Lérida weather in February
In February, Lérida sees average daytime highs of 26°C and overnight lows near 17°C, with 51 mm of rain across 7.4 wet days and about 11.8 hours of daylight. It is the 1st-warmest and 9th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 26°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 11% of the time in February, and the air most often feels comfortable.
Daylight stretches from about 11 h 48 min at the start of February to 11 h 54 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Lérida's 2nd-clearest and 6th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Lérida's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 26°
- 1st warmest
- Overnight low
- 17°
- 10th coldest
- Rainfall
- 51 mm
- 7.4 wet days
- Daylight
- 11 h 48 min
- 6:19 AM – 6:09 PM
- Cloud cover
- 73%
- 2nd clearest
- Wind
- 5 km/h
- 6th windiest
- Solar energy
- 5.29 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 6.7
- out of 10
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 26°C through the month.
A typical February day in Lérida reaches about 26°C in the afternoon and slips back to 17°C overnight — a 9°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 23°C and 28°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs on par with January and on par with March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 |
| Avg low (°C) | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 26 | 17 |
| 2 | 26 | 17 |
| 3 | 26 | 17 |
| 4 | 26 | 17 |
| 5 | 26 | 17 |
| 6 | 26 | 17 |
| 7 | 26 | 17 |
| 8 | 26 | 17 |
| 9 | 26 | 17 |
| 10 | 26 | 17 |
| 11 | 26 | 17 |
| 12 | 26 | 17 |
| 13 | 26 | 17 |
| 14 | 26 | 17 |
| 15 | 26 | 17 |
| 16 | 26 | 17 |
| 17 | 26 | 17 |
| 18 | 26 | 17 |
| 19 | 26 | 17 |
| 20 | 26 | 17 |
| 21 | 26 | 17 |
| 22 | 26 | 17 |
| 23 | 26 | 17 |
| 24 | 26 | 17 |
| 25 | 26 | 17 |
| 26 | 26 | 17 |
| 27 | 26 | 17 |
| 28 | 26 | 17 |
Lérida weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 1st-warmest and 9th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 26° / 16° | 51 | 5.7 | 11.7 | 7.1 |
| Feb | 26° / 17° | 51 | 7.4 | 11.8 | 6.7 |
| Mar | 26° / 17° | 108 | 13.4 | 12 | 5.9 |
| Apr | 25° / 17° | 153 | 17.7 | 12.1 | 5.1 |
| May | 24° / 17° | 153 | 19.2 | 12.2 | 5.1 |
| Jun | 24° / 16° | 54 | 12.4 | 12.3 | 6.0 |
| Jul | 24° / 16° | 41 | 9.4 | 12.3 | 6.6 |
| Aug | 25° / 16° | 26 | 6.3 | 12.2 | 6.9 |
| Sep | 26° / 17° | 47 | 9.1 | 12 | 6.4 |
| Oct | 25° / 17° | 159 | 15.2 | 11.9 | 5.6 |
| Nov | 25° / 17° | 157 | 13.9 | 11.8 | 5.8 |
| Dec | 25° / 17° | 81 | 8.5 | 11.7 | 6.7 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 11% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 16% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 73%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 32 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 31 | 30 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 28 | 28 | 27 | 27 | 26 | 25 | 24 | 24 | 22 | 21 | 20 | 18 | 18 | 16 |
| Cloudier (%) | 68 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 69 | 70 | 71 | 71 | 71 | 72 | 72 | 73 | 73 | 74 | 75 | 76 | 76 | 78 | 79 | 80 | 82 | 82 | 84 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 32 | 68 |
| 2 | 31 | 69 |
| 3 | 31 | 69 |
| 4 | 31 | 69 |
| 5 | 31 | 69 |
| 6 | 31 | 69 |
| 7 | 30 | 70 |
| 8 | 30 | 70 |
| 9 | 30 | 70 |
| 10 | 31 | 69 |
| 11 | 30 | 70 |
| 12 | 29 | 71 |
| 13 | 29 | 71 |
| 14 | 29 | 71 |
| 15 | 28 | 72 |
| 16 | 28 | 72 |
| 17 | 27 | 73 |
| 18 | 27 | 73 |
| 19 | 26 | 74 |
| 20 | 25 | 75 |
| 21 | 24 | 76 |
| 22 | 24 | 76 |
| 23 | 22 | 78 |
| 24 | 21 | 79 |
| 25 | 20 | 80 |
| 26 | 18 | 82 |
| 27 | 18 | 82 |
| 28 | 16 | 84 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Lérida gets around 51 mm of rain over 7.4 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 26% and peaks near 32% on the wettest days. The odds climb toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 31 | 32 | 32 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 18 |
| 2 | 19 |
| 3 | 20 |
| 4 | 21 |
| 5 | 22 |
| 6 | 23 |
| 7 | 24 |
| 8 | 24 |
| 9 | 25 |
| 10 | 26 |
| 11 | 26 |
| 12 | 26 |
| 13 | 27 |
| 14 | 27 |
| 15 | 27 |
| 16 | 27 |
| 17 | 28 |
| 18 | 28 |
| 19 | 28 |
| 20 | 28 |
| 21 | 29 |
| 22 | 29 |
| 23 | 29 |
| 24 | 30 |
| 25 | 31 |
| 26 | 31 |
| 27 | 32 |
| 28 | 32 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels comfortable — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the comfortable band about 61% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 30 | 30 | 30 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 28 | 28 | 27 | 26 | 26 | 25 | 24 | 23 | 22 | 21 | 20 |
| Comfortable (%) | 62 | 62 | 61 | 62 | 61 | 61 | 61 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 59 | 59 | 59 | 59 | 59 | 59 | 60 | 60 | 61 | 62 | 62 | 63 | 63 | 64 | 65 | 65 | 65 |
| Humid (%) | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 15 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | Humid (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 30 | 62 | 8 |
| 2 | 30 | 62 | 8 |
| 3 | 30 | 61 | 9 |
| 4 | 29 | 62 | 9 |
| 5 | 29 | 61 | 10 |
| 6 | 29 | 61 | 10 |
| 7 | 29 | 61 | 10 |
| 8 | 29 | 60 | 11 |
| 9 | 29 | 60 | 11 |
| 10 | 29 | 60 | 11 |
| 11 | 29 | 60 | 11 |
| 12 | 29 | 59 | 12 |
| 13 | 29 | 59 | 12 |
| 14 | 29 | 59 | 12 |
| 15 | 29 | 59 | 12 |
| 16 | 29 | 59 | 12 |
| 17 | 29 | 59 | 12 |
| 18 | 28 | 60 | 12 |
| 19 | 28 | 60 | 12 |
| 20 | 27 | 61 | 12 |
| 21 | 26 | 62 | 12 |
| 22 | 26 | 62 | 12 |
| 23 | 25 | 63 | 12 |
| 24 | 24 | 63 | 13 |
| 25 | 23 | 64 | 13 |
| 26 | 22 | 65 | 13 |
| 27 | 21 | 65 | 14 |
| 28 | 20 | 65 | 15 |
Wind in February
Winds average 5 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 5 km/h on the calmest days to 5 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5 | calm |
| 2 | 5 | calm |
| 3 | 5 | calm |
| 4 | 5 | calm |
| 5 | 5 | calm |
| 6 | 5 | calm |
| 7 | 5 | calm |
| 8 | 5 | calm |
| 9 | 5 | calm |
| 10 | 5 | calm |
| 11 | 5 | calm |
| 12 | 5 | calm |
| 13 | 5 | calm |
| 14 | 5 | calm |
| 15 | 5 | calm |
| 16 | 5 | calm |
| 17 | 5 | calm |
| 18 | 5 | calm |
| 19 | 5 | calm |
| 20 | 5 | calm |
| 21 | 5 | calm |
| 22 | 5 | calm |
| 23 | 5 | calm |
| 24 | 5 | calm |
| 25 | 5 | calm |
| 26 | 5 | calm |
| 27 | 5 | calm |
| 28 | 5 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 11 h 48 min at the start of February to 11 h 54 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 6 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 6:19 AM to 6:16 AM, and sunset from 6:07 PM to 6:10 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:17 | 6:17 | 6:17 | 6:16 | 6:16 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:07 | 6:07 | 6:07 | 6:08 | 6:08 | 6:08 | 6:08 | 6:08 | 6:09 | 6:09 | 6:09 | 6:09 | 6:09 | 6:09 | 6:09 | 6:10 | 6:10 | 6:10 | 6:10 | 6:10 | 6:10 | 6:10 | 6:10 | 6:10 | 6:10 | 6:10 | 6:10 | 6:10 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11.8 | 6:19 | 6:07 |
| 2 | 11.8 | 6:19 | 6:07 |
| 3 | 11.8 | 6:20 | 6:07 |
| 4 | 11.8 | 6:20 | 6:08 |
| 5 | 11.8 | 6:20 | 6:08 |
| 6 | 11.8 | 6:20 | 6:08 |
| 7 | 11.8 | 6:20 | 6:08 |
| 8 | 11.8 | 6:20 | 6:08 |
| 9 | 11.8 | 6:20 | 6:09 |
| 10 | 11.8 | 6:19 | 6:09 |
| 11 | 11.8 | 6:19 | 6:09 |
| 12 | 11.8 | 6:19 | 6:09 |
| 13 | 11.8 | 6:19 | 6:09 |
| 14 | 11.8 | 6:19 | 6:09 |
| 15 | 11.8 | 6:19 | 6:09 |
| 16 | 11.8 | 6:19 | 6:10 |
| 17 | 11.8 | 6:19 | 6:10 |
| 18 | 11.9 | 6:19 | 6:10 |
| 19 | 11.9 | 6:18 | 6:10 |
| 20 | 11.9 | 6:18 | 6:10 |
| 21 | 11.9 | 6:18 | 6:10 |
| 22 | 11.9 | 6:18 | 6:10 |
| 23 | 11.9 | 6:18 | 6:10 |
| 24 | 11.9 | 6:17 | 6:10 |
| 25 | 11.9 | 6:17 | 6:10 |
| 26 | 11.9 | 6:17 | 6:10 |
| 27 | 11.9 | 6:16 | 6:10 |
| 28 | 11.9 | 6:16 | 6:10 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 5.29 kWh/m² — the sunniest month for solar.
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.16 kWh/m² to a high of 5.29 kWh/m² in February across the year — February's 5.29 kWh/m² sits near the top of that range.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 5.2 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 2 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 3 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 4 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 5 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 6 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 7 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 9 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 10 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 11 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 12 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 13 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 14 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 15 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 16 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 17 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 18 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 19 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 20 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 21 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 24 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 25 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 26 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 27 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 28 | 5.2 | Bright |
Is February a good time to visit Lérida?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a reasonable time to visit Lérida for sightseeing. The water and warmth also suit a beach or pool day.
What to pack for Lérida in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Lérida sees daytime highs around 26°C and nights near 17°C. Worth packing: light clothes and sun protection. About 7 days see rain.
UV index in Lérida in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 15 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Lérida peaks around February 18 at about 14 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 16 at about 10 (extreme).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 12 | 15 | 14 | 12 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 10 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 12 | Extreme |
| Feb | 15 | Extreme |
| Mar | 14 | Extreme |
| Apr | 12 | Extreme |
| May | 13 | Extreme |
| Jun | 12 | Extreme |
| Jul | 12 | Extreme |
| Aug | 12 | Extreme |
| Sep | 13 | Extreme |
| Oct | 13 | Extreme |
| Nov | 12 | Extreme |
| Dec | 10 | Very high |
Air quality in Lérida in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Lérida is worst in March — around 40 µg/m³ PM2.5 (poor), about 1.9× the cleanest month (July, 21 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 31 | 36 | 40 | 35 | 28 | 24 | 21 | 25 | 31 | 29 | 28 | 31 |
| Level | Moderate | Poor | Poor | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 31 | Moderate |
| Feb | 36 | Poor |
| Mar | 40 | Poor |
| Apr | 35 | Moderate |
| May | 28 | Moderate |
| Jun | 24 | Moderate |
| Jul | 21 | Moderate |
| Aug | 25 | Moderate |
| Sep | 31 | Moderate |
| Oct | 29 | Moderate |
| Nov | 28 | Moderate |
| Dec | 31 | Moderate |
Where is Lérida?
Lérida sits at 4.9°N, 74.9°W, 345 m above sea level, in Colombia. The nearest listed city is Líbano, 18 km away.
Topography around Lérida
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Lérida.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Lérida has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 223 m around an average of 336 m above sea level; within 16 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,487 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 5,100 m.
The land around Lérida is covered by grassland (42%) and trees (36%) within 3 km, trees (53%) and grassland (32%) within 16 km, and trees (65%) and grassland (30%) within 80 km.
Colombia travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 3
- Reconsider Travel
- Power plugs
- Type A / B
- 120 / 240 V · 60 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 38% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $8,562
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.0 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 74%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 24.9
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 15.4
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Low
- EF EPI 480
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Lérida (4.8624°, -74.9098°, elevation 345 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).