Villa Rica weather in February
In February, Villa Rica sees average daytime highs of 23°C and overnight lows near 15°C, with 392 mm of rain across 27.2 wet days and about 11.9 hours of daylight. It is the 2nd-warmest and 9th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 23°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 1% of the time in February, and the air most often feels humid.
Daylight stretches from about 11 h 54 min at the start of February to 11 h 54 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Villa Rica's 3rd-clearest and 4th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Villa Rica's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 23°
- 2nd warmest
- Overnight low
- 15°
- 9th coldest
- Rainfall
- 392 mm
- 27.2 wet days
- Daylight
- 11 h 54 min
- 6:24 AM – 6:20 PM
- Cloud cover
- 87%
- 3rd clearest
- Wind
- 4 km/h
- 4th windiest
- Solar energy
- 4.67 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 3.5
- out of 10
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 23°C through the month.
A typical February day in Villa Rica reaches about 23°C in the afternoon and slips back to 15°C overnight — a 8°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 21°C and 24°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs on par with January and on par with March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 |
| Avg low (°C) | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 23 | 15 |
| 2 | 23 | 15 |
| 3 | 23 | 15 |
| 4 | 23 | 15 |
| 5 | 23 | 15 |
| 6 | 23 | 15 |
| 7 | 23 | 15 |
| 8 | 23 | 15 |
| 9 | 23 | 15 |
| 10 | 23 | 15 |
| 11 | 23 | 15 |
| 12 | 23 | 15 |
| 13 | 23 | 15 |
| 14 | 23 | 15 |
| 15 | 23 | 15 |
| 16 | 23 | 15 |
| 17 | 23 | 15 |
| 18 | 23 | 15 |
| 19 | 23 | 15 |
| 20 | 23 | 15 |
| 21 | 23 | 15 |
| 22 | 23 | 15 |
| 23 | 23 | 15 |
| 24 | 23 | 15 |
| 25 | 23 | 15 |
| 26 | 23 | 15 |
| 27 | 23 | 15 |
| 28 | 23 | 15 |
Villa Rica weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 2nd-warmest and 9th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 23° / 15° | 370 | 29.8 | 11.9 | 3.6 |
| Feb | 23° / 15° | 392 | 27.2 | 11.9 | 3.5 |
| Mar | 23° / 15° | 532 | 30.1 | 12 | 3.5 |
| Apr | 23° / 15° | 642 | 29.7 | 12.1 | 3.4 |
| May | 23° / 15° | 727 | 30.7 | 12.1 | 3.4 |
| Jun | 23° / 14° | 786 | 29.5 | 12.1 | 3.4 |
| Jul | 23° / 14° | 823 | 30.3 | 12.1 | 3.5 |
| Aug | 23° / 14° | 738 | 30.6 | 12.1 | 3.5 |
| Sep | 23° / 14° | 658 | 29.9 | 12 | 3.4 |
| Oct | 22° / 15° | 507 | 30.1 | 11.9 | 3.4 |
| Nov | 22° / 15° | 378 | 28.7 | 11.9 | 3.5 |
| Dec | 22° / 15° | 392 | 29.8 | 11.9 | 3.5 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 1% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 4% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 95%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Cloudier (%) | 95 | 95 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 95 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5 | 95 |
| 2 | 5 | 95 |
| 3 | 6 | 94 |
| 4 | 6 | 94 |
| 5 | 6 | 94 |
| 6 | 6 | 94 |
| 7 | 6 | 94 |
| 8 | 6 | 94 |
| 9 | 6 | 94 |
| 10 | 6 | 94 |
| 11 | 6 | 94 |
| 12 | 6 | 94 |
| 13 | 6 | 94 |
| 14 | 6 | 94 |
| 15 | 6 | 94 |
| 16 | 5 | 95 |
| 17 | 4 | 96 |
| 18 | 4 | 96 |
| 19 | 4 | 96 |
| 20 | 3 | 97 |
| 21 | 3 | 97 |
| 22 | 3 | 97 |
| 23 | 3 | 97 |
| 24 | 2 | 98 |
| 25 | 2 | 98 |
| 26 | 2 | 98 |
| 27 | 2 | 98 |
| 28 | 2 | 98 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Villa Rica gets around 392 mm of rain over 27.2 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 97% and peaks near 98% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 98 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 98 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 97 |
| 2 | 97 |
| 3 | 97 |
| 4 | 97 |
| 5 | 97 |
| 6 | 97 |
| 7 | 97 |
| 8 | 97 |
| 9 | 97 |
| 10 | 97 |
| 11 | 97 |
| 12 | 97 |
| 13 | 97 |
| 14 | 97 |
| 15 | 97 |
| 16 | 98 |
| 17 | 97 |
| 18 | 97 |
| 19 | 97 |
| 20 | 97 |
| 21 | 97 |
| 22 | 97 |
| 23 | 97 |
| 24 | 97 |
| 25 | 97 |
| 26 | 97 |
| 27 | 97 |
| 28 | 98 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels humid — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the humid band about 78% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Comfortable (%) | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 22 | 21 | 21 | 20 | 20 | 19 |
| Humid (%) | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 77 | 77 | 77 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 77 | 77 | 77 | 77 | 77 | 77 | 77 | 77 | 77 | 77 | 78 | 79 | 79 | 80 | 80 | 81 |
| Muggy (%) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Comfortable (%) | Humid (%) | Muggy (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 21 | 78 | 1 |
| 2 | 21 | 78 | 1 |
| 3 | 21 | 78 | 1 |
| 4 | 21 | 78 | 1 |
| 5 | 21 | 78 | 1 |
| 6 | 21 | 78 | 1 |
| 7 | 22 | 77 | 1 |
| 8 | 22 | 77 | 1 |
| 9 | 22 | 77 | 1 |
| 10 | 22 | 78 | 0 |
| 11 | 22 | 78 | 0 |
| 12 | 22 | 78 | 0 |
| 13 | 23 | 77 | 0 |
| 14 | 23 | 77 | 0 |
| 15 | 23 | 77 | 0 |
| 16 | 23 | 77 | 0 |
| 17 | 23 | 77 | 0 |
| 18 | 23 | 77 | 0 |
| 19 | 23 | 77 | 0 |
| 20 | 23 | 77 | 0 |
| 21 | 23 | 77 | 0 |
| 22 | 23 | 77 | 0 |
| 23 | 22 | 78 | 0 |
| 24 | 21 | 79 | 0 |
| 25 | 21 | 79 | 0 |
| 26 | 20 | 80 | 0 |
| 27 | 20 | 80 | 0 |
| 28 | 19 | 81 | 0 |
Wind in February
Winds average 4 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 4 km/h on the calmest days to 4 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4 | calm |
| 2 | 4 | calm |
| 3 | 4 | calm |
| 4 | 4 | calm |
| 5 | 4 | calm |
| 6 | 4 | calm |
| 7 | 4 | calm |
| 8 | 4 | calm |
| 9 | 4 | calm |
| 10 | 4 | calm |
| 11 | 4 | calm |
| 12 | 4 | calm |
| 13 | 4 | calm |
| 14 | 4 | calm |
| 15 | 4 | calm |
| 16 | 4 | calm |
| 17 | 4 | calm |
| 18 | 4 | calm |
| 19 | 4 | calm |
| 20 | 4 | calm |
| 21 | 4 | calm |
| 22 | 4 | calm |
| 23 | 4 | calm |
| 24 | 4 | calm |
| 25 | 4 | calm |
| 26 | 4 | calm |
| 27 | 4 | calm |
| 28 | 4 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 11 h 54 min at the start of February to 11 h 54 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 0 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 6:24 AM to 6:22 AM, and sunset from 6:18 PM to 6:19 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:22 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11.9 | 6:24 | 6:18 |
| 2 | 11.9 | 6:24 | 6:18 |
| 3 | 11.9 | 6:24 | 6:18 |
| 4 | 11.9 | 6:24 | 6:18 |
| 5 | 11.9 | 6:25 | 6:18 |
| 6 | 11.9 | 6:25 | 6:19 |
| 7 | 11.9 | 6:25 | 6:19 |
| 8 | 11.9 | 6:25 | 6:19 |
| 9 | 11.9 | 6:25 | 6:19 |
| 10 | 11.9 | 6:25 | 6:19 |
| 11 | 11.9 | 6:25 | 6:19 |
| 12 | 11.9 | 6:25 | 6:19 |
| 13 | 11.9 | 6:25 | 6:19 |
| 14 | 11.9 | 6:25 | 6:19 |
| 15 | 11.9 | 6:24 | 6:20 |
| 16 | 11.9 | 6:24 | 6:20 |
| 17 | 11.9 | 6:24 | 6:20 |
| 18 | 11.9 | 6:24 | 6:20 |
| 19 | 11.9 | 6:24 | 6:20 |
| 20 | 11.9 | 6:24 | 6:20 |
| 21 | 11.9 | 6:24 | 6:20 |
| 22 | 11.9 | 6:24 | 6:20 |
| 23 | 11.9 | 6:23 | 6:20 |
| 24 | 11.9 | 6:23 | 6:19 |
| 25 | 11.9 | 6:23 | 6:19 |
| 26 | 11.9 | 6:23 | 6:19 |
| 27 | 11.9 | 6:23 | 6:19 |
| 28 | 11.9 | 6:22 | 6:19 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 4.67 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 3.92 kWh/m² to a high of 4.82 kWh/m² in August across the year — February's 4.67 kWh/m² sits near the top of that range.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 2 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 3 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 4 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 5 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 6 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 7 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 8 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 9 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 10 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 11 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 12 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 13 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 14 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 15 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 16 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 17 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 18 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 19 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 20 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 21 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 22 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 23 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 24 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 25 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 26 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 27 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 28 | 4.6 | Bright |
Is February a good time to visit Villa Rica?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Villa Rica.
What to pack for Villa Rica in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Villa Rica sees daytime highs around 23°C and nights near 15°C. Pack rain gear. Worth having: light clothes and sun protection. About 27 days see rain.
UV index in Villa Rica in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 17 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Villa Rica peaks around February 21 at about 16 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near November 20 at about 12 (extreme).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 15 | 17 | 16 | 14 | 15 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 14 | 14 | 12 | 13 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 15 | Extreme |
| Feb | 17 | Extreme |
| Mar | 16 | Extreme |
| Apr | 14 | Extreme |
| May | 15 | Extreme |
| Jun | 13 | Extreme |
| Jul | 12 | Extreme |
| Aug | 12 | Extreme |
| Sep | 14 | Extreme |
| Oct | 14 | Extreme |
| Nov | 12 | Extreme |
| Dec | 13 | Extreme |
Air quality in Villa Rica in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Villa Rica is worst in March — around 19 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), about 2.1× the cleanest month (July, 9 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 15 | 18 | 19 | 16 | 12 | 10 | 9 | 12 | 16 | 13 | 13 | 14 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Good | Good | Good | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 15 | Moderate |
| Feb | 18 | Moderate |
| Mar | 19 | Moderate |
| Apr | 16 | Moderate |
| May | 12 | Moderate |
| Jun | 10 | Good |
| Jul | 9 | Good |
| Aug | 12 | Good |
| Sep | 16 | Moderate |
| Oct | 13 | Moderate |
| Nov | 13 | Moderate |
| Dec | 14 | Moderate |
Where is Villa Rica?
Villa Rica sits at 2.5°N, 76.8°W, 1,737 m above sea level, in Colombia. The nearest listed city is Popayán, 28 km away.
Topography around Villa Rica
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Villa Rica.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Villa Rica has significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 370 m around an average of 1,735 m above sea level; within 16 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,092 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 4,625 m.
The land around Villa Rica is covered by trees (64%) and grassland (35%) within 3 km, trees (76%) and grassland (24%) within 16 km, and trees (78%) and grassland (21%) within 80 km.
Colombia travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 3
- Reconsider Travel
- Power plugs
- Type A / B
- 120 / 240 V · 60 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 38% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $8,562
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.0 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 74%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 24.9
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 15.4
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Low
- EF EPI 480
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Villa Rica (2.5142°, -76.8494°, elevation 1,737 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).