Banos weather in January
In January, Banos sees average daytime highs of 15°C and overnight lows near 7°C, with 248 mm of rain across 29.7 wet days and about 12.1 hours of daylight. It is the 4th-warmest and 6th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 15°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 0% of the time in January, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 12 h 06 min at the start of January to 12 h 06 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, January is Banos's 5th-clearest and 6th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Banos's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 15°
- 4th warmest
- Overnight low
- 7°
- 9th coldest
- Rainfall
- 248 mm
- 29.7 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 h 06 min
- 6:21 AM – 6:25 PM
- Cloud cover
- 86%
- 5th clearest
- Wind
- 5 km/h
- 6th windiest
- Solar energy
- 5.41 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 2.5
- out of 10
Temperature in January
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 15°C through the month.
A typical January day in Banos reaches about 15°C in the afternoon and slips back to 7°C overnight — a 9°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 13°C and 17°C. Set against its neighbours, January runs on par with December and on par with February.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 |
| Avg low (°C) | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 15 | 7 |
| 2 | 15 | 7 |
| 3 | 15 | 7 |
| 4 | 15 | 7 |
| 5 | 15 | 7 |
| 6 | 15 | 7 |
| 7 | 15 | 7 |
| 8 | 15 | 7 |
| 9 | 15 | 7 |
| 10 | 15 | 7 |
| 11 | 15 | 7 |
| 12 | 15 | 7 |
| 13 | 15 | 7 |
| 14 | 15 | 7 |
| 15 | 15 | 7 |
| 16 | 15 | 7 |
| 17 | 15 | 7 |
| 18 | 15 | 7 |
| 19 | 15 | 7 |
| 20 | 15 | 7 |
| 21 | 15 | 7 |
| 22 | 15 | 7 |
| 23 | 15 | 7 |
| 24 | 15 | 7 |
| 25 | 15 | 7 |
| 26 | 15 | 7 |
| 27 | 15 | 7 |
| 28 | 15 | 7 |
| 29 | 15 | 7 |
| 30 | 15 | 7 |
| 31 | 15 | 7 |
Banos weather by month
How January compares with the rest of the year at a glance. January is the 4th-warmest and 6th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 15° / 7° | 248 | 29.7 | 12.1 | 2.5 |
| Feb | 15° / 7° | 258 | 26.9 | 12 | 2.5 |
| Mar | 16° / 7° | 303 | 30.5 | 12 | 2.4 |
| Apr | 15° / 7° | 264 | 29.6 | 12 | 2.4 |
| May | 15° / 6° | 215 | 30.1 | 11.9 | 2.3 |
| Jun | 14° / 5° | 182 | 27.7 | 11.9 | 2.2 |
| Jul | 13° / 4° | 167 | 27.5 | 11.9 | 2.1 |
| Aug | 13° / 4° | 126 | 25.5 | 12 | 2.3 |
| Sep | 14° / 5° | 138 | 25.9 | 12 | 2.5 |
| Oct | 15° / 6° | 226 | 29.7 | 12 | 2.5 |
| Nov | 16° / 6° | 258 | 28.7 | 12.1 | 2.5 |
| Dec | 15° / 7° | 274 | 30.3 | 12.1 | 2.4 |
Cloud cover in January
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 0% of the time in January.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 3% of January, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 96%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 |
| Cloudier (%) | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 94 | 94 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 96 | 96 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 98 |
| 2 | 2 | 98 |
| 3 | 2 | 98 |
| 4 | 2 | 98 |
| 5 | 2 | 98 |
| 6 | 2 | 98 |
| 7 | 2 | 98 |
| 8 | 2 | 98 |
| 9 | 2 | 98 |
| 10 | 2 | 98 |
| 11 | 3 | 97 |
| 12 | 3 | 97 |
| 13 | 3 | 97 |
| 14 | 3 | 97 |
| 15 | 3 | 97 |
| 16 | 3 | 97 |
| 17 | 5 | 95 |
| 18 | 5 | 95 |
| 19 | 5 | 95 |
| 20 | 5 | 95 |
| 21 | 5 | 95 |
| 22 | 5 | 95 |
| 23 | 6 | 94 |
| 24 | 6 | 94 |
| 25 | 5 | 95 |
| 26 | 5 | 95 |
| 27 | 5 | 95 |
| 28 | 5 | 95 |
| 29 | 5 | 95 |
| 30 | 4 | 96 |
| 31 | 4 | 96 |
Chance of precipitation in January
Banos gets around 248 mm of rain over 29.7 wet days in January. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 96% and peaks near 97% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 97 | 97 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 94 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 97 |
| 2 | 97 |
| 3 | 96 |
| 4 | 96 |
| 5 | 96 |
| 6 | 96 |
| 7 | 96 |
| 8 | 96 |
| 9 | 96 |
| 10 | 96 |
| 11 | 96 |
| 12 | 96 |
| 13 | 96 |
| 14 | 96 |
| 15 | 96 |
| 16 | 96 |
| 17 | 96 |
| 18 | 96 |
| 19 | 96 |
| 20 | 96 |
| 21 | 95 |
| 22 | 95 |
| 23 | 95 |
| 24 | 95 |
| 25 | 95 |
| 26 | 95 |
| 27 | 95 |
| 28 | 95 |
| 29 | 95 |
| 30 | 95 |
| 31 | 94 |
Humidity in January
Most of January feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, January lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
| 29 | 100 |
| 30 | 100 |
| 31 | 100 |
Wind in January
Winds average 5 km/h in January.
Across January, daily wind ranges from about 5 km/h on the calmest days to 5 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5 | calm |
| 2 | 5 | calm |
| 3 | 5 | calm |
| 4 | 5 | calm |
| 5 | 5 | calm |
| 6 | 5 | calm |
| 7 | 5 | calm |
| 8 | 5 | calm |
| 9 | 5 | calm |
| 10 | 5 | calm |
| 11 | 5 | calm |
| 12 | 5 | calm |
| 13 | 5 | calm |
| 14 | 5 | calm |
| 15 | 5 | calm |
| 16 | 5 | calm |
| 17 | 5 | calm |
| 18 | 5 | calm |
| 19 | 5 | calm |
| 20 | 5 | calm |
| 21 | 5 | calm |
| 22 | 5 | calm |
| 23 | 5 | calm |
| 24 | 5 | calm |
| 25 | 5 | calm |
| 26 | 5 | calm |
| 27 | 5 | calm |
| 28 | 5 | calm |
| 29 | 5 | calm |
| 30 | 5 | calm |
| 31 | 5 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in January
Daylight runs from about 12 h 06 min at the start of January to 12 h 06 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 0 minutes over January. Sunrise moves from 6:14 AM to 6:25 AM, and sunset from 6:19 PM to 6:29 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:14 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:17 | 6:17 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:21 | 6:21 | 6:22 | 6:22 | 6:22 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:19 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:21 | 6:21 | 6:21 | 6:22 | 6:22 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:29 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12.1 | 6:14 | 6:19 |
| 2 | 12.1 | 6:15 | 6:20 |
| 3 | 12.1 | 6:15 | 6:20 |
| 4 | 12.1 | 6:16 | 6:21 |
| 5 | 12.1 | 6:16 | 6:21 |
| 6 | 12.1 | 6:17 | 6:21 |
| 7 | 12.1 | 6:17 | 6:22 |
| 8 | 12.1 | 6:18 | 6:22 |
| 9 | 12.1 | 6:18 | 6:23 |
| 10 | 12.1 | 6:18 | 6:23 |
| 11 | 12.1 | 6:19 | 6:23 |
| 12 | 12.1 | 6:19 | 6:24 |
| 13 | 12.1 | 6:20 | 6:24 |
| 14 | 12.1 | 6:20 | 6:24 |
| 15 | 12.1 | 6:20 | 6:25 |
| 16 | 12.1 | 6:21 | 6:25 |
| 17 | 12.1 | 6:21 | 6:25 |
| 18 | 12.1 | 6:22 | 6:26 |
| 19 | 12.1 | 6:22 | 6:26 |
| 20 | 12.1 | 6:22 | 6:26 |
| 21 | 12.1 | 6:23 | 6:27 |
| 22 | 12.1 | 6:23 | 6:27 |
| 23 | 12.1 | 6:23 | 6:27 |
| 24 | 12.1 | 6:23 | 6:27 |
| 25 | 12.1 | 6:24 | 6:28 |
| 26 | 12.1 | 6:24 | 6:28 |
| 27 | 12.1 | 6:24 | 6:28 |
| 28 | 12.1 | 6:25 | 6:28 |
| 29 | 12.1 | 6:25 | 6:29 |
| 30 | 12.1 | 6:25 | 6:29 |
| 31 | 12.1 | 6:25 | 6:29 |
Solar energy in January
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in January, about 5.41 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.78 kWh/m² to a high of 6.12 kWh/m² in September across the year — January's 5.41 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 2 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 3 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 4 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 5 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 6 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 7 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 9 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 10 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 11 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 12 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 13 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 14 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 15 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 16 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 17 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 18 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 19 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 20 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 21 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 24 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 25 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 26 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 27 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 28 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 29 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 30 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 31 | 5.5 | Bright |
Is January a good time to visit Banos?
Our two travel scores rate January for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
January is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Banos.
What to pack for Banos in January
From January's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In January, Banos sees daytime highs around 15°C and nights near 7°C. Pack rain gear. Worth having: a warm layer and sun protection. About 30 days see rain.
UV index in Banos in January
Clear-sky midday UV in January peaks around 17 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Banos peaks around February 21 at about 19 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near November 19 at about 13 (extreme).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 17 | 19 | 19 | 15 | 16 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 13 | 14 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 17 | Extreme |
| Feb | 19 | Extreme |
| Mar | 19 | Extreme |
| Apr | 15 | Extreme |
| May | 16 | Extreme |
| Jun | 13 | Extreme |
| Jul | 13 | Extreme |
| Aug | 14 | Extreme |
| Sep | 15 | Extreme |
| Oct | 16 | Extreme |
| Nov | 13 | Extreme |
| Dec | 14 | Extreme |
Air quality in Banos in January
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where January falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Banos is worst in September — around 21 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), about 1.7× the cleanest month (July, 13 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 19 | 21 | 21 | 19 | 16 | 13 | 13 | 17 | 21 | 20 | 21 | 18 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 19 | Moderate |
| Feb | 21 | Moderate |
| Mar | 21 | Moderate |
| Apr | 19 | Moderate |
| May | 16 | Moderate |
| Jun | 13 | Moderate |
| Jul | 13 | Moderate |
| Aug | 17 | Moderate |
| Sep | 21 | Moderate |
| Oct | 20 | Moderate |
| Nov | 21 | Moderate |
| Dec | 18 | Moderate |
Where is Banos?
Banos sits at 1.4°S, 78.4°W, 0 m above sea level, in Ecuador. The nearest listed city is Pelileo, 15 km away.
Topography around Banos
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Banos.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Banos has large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,087 m around an average of 2,126 m above sea level; within 16 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 3,654 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 5,817 m.
The land around Banos is covered by trees (67%) and grassland (22%) within 3 km, trees (73%) within 16 km, and trees (51%) and grassland (30%) within 80 km.
Ecuador travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type A / B
- 120 V · 60 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 43% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $7,125
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.1 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 70%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 45.7
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 20.1
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Low
- EF EPI 466
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Banos (-1.397°, -78.4229°, elevation 0 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).