Dodola weather in September
In September, Dodola sees average daytime highs of 17°C and overnight lows near 9°C, with 358 mm of rain across 25.8 wet days and about 12 hours of daylight. It is the 10th-warmest and 2nd-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 17°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 4% of the time in September, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 12 h 06 min at the start of September to 11 h 54 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, September is Dodola's 9th-clearest and 12th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Dodola's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 17°
- 10th warmest
- Overnight low
- 9°
- 6th coldest
- Rainfall
- 358 mm
- 25.8 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 hours
- 6:16 AM – 6:19 PM
- Cloud cover
- 72%
- 9th clearest
- Wind
- 4 km/h
- 12th windiest
- Solar energy
- 5.06 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 3.5
- out of 10
Dodola is place in Oromia, Ethiopia.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in September
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 17°C through the month.
A typical September day in Dodola reaches about 17°C in the afternoon and slips back to 9°C overnight — a 8°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 15°C and 19°C. Set against its neighbours, September runs about 1°C warmer than August and on par with October.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 |
| Avg low (°C) | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 17 | 9 |
| 2 | 17 | 9 |
| 3 | 17 | 9 |
| 4 | 17 | 9 |
| 5 | 17 | 9 |
| 6 | 17 | 9 |
| 7 | 17 | 9 |
| 8 | 17 | 9 |
| 9 | 17 | 9 |
| 10 | 17 | 9 |
| 11 | 17 | 9 |
| 12 | 17 | 9 |
| 13 | 17 | 9 |
| 14 | 17 | 9 |
| 15 | 17 | 9 |
| 16 | 17 | 9 |
| 17 | 17 | 9 |
| 18 | 17 | 9 |
| 19 | 17 | 9 |
| 20 | 17 | 9 |
| 21 | 17 | 9 |
| 22 | 17 | 9 |
| 23 | 17 | 9 |
| 24 | 18 | 9 |
| 25 | 18 | 9 |
| 26 | 18 | 9 |
| 27 | 18 | 9 |
| 28 | 18 | 9 |
| 29 | 18 | 9 |
| 30 | 18 | 9 |
Dodola weather by month
How September compares with the rest of the year at a glance. September is the 10th-warmest and 2nd-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 21° / 8° | 28 | 5.2 | 11.6 | 7.3 |
| Feb | 22° / 8° | 48 | 5.9 | 11.8 | 7.1 |
| Mar | 21° / 9° | 149 | 12.1 | 12 | 6.1 |
| Apr | 20° / 10° | 261 | 18.2 | 12.1 | 4.9 |
| May | 20° / 10° | 203 | 16.2 | 12.3 | 5.2 |
| Jun | 18° / 10° | 234 | 22.9 | 12.4 | 4.1 |
| Jul | 16° / 9° | 349 | 30.4 | 12.4 | 2.7 |
| Aug | 17° / 9° | 377 | 30.4 | 12.2 | 2.8 |
| Sep | 17° / 9° | 358 | 25.8 | 12 | 3.5 |
| Oct | 18° / 9° | 152 | 15.4 | 11.8 | 5.1 |
| Nov | 19° / 8° | 41 | 5.1 | 11.7 | 6.8 |
| Dec | 20° / 7° | 17 | 2.6 | 11.6 | 7.6 |
Cloud cover in September
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 4% of the time in September.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 17% of September, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 79%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 12 | 13 | 14 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 21 | 21 | 22 | 22 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 25 | 25 | 25 |
| Cloudier (%) | 88 | 87 | 86 | 84 | 83 | 82 | 81 | 81 | 79 | 79 | 78 | 78 | 77 | 77 | 77 | 77 | 77 | 77 | 77 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 77 | 77 | 77 | 75 | 75 | 75 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12 | 88 |
| 2 | 13 | 87 |
| 3 | 14 | 86 |
| 4 | 16 | 84 |
| 5 | 17 | 83 |
| 6 | 18 | 82 |
| 7 | 19 | 81 |
| 8 | 19 | 81 |
| 9 | 21 | 79 |
| 10 | 21 | 79 |
| 11 | 22 | 78 |
| 12 | 22 | 78 |
| 13 | 23 | 77 |
| 14 | 23 | 77 |
| 15 | 23 | 77 |
| 16 | 23 | 77 |
| 17 | 23 | 77 |
| 18 | 23 | 77 |
| 19 | 23 | 77 |
| 20 | 22 | 78 |
| 21 | 22 | 78 |
| 22 | 22 | 78 |
| 23 | 22 | 78 |
| 24 | 22 | 78 |
| 25 | 23 | 77 |
| 26 | 23 | 77 |
| 27 | 23 | 77 |
| 28 | 25 | 75 |
| 29 | 25 | 75 |
| 30 | 25 | 75 |
Chance of precipitation in September
Dodola gets around 358 mm of rain over 25.8 wet days in September. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 86% and peaks near 94% on the wettest days. The odds ease toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 94 | 94 | 93 | 92 | 92 | 91 | 91 | 90 | 90 | 89 | 89 | 88 | 88 | 87 | 87 | 86 | 86 | 85 | 85 | 84 | 83 | 83 | 82 | 80 | 79 | 78 | 77 | 75 | 74 | 73 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 94 |
| 2 | 94 |
| 3 | 93 |
| 4 | 92 |
| 5 | 92 |
| 6 | 91 |
| 7 | 91 |
| 8 | 90 |
| 9 | 90 |
| 10 | 89 |
| 11 | 89 |
| 12 | 88 |
| 13 | 88 |
| 14 | 87 |
| 15 | 87 |
| 16 | 86 |
| 17 | 86 |
| 18 | 85 |
| 19 | 85 |
| 20 | 84 |
| 21 | 83 |
| 22 | 83 |
| 23 | 82 |
| 24 | 80 |
| 25 | 79 |
| 26 | 78 |
| 27 | 77 |
| 28 | 75 |
| 29 | 74 |
| 30 | 73 |
Humidity in September
Most of September feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, September lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
| 29 | 100 |
| 30 | 100 |
Wind in September
Winds average 4 km/h in September, the calmest month.
Across September, daily wind ranges from about 4 km/h on the calmest days to 5 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5 | calm |
| 2 | 5 | calm |
| 3 | 5 | calm |
| 4 | 5 | calm |
| 5 | 5 | calm |
| 6 | 5 | calm |
| 7 | 5 | calm |
| 8 | 5 | calm |
| 9 | 4 | calm |
| 10 | 4 | calm |
| 11 | 4 | calm |
| 12 | 4 | calm |
| 13 | 4 | calm |
| 14 | 4 | calm |
| 15 | 4 | calm |
| 16 | 4 | calm |
| 17 | 4 | calm |
| 18 | 4 | calm |
| 19 | 4 | calm |
| 20 | 4 | calm |
| 21 | 4 | calm |
| 22 | 4 | calm |
| 23 | 4 | calm |
| 24 | 4 | calm |
| 25 | 4 | calm |
| 26 | 5 | calm |
| 27 | 5 | calm |
| 28 | 5 | calm |
| 29 | 5 | calm |
| 30 | 5 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in September
Daylight runs from about 12 h 06 min at the start of September to 11 h 54 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 12 minutes over September. Sunrise moves from 6:19 AM to 6:14 AM, and sunset from 6:27 PM to 6:11 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 11.9 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:17 | 6:17 | 6:17 | 6:17 | 6:17 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:27 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:22 | 6:22 | 6:21 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:17 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:12 | 6:11 | 6:11 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12.1 | 6:19 | 6:27 |
| 2 | 12.1 | 6:19 | 6:26 |
| 3 | 12.1 | 6:19 | 6:26 |
| 4 | 12.1 | 6:18 | 6:25 |
| 5 | 12.1 | 6:18 | 6:25 |
| 6 | 12.1 | 6:18 | 6:24 |
| 7 | 12.1 | 6:18 | 6:24 |
| 8 | 12.1 | 6:18 | 6:23 |
| 9 | 12.1 | 6:18 | 6:23 |
| 10 | 12.1 | 6:18 | 6:22 |
| 11 | 12.1 | 6:17 | 6:22 |
| 12 | 12.1 | 6:17 | 6:21 |
| 13 | 12.1 | 6:17 | 6:20 |
| 14 | 12.1 | 6:17 | 6:20 |
| 15 | 12.0 | 6:17 | 6:19 |
| 16 | 12.0 | 6:16 | 6:19 |
| 17 | 12.0 | 6:16 | 6:18 |
| 18 | 12.0 | 6:16 | 6:18 |
| 19 | 12.0 | 6:16 | 6:17 |
| 20 | 12.0 | 6:16 | 6:16 |
| 21 | 12.0 | 6:16 | 6:16 |
| 22 | 12.0 | 6:15 | 6:15 |
| 23 | 12.0 | 6:15 | 6:15 |
| 24 | 12.0 | 6:15 | 6:14 |
| 25 | 12.0 | 6:15 | 6:14 |
| 26 | 12.0 | 6:15 | 6:13 |
| 27 | 12.0 | 6:15 | 6:13 |
| 28 | 12.0 | 6:14 | 6:12 |
| 29 | 12.0 | 6:14 | 6:11 |
| 30 | 11.9 | 6:14 | 6:11 |
Solar energy in September
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in September, about 5.06 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.17 kWh/m² to a high of 6.51 kWh/m² in February across the year — September's 5.06 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 4.9 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 2 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 3 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 4 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 5 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 6 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 7 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 9 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 10 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 11 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 12 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 13 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 14 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 15 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 16 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 17 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 18 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 19 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 20 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 21 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 24 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 25 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 26 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 27 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 28 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 29 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 30 | 4.8 | Bright |
Hazard calendar for Dodola
In September, Dodola sits inside its rainy season season. The full year is below, with each hazard's peak months called out.
Dodola's rainy season runs April–September, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is September a good time to visit Dodola?
Our two travel scores rate September for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
September is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Dodola.
What to pack for Dodola in September
From September's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In September, Dodola sees daytime highs around 17°C and nights near 9°C. Pack rain gear. Worth having: sun protection. About 26 days see rain.
UV index in Dodola in September
Clear-sky midday UV in September peaks around 14 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Dodola peaks around March 16 at about 17 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near November 22 at about 12 (extreme).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 15 | 16 | 17 | 16 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 12 | 12 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 15 | Extreme |
| Feb | 16 | Extreme |
| Mar | 17 | Extreme |
| Apr | 16 | Extreme |
| May | 14 | Extreme |
| Jun | 13 | Extreme |
| Jul | 13 | Extreme |
| Aug | 15 | Extreme |
| Sep | 14 | Extreme |
| Oct | 14 | Extreme |
| Nov | 12 | Extreme |
| Dec | 12 | Extreme |
Air quality in Dodola in September
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where September falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Dodola is worst in December — around 42 µg/m³ PM2.5 (poor), and holds fairly steady the rest of the year.
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 40 | 36 | 36 | 33 | 30 | 33 | 30 | 27 | 33 | 37 | 41 | 42 |
| Level | Poor | Poor | Poor | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Poor | Poor | Poor |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 40 | Poor |
| Feb | 36 | Poor |
| Mar | 36 | Poor |
| Apr | 33 | Moderate |
| May | 30 | Moderate |
| Jun | 33 | Moderate |
| Jul | 30 | Moderate |
| Aug | 27 | Moderate |
| Sep | 33 | Moderate |
| Oct | 37 | Poor |
| Nov | 41 | Poor |
| Dec | 42 | Poor |
Where is Dodola?
Dodola sits at 7.0°N, 39.2°E, 2,464 m above sea level, in Ethiopia. The nearest listed city is Āsasa, 13 km away.
Topography around Dodola
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Dodola.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Dodola has significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 262 m around an average of 2,460 m above sea level; within 16 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,299 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 3,097 m.
The land around Dodola is covered by cropland (75%) within 3 km, cropland (70%) within 16 km, and cropland (37%), trees (32%) and grassland (21%) within 80 km.
Ethiopia travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 3
- Reconsider Travel
- Power plugs
- Type C / E / F / L
- 220 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 37% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $933
- 2025
- Happiness
- 4.0 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 14%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 8.5
- per 100k, 2012
- Road deaths
- 28.2
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Low
- World Bank
- English
- Low
- EF EPI 499
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Dodola (6.9833°, 39.1833°, elevation 2,464 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).