Providencia weather in February
In February, Providencia sees average daytime highs of 23°C and overnight lows near 16°C, with 371 mm of rain across 27.8 wet days and about 11.9 hours of daylight. It is the 8th-warmest and 11th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 23°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 1% of the time in February, and the air most often feels humid.
Daylight stretches from about 11 h 54 min at the start of February to 12 hours by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Providencia's 7th-clearest and 3rd-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Providencia's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 23°
- 8th warmest
- Overnight low
- 16°
- 8th coldest
- Rainfall
- 371 mm
- 27.8 wet days
- Daylight
- 11 h 54 min
- 6:26 AM – 6:23 PM
- Cloud cover
- 88%
- 7th clearest
- Wind
- 4 km/h
- 3rd windiest
- Solar energy
- 4.75 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 3.4
- out of 10
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 23°C through the month.
A typical February day in Providencia reaches about 23°C in the afternoon and slips back to 16°C overnight — a 7°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 21°C and 24°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs on par with January and on par with March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 |
| Avg low (°C) | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 23 | 16 |
| 2 | 23 | 16 |
| 3 | 23 | 16 |
| 4 | 23 | 16 |
| 5 | 23 | 16 |
| 6 | 23 | 16 |
| 7 | 23 | 16 |
| 8 | 23 | 16 |
| 9 | 23 | 16 |
| 10 | 23 | 16 |
| 11 | 23 | 16 |
| 12 | 23 | 16 |
| 13 | 23 | 16 |
| 14 | 23 | 16 |
| 15 | 23 | 16 |
| 16 | 23 | 16 |
| 17 | 23 | 16 |
| 18 | 23 | 16 |
| 19 | 23 | 16 |
| 20 | 23 | 16 |
| 21 | 23 | 16 |
| 22 | 23 | 16 |
| 23 | 23 | 16 |
| 24 | 23 | 16 |
| 25 | 23 | 16 |
| 26 | 23 | 16 |
| 27 | 23 | 16 |
| 28 | 23 | 16 |
Providencia weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 8th-warmest and 11th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 22° / 16° | 383 | 30.9 | 11.9 | 3.4 |
| Feb | 23° / 16° | 371 | 27.8 | 11.9 | 3.4 |
| Mar | 23° / 16° | 443 | 30.8 | 12 | 3.4 |
| Apr | 23° / 16° | 502 | 30 | 12 | 3.4 |
| May | 23° / 16° | 472 | 30.9 | 12.1 | 3.4 |
| Jun | 23° / 16° | 384 | 29.8 | 12.1 | 3.5 |
| Jul | 23° / 16° | 367 | 30.9 | 12.1 | 3.5 |
| Aug | 24° / 16° | 412 | 30.9 | 12.1 | 3.5 |
| Sep | 23° / 15° | 455 | 30 | 12 | 3.5 |
| Oct | 23° / 16° | 509 | 30.9 | 12 | 3.4 |
| Nov | 22° / 16° | 444 | 29.7 | 11.9 | 3.3 |
| Dec | 22° / 16° | 447 | 30.8 | 11.9 | 3.4 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 1% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 4% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 95%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Cloudier (%) | 94 | 94 | 94 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 97 | 97 | 98 | 98 | 99 | 99 | 99 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6 | 94 |
| 2 | 6 | 94 |
| 3 | 6 | 94 |
| 4 | 7 | 93 |
| 5 | 7 | 93 |
| 6 | 7 | 93 |
| 7 | 7 | 93 |
| 8 | 7 | 93 |
| 9 | 7 | 93 |
| 10 | 7 | 93 |
| 11 | 7 | 93 |
| 12 | 7 | 93 |
| 13 | 6 | 94 |
| 14 | 6 | 94 |
| 15 | 6 | 94 |
| 16 | 5 | 95 |
| 17 | 5 | 95 |
| 18 | 5 | 95 |
| 19 | 4 | 96 |
| 20 | 4 | 96 |
| 21 | 4 | 96 |
| 22 | 3 | 97 |
| 23 | 3 | 97 |
| 24 | 2 | 98 |
| 25 | 2 | 98 |
| 26 | 1 | 99 |
| 27 | 1 | 99 |
| 28 | 1 | 99 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Providencia gets around 371 mm of rain over 27.8 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 99% and peaks near 100% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 99 |
| 8 | 99 |
| 9 | 99 |
| 10 | 99 |
| 11 | 99 |
| 12 | 99 |
| 13 | 99 |
| 14 | 99 |
| 15 | 99 |
| 16 | 99 |
| 17 | 99 |
| 18 | 99 |
| 19 | 99 |
| 20 | 99 |
| 21 | 99 |
| 22 | 99 |
| 23 | 99 |
| 24 | 99 |
| 25 | 99 |
| 26 | 99 |
| 27 | 99 |
| 28 | 99 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels humid — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the humid band about 83% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Comfortable (%) | 15 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 11 |
| Humid (%) | 83 | 83 | 82 | 83 | 83 | 83 | 83 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 83 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 86 |
| Muggy (%) | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Comfortable (%) | Humid (%) | Muggy (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 15 | 83 | 2 |
| 2 | 15 | 83 | 2 |
| 3 | 15 | 82 | 3 |
| 4 | 14 | 83 | 3 |
| 5 | 14 | 83 | 3 |
| 6 | 14 | 83 | 3 |
| 7 | 14 | 83 | 3 |
| 8 | 14 | 82 | 4 |
| 9 | 14 | 82 | 4 |
| 10 | 14 | 82 | 4 |
| 11 | 14 | 82 | 4 |
| 12 | 14 | 82 | 4 |
| 13 | 14 | 82 | 4 |
| 14 | 14 | 82 | 4 |
| 15 | 14 | 82 | 4 |
| 16 | 14 | 82 | 4 |
| 17 | 14 | 82 | 4 |
| 18 | 14 | 82 | 4 |
| 19 | 14 | 82 | 4 |
| 20 | 14 | 82 | 4 |
| 21 | 14 | 83 | 3 |
| 22 | 13 | 84 | 3 |
| 23 | 13 | 84 | 3 |
| 24 | 13 | 84 | 3 |
| 25 | 12 | 85 | 3 |
| 26 | 12 | 85 | 3 |
| 27 | 12 | 85 | 3 |
| 28 | 11 | 86 | 3 |
Wind in February
Winds average 4 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 4 km/h on the calmest days to 4 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4 | calm |
| 2 | 4 | calm |
| 3 | 4 | calm |
| 4 | 4 | calm |
| 5 | 4 | calm |
| 6 | 4 | calm |
| 7 | 4 | calm |
| 8 | 4 | calm |
| 9 | 4 | calm |
| 10 | 4 | calm |
| 11 | 4 | calm |
| 12 | 4 | calm |
| 13 | 4 | calm |
| 14 | 4 | calm |
| 15 | 4 | calm |
| 16 | 4 | calm |
| 17 | 4 | calm |
| 18 | 4 | calm |
| 19 | 4 | calm |
| 20 | 4 | calm |
| 21 | 4 | calm |
| 22 | 4 | calm |
| 23 | 4 | calm |
| 24 | 4 | calm |
| 25 | 4 | calm |
| 26 | 4 | calm |
| 27 | 4 | calm |
| 28 | 4 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 11 h 54 min at the start of February to 12 hours by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 6 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 6:25 AM to 6:24 AM, and sunset from 6:21 PM to 6:22 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:25 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:24 | 6:24 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:21 | 6:22 | 6:22 | 6:22 | 6:22 | 6:22 | 6:22 | 6:22 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:22 | 6:22 | 6:22 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11.9 | 6:25 | 6:21 |
| 2 | 11.9 | 6:26 | 6:22 |
| 3 | 11.9 | 6:26 | 6:22 |
| 4 | 11.9 | 6:26 | 6:22 |
| 5 | 11.9 | 6:26 | 6:22 |
| 6 | 11.9 | 6:26 | 6:22 |
| 7 | 11.9 | 6:26 | 6:22 |
| 8 | 11.9 | 6:26 | 6:22 |
| 9 | 11.9 | 6:26 | 6:23 |
| 10 | 11.9 | 6:26 | 6:23 |
| 11 | 11.9 | 6:26 | 6:23 |
| 12 | 11.9 | 6:26 | 6:23 |
| 13 | 11.9 | 6:26 | 6:23 |
| 14 | 11.9 | 6:26 | 6:23 |
| 15 | 11.9 | 6:26 | 6:23 |
| 16 | 12.0 | 6:26 | 6:23 |
| 17 | 12.0 | 6:26 | 6:23 |
| 18 | 12.0 | 6:26 | 6:23 |
| 19 | 12.0 | 6:26 | 6:23 |
| 20 | 12.0 | 6:26 | 6:23 |
| 21 | 12.0 | 6:25 | 6:23 |
| 22 | 12.0 | 6:25 | 6:23 |
| 23 | 12.0 | 6:25 | 6:23 |
| 24 | 12.0 | 6:25 | 6:23 |
| 25 | 12.0 | 6:25 | 6:23 |
| 26 | 12.0 | 6:25 | 6:22 |
| 27 | 12.0 | 6:24 | 6:22 |
| 28 | 12.0 | 6:24 | 6:22 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 4.75 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.13 kWh/m² to a high of 5.1 kWh/m² in August across the year — February's 4.75 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 2 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 3 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 4 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 5 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 6 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 7 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 8 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 9 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 10 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 11 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 12 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 13 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 14 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 15 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 16 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 17 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 18 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 19 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 20 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 21 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 22 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 23 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 24 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 25 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 26 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 27 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 28 | 4.8 | Bright |
Is February a good time to visit Providencia?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Providencia.
What to pack for Providencia in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Providencia sees daytime highs around 23°C and nights near 16°C. Pack rain gear. Worth having: light clothes and sun protection. About 28 days see rain.
UV index in Providencia in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 16 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Providencia peaks around February 19 at about 16 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near July 24 at about 12 (extreme).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 15 | 16 | 16 | 13 | 14 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 14 | 14 | 12 | 13 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 15 | Extreme |
| Feb | 16 | Extreme |
| Mar | 16 | Extreme |
| Apr | 13 | Extreme |
| May | 14 | Extreme |
| Jun | 13 | Extreme |
| Jul | 12 | Extreme |
| Aug | 12 | Extreme |
| Sep | 14 | Extreme |
| Oct | 14 | Extreme |
| Nov | 12 | Extreme |
| Dec | 13 | Extreme |
Air quality in Providencia in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Providencia is worst in March — around 18 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), about 1.7× the cleanest month (July, 11 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 14 | 18 | 18 | 16 | 13 | 11 | 11 | 14 | 17 | 15 | 14 | 14 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Good | Good | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 14 | Moderate |
| Feb | 18 | Moderate |
| Mar | 18 | Moderate |
| Apr | 16 | Moderate |
| May | 13 | Moderate |
| Jun | 11 | Good |
| Jul | 11 | Good |
| Aug | 14 | Moderate |
| Sep | 17 | Moderate |
| Oct | 15 | Moderate |
| Nov | 14 | Moderate |
| Dec | 14 | Moderate |
Where is Providencia?
Providencia sits at 1.6°N, 77.5°W, 0 m above sea level, in Colombia. The nearest listed city is San Lorenzo, 29 km away.
Topography around Providencia
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Providencia.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Providencia has very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,217 m around an average of 933 m above sea level; within 16 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 3,307 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 4,178 m.
The land around Providencia is covered by grassland (70%) and trees (27%) within 3 km, trees (52%) and grassland (45%) within 16 km, and trees (76%) and grassland (23%) within 80 km.
Colombia travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 3
- Reconsider Travel
- Power plugs
- Type A / B
- 120 / 240 V · 60 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 38% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $8,562
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.0 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 74%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 24.9
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 15.4
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Low
- EF EPI 480
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Providencia (1.5698°, -77.464°, elevation 0 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).