
| 24 | 6 | 94 |
| 25 | 6 | 94 |
| 26 | 6 | 94 |
| 27 | 5 | 95 |
| 28 | 5 | 95 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Frontino gets around 255 mm of rain over 27.7 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 99% and peaks near 100% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 99 |
| 2 | 99 |
| 3 | 99 |
| 4 | 99 |
| 5 | 99 |
| 6 | 99 |
| 7 | 99 |
| 8 | 99 |
| 9 | 99 |
| 10 | 98 |
| 11 | 98 |
| 12 | 98 |
| 13 | 98 |
| 14 | 98 |
| 15 | 98 |
| 16 | 99 |
| 17 | 99 |
| 18 | 99 |
| 19 | 99 |
| 20 | 99 |
| 21 | 99 |
| 22 | 99 |
| 23 | 99 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels humid — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the humid band about 74% of days. Sticky, muggy-or-worse air turns up on roughly 25% of them.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Comfortable (%) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Humid (%) | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 73 | 72 |
| Muggy (%) | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 26 | 27 |
| Comfortable (%) | Humid (%) | Muggy (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1 | 75 | 24 |
| 2 | 1 | 75 | 24 |
| 3 | 1 | 75 | 24 |
| 4 | 1 | 75 | 24 |
| 5 | 1 | 74 | 25 |
| 6 | 1 | 74 | 25 |
| 7 | 1 | 74 | 25 |
| 8 | 1 | 74 | 25 |
| 9 | 1 | 74 | 25 |
| 10 | 1 | 74 | 25 |
| 11 | 1 | 74 | 25 |
| 12 | 1 | 74 | 25 |
| 13 | 1 | 75 | 24 |
| 14 | 1 | 75 | 24 |
| 15 | 1 | 75 | 24 |
| 16 | 1 | 75 | 24 |
| 17 | 1 | 75 | 24 |
| 18 | 1 | 75 | 24 |
| 19 | 1 | 75 | 24 |
| 20 | 1 | 75 | 24 |
| 21 | 1 | 75 | 24 |
| 22 | 1 | 75 | 24 |
| 23 | 1 | 75 | 24 |
| 24 | 1 | 74 | 25 |
| 25 | 1 | 74 | 25 |
| 26 | 1 | 74 | 25 |
| 27 | 1 | 73 | 26 |
| 28 | 1 | 72 | 27 |
Wind in February
Winds average 3 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 3 km/h on the calmest days to 3 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 3 | calm |
| 2 | 3 | calm |
| 3 | 3 | calm |
| 4 | 3 | calm |
| 5 | 3 | calm |
| 6 | 3 | calm |
| 7 | 3 | calm |
| 8 | 3 | calm |
| 9 | 3 | calm |
| 10 | 3 | calm |
| 11 | 3 | calm |
| 12 | 3 | calm |
| 13 | 3 | calm |
| 14 | 3 | calm |
| 15 | 3 | calm |
| 16 | 3 | calm |
| 17 | 3 | calm |
| 18 | 3 | calm |
| 19 | 3 | calm |
| 20 | 3 | calm |
| 21 | 3 | calm |
| 22 | 3 | calm |
| 23 | 3 | calm |
| 24 | 3 | calm |
| 25 | 3 | calm |
| 26 | 3 | calm |
| 27 | 3 | calm |
| 28 | 3 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 11 h 42 min at the start of February to 11 h 54 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 12 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 6:27 AM to 6:22 AM, and sunset from 6:09 PM to 6:14 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.9 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:22 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:09 | 6:10 | 6:10 | 6:10 | 6:10 | 6:11 | 6:11 | 6:11 | 6:11 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11.7 | 6:27 | 6:09 |
| 2 | 11.7 | 6:27 | 6:10 |
| 3 | 11.7 | 6:27 | 6:10 |
| 4 | 11.7 | 6:27 | 6:10 |
| 5 | 11.7 | 6:27 | 6:10 |
| 6 | 11.7 | 6:27 | 6:11 |
| 7 | 11.7 | 6:27 | 6:11 |
| 8 | 11.7 | 6:27 | 6:11 |
| 9 | 11.7 | 6:27 | 6:11 |
| 10 | 11.8 | 6:26 | 6:12 |
| 11 | 11.8 | 6:26 | 6:12 |
| 12 | 11.8 | 6:26 | 6:12 |
| 13 | 11.8 | 6:26 | 6:12 |
| 14 | 11.8 | 6:26 | 6:12 |
| 15 | 11.8 | 6:26 | 6:12 |
| 16 | 11.8 | 6:26 | 6:13 |
| 17 | 11.8 | 6:25 | 6:13 |
| 18 | 11.8 | 6:25 | 6:13 |
| 19 | 11.8 | 6:25 | 6:13 |
| 20 | 11.8 | 6:25 | 6:13 |
| 21 | 11.8 | 6:24 | 6:13 |
| 22 | 11.8 | 6:24 | 6:13 |
| 23 | 11.8 | 6:24 | 6:13 |
| 24 | 11.8 | 6:24 | 6:13 |
| 25 | 11.8 | 6:23 | 6:13 |
| 26 | 11.8 | 6:23 | 6:14 |
| 27 | 11.8 | 6:23 | 6:14 |
| 28 | 11.9 | 6:22 | 6:14 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 4.54 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 3.61 kWh/m² to a high of 4.6 kWh/m² in March across the year — February's 4.54 kWh/m² sits near the top of that range.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 2 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 3 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 4 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 5 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 6 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 7 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 8 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 9 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 10 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 11 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 12 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 13 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 14 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 15 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 16 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 17 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 18 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 19 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 20 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 21 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 22 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 23 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 24 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 25 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 26 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 27 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 28 | 4.6 | Bright |
Is February a good time to visit Frontino?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Frontino.
What to pack for Frontino in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Frontino sees daytime highs around 23°C and nights near 16°C. Pack rain gear. Worth having: light clothes and sun protection. About 28 days see rain.
UV index in Frontino in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 14 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Frontino peaks around March 13 at about 14 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 14 at about 11 (extreme).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 13 | 14 | 15 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 12 | 12 | 11 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 13 | Extreme |
| Feb | 14 | Extreme |
| Mar | 15 | Extreme |
| Apr | 13 | Extreme |
| May | 14 | Extreme |
| Jun | 14 | Extreme |
| Jul | 13 | Extreme |
| Aug | 13 | Extreme |
| Sep | 14 | Extreme |
| Oct | 12 | Extreme |
| Nov | 12 | Extreme |
| Dec | 11 | Extreme |
Air quality in Frontino in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Frontino is worst in March — around 23 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), about 2.9× the cleanest month (November, 8 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 12 | 18 | 23 | 15 | 11 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 10 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 12 | Moderate |
| Feb | 18 | Moderate |
| Mar | 23 | Moderate |
| Apr | 15 | Moderate |
| May | 11 | Good |
| Jun | 9 | Good |
| Jul | 9 | Good |
| Aug | 9 | Good |
| Sep | 8 | Good |
| Oct | 8 | Good |
| Nov | 8 | Good |
| Dec | 10 | Good |
Where is Frontino?
Frontino sits at 6.8°N, 76.1°W, 1,389 m above sea level, in Colombia. The nearest listed city is Dabeiba, 30 km away.
Topography around Frontino
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Frontino.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Frontino has significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 571 m around an average of 1,448 m above sea level; within 16 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,811 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 3,913 m.
The land around Frontino is covered by trees (52%) and grassland (46%) within 3 km, trees (71%) and grassland (29%) within 16 km, and trees (83%) within 80 km.
Colombia travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 3
- Reconsider Travel
- Power plugs
- Type A / B
- 120 / 240 V · 60 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 38% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $8,562
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.0 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 74%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 24.9
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 15.4
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Low
- EF EPI 480
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Frontino (6.7713°, -76.1332°, elevation 1,389 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).