Pasto weather in December
In December, Pasto sees average daytime highs of 19°C and overnight lows near 10°C, with 222 mm of rain across 25.8 wet days and about 11.9 hours of daylight. It is the 9th-warmest and 4th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 19°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 1% of the time in December, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 11 h 54 min at the start of December to 11 h 54 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, December is Pasto's 5th-clearest and 11th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Pasto's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 19°
- 9th warmest
- Overnight low
- 10°
- 8th coldest
- Rainfall
- 222 mm
- 25.8 wet days
- Daylight
- 11 h 54 min
- 6:07 AM – 6:03 PM
- Cloud cover
- 83%
- 5th clearest
- Wind
- 5 km/h
- 11th windiest
- Solar energy
- 4.69 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 3.7
- out of 10
- Air quality
- Good
- PM2.5 9 µg/m³ · 2014
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in December
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 19°C through the month.
A typical December day in Pasto reaches about 19°C in the afternoon and slips back to 10°C overnight — a 8°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 17°C and 20°C. Set against its neighbours, December runs on par with November and on par with January.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 |
| Avg low (°C) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 19 | 10 |
| 2 | 19 | 10 |
| 3 | 19 | 10 |
| 4 | 19 | 10 |
| 5 | 19 | 10 |
| 6 | 19 | 10 |
| 7 | 19 | 10 |
| 8 | 19 | 10 |
| 9 | 19 | 10 |
| 10 | 19 | 10 |
| 11 | 19 | 10 |
| 12 | 19 | 10 |
| 13 | 19 | 10 |
| 14 | 19 | 10 |
| 15 | 19 | 10 |
| 16 | 19 | 11 |
| 17 | 19 | 11 |
| 18 | 19 | 11 |
| 19 | 19 | 11 |
| 20 | 19 | 11 |
| 21 | 19 | 11 |
| 22 | 19 | 11 |
| 23 | 19 | 11 |
| 24 | 19 | 11 |
| 25 | 19 | 11 |
| 26 | 19 | 11 |
| 27 | 19 | 11 |
| 28 | 19 | 11 |
| 29 | 19 | 10 |
| 30 | 19 | 10 |
| 31 | 19 | 10 |
Pasto weather by month
How December compares with the rest of the year at a glance. December is the 9th-warmest and 4th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 19° / 10° | 177 | 22.4 | 11.9 | 4.1 |
| Feb | 19° / 11° | 182 | 22.4 | 12 | 3.9 |
| Mar | 19° / 11° | 236 | 27.5 | 12 | 3.5 |
| Apr | 19° / 11° | 231 | 27.5 | 12 | 3.3 |
| May | 19° / 11° | 181 | 27.3 | 12.1 | 3.5 |
| Jun | 18° / 10° | 114 | 23.7 | 12.1 | 3.8 |
| Jul | 18° / 10° | 92 | 22.2 | 12.1 | 4.2 |
| Aug | 19° / 10° | 63 | 16.6 | 12 | 4.9 |
| Sep | 20° / 10° | 99 | 19.9 | 12 | 4.5 |
| Oct | 19° / 10° | 195 | 25.2 | 12 | 3.8 |
| Nov | 19° / 10° | 244 | 26.5 | 11.9 | 3.5 |
| Dec | 19° / 10° | 222 | 25.8 | 11.9 | 3.7 |
Cloud cover in December
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 1% of the time in December.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 9% of December, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 90%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 16 |
| Cloudier (%) | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 94 | 94 | 93 | 93 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 87 | 87 | 86 | 86 | 85 | 84 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5 | 95 |
| 2 | 5 | 95 |
| 3 | 5 | 95 |
| 4 | 5 | 95 |
| 5 | 6 | 94 |
| 6 | 6 | 94 |
| 7 | 7 | 93 |
| 8 | 7 | 93 |
| 9 | 8 | 92 |
| 10 | 8 | 92 |
| 11 | 8 | 92 |
| 12 | 8 | 92 |
| 13 | 9 | 91 |
| 14 | 9 | 91 |
| 15 | 9 | 91 |
| 16 | 9 | 91 |
| 17 | 10 | 90 |
| 18 | 10 | 90 |
| 19 | 10 | 90 |
| 20 | 11 | 89 |
| 21 | 11 | 89 |
| 22 | 11 | 89 |
| 23 | 12 | 88 |
| 24 | 12 | 88 |
| 25 | 12 | 88 |
| 26 | 13 | 87 |
| 27 | 13 | 87 |
| 28 | 14 | 86 |
| 29 | 14 | 86 |
| 30 | 15 | 85 |
| 31 | 16 | 84 |
Chance of precipitation in December
Pasto gets around 222 mm of rain over 25.8 wet days in December. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 83% and peaks near 88% on the wettest days. The odds ease toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 88 | 88 | 88 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 84 | 84 | 83 | 83 | 82 | 81 | 79 | 78 | 77 | 76 | 75 | 75 | 74 | 74 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 88 |
| 2 | 88 |
| 3 | 88 |
| 4 | 87 |
| 5 | 87 |
| 6 | 87 |
| 7 | 87 |
| 8 | 86 |
| 9 | 86 |
| 10 | 86 |
| 11 | 86 |
| 12 | 86 |
| 13 | 85 |
| 14 | 85 |
| 15 | 85 |
| 16 | 85 |
| 17 | 85 |
| 18 | 84 |
| 19 | 84 |
| 20 | 83 |
| 21 | 83 |
| 22 | 82 |
| 23 | 81 |
| 24 | 79 |
| 25 | 78 |
| 26 | 77 |
| 27 | 76 |
| 28 | 75 |
| 29 | 75 |
| 30 | 74 |
| 31 | 74 |
Humidity in December
Most of December feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, December lands in the dry band about 99% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 97 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 |
| Comfortable (%) | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 97 | 3 |
| 2 | 98 | 2 |
| 3 | 98 | 2 |
| 4 | 98 | 2 |
| 5 | 98 | 2 |
| 6 | 98 | 2 |
| 7 | 98 | 2 |
| 8 | 99 | 1 |
| 9 | 99 | 1 |
| 10 | 99 | 1 |
| 11 | 99 | 1 |
| 12 | 99 | 1 |
| 13 | 99 | 1 |
| 14 | 99 | 1 |
| 15 | 99 | 1 |
| 16 | 99 | 1 |
| 17 | 99 | 1 |
| 18 | 99 | 1 |
| 19 | 99 | 1 |
| 20 | 99 | 1 |
| 21 | 99 | 1 |
| 22 | 99 | 1 |
| 23 | 99 | 1 |
| 24 | 99 | 1 |
| 25 | 99 | 1 |
| 26 | 99 | 1 |
| 27 | 99 | 1 |
| 28 | 99 | 1 |
| 29 | 99 | 1 |
| 30 | 99 | 1 |
| 31 | 99 | 1 |
Wind in December
Winds average 5 km/h in December.
Across December, daily wind ranges from about 5 km/h on the calmest days to 5 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5 | calm |
| 2 | 5 | calm |
| 3 | 5 | calm |
| 4 | 5 | calm |
| 5 | 5 | calm |
| 6 | 5 | calm |
| 7 | 5 | calm |
| 8 | 5 | calm |
| 9 | 5 | calm |
| 10 | 5 | calm |
| 11 | 5 | calm |
| 12 | 5 | calm |
| 13 | 5 | calm |
| 14 | 5 | calm |
| 15 | 5 | calm |
| 16 | 5 | calm |
| 17 | 5 | calm |
| 18 | 5 | calm |
| 19 | 5 | calm |
| 20 | 5 | calm |
| 21 | 5 | calm |
| 22 | 5 | calm |
| 23 | 5 | calm |
| 24 | 5 | calm |
| 25 | 5 | calm |
| 26 | 5 | calm |
| 27 | 5 | calm |
| 28 | 5 | calm |
| 29 | 5 | calm |
| 30 | 5 | calm |
| 31 | 5 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in December
Daylight runs from about 11 h 54 min at the start of December to 11 h 54 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 0 minutes over December. Sunrise moves from 6:01 AM to 6:14 AM, and sunset from 5:57 PM to 6:10 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:01 | 6:01 | 6:02 | 6:02 | 6:02 | 6:03 | 6:03 | 6:04 | 6:04 | 6:05 | 6:05 | 6:06 | 6:06 | 6:06 | 6:07 | 6:07 | 6:08 | 6:08 | 6:09 | 6:09 | 6:10 | 6:10 | 6:11 | 6:11 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:14 | 6:14 |
| Sunset (PM) | 5:57 | 5:57 | 5:58 | 5:58 | 5:58 | 5:59 | 5:59 | 6:00 | 6:00 | 6:01 | 6:01 | 6:01 | 6:02 | 6:02 | 6:03 | 6:03 | 6:04 | 6:04 | 6:05 | 6:05 | 6:06 | 6:06 | 6:06 | 6:07 | 6:07 | 6:08 | 6:08 | 6:09 | 6:09 | 6:10 | 6:10 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11.9 | 6:01 | 5:57 |
| 2 | 11.9 | 6:01 | 5:57 |
| 3 | 11.9 | 6:02 | 5:58 |
| 4 | 11.9 | 6:02 | 5:58 |
| 5 | 11.9 | 6:02 | 5:58 |
| 6 | 11.9 | 6:03 | 5:59 |
| 7 | 11.9 | 6:03 | 5:59 |
| 8 | 11.9 | 6:04 | 6:00 |
| 9 | 11.9 | 6:04 | 6:00 |
| 10 | 11.9 | 6:05 | 6:01 |
| 11 | 11.9 | 6:05 | 6:01 |
| 12 | 11.9 | 6:06 | 6:01 |
| 13 | 11.9 | 6:06 | 6:02 |
| 14 | 11.9 | 6:06 | 6:02 |
| 15 | 11.9 | 6:07 | 6:03 |
| 16 | 11.9 | 6:07 | 6:03 |
| 17 | 11.9 | 6:08 | 6:04 |
| 18 | 11.9 | 6:08 | 6:04 |
| 19 | 11.9 | 6:09 | 6:05 |
| 20 | 11.9 | 6:09 | 6:05 |
| 21 | 11.9 | 6:10 | 6:06 |
| 22 | 11.9 | 6:10 | 6:06 |
| 23 | 11.9 | 6:11 | 6:06 |
| 24 | 11.9 | 6:11 | 6:07 |
| 25 | 11.9 | 6:12 | 6:07 |
| 26 | 11.9 | 6:12 | 6:08 |
| 27 | 11.9 | 6:13 | 6:08 |
| 28 | 11.9 | 6:13 | 6:09 |
| 29 | 11.9 | 6:13 | 6:09 |
| 30 | 11.9 | 6:14 | 6:10 |
| 31 | 11.9 | 6:14 | 6:10 |
Solar energy in December
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in December, about 4.69 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.61 kWh/m² to a high of 5.65 kWh/m² in September across the year — December's 4.69 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 4.9 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 2 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 3 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 4 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 5 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 6 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 7 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 8 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 9 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 10 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 11 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 12 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 13 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 14 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 15 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 16 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 17 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 18 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 19 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 20 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 21 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 22 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 23 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 24 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 25 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 26 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 27 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 28 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 29 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 30 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 31 | 4.9 | Bright |
Is December a good time to visit Pasto?
Our two travel scores rate December for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
December is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Pasto.
What to pack for Pasto in December
From December's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In December, Pasto sees daytime highs around 19°C and nights near 10°C. Pack rain gear. Worth having: sun protection. About 26 days see rain.
UV index in Pasto in December
Clear-sky midday UV in December peaks around 13 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Pasto peaks around February 20 at about 17 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near July 23 at about 13 (extreme).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 16 | 17 | 17 | 15 | 16 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 15 | 15 | 13 | 13 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 16 | Extreme |
| Feb | 17 | Extreme |
| Mar | 17 | Extreme |
| Apr | 15 | Extreme |
| May | 16 | Extreme |
| Jun | 14 | Extreme |
| Jul | 13 | Extreme |
| Aug | 13 | Extreme |
| Sep | 15 | Extreme |
| Oct | 15 | Extreme |
| Nov | 13 | Extreme |
| Dec | 13 | Extreme |
Where is Pasto?
Pasto sits at 1.2°N, 77.3°W, 2,569 m above sea level, in Colombia. The nearest listed city is Buesaco, 23 km away.
Topography around Pasto
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Pasto.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Pasto has significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 424 m around an average of 2,616 m above sea level; within 16 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,750 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 4,628 m.
The land around Pasto is covered by artificial surfaces (53%) and grassland (31%) within 3 km, trees (57%) and grassland (37%) within 16 km, and trees (76%) and grassland (23%) within 80 km.
Colombia travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 3
- Reconsider Travel
- Power plugs
- Type A / B
- 120 / 240 V · 60 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 38% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $8,562
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.0 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 74%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 24.9
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 15.4
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Low
- EF EPI 480
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Pasto (1.2146°, -77.2785°, elevation 2,569 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).