Gap weather in September
In September, Gap sees average daytime highs of 20°C and overnight lows near 8°C, with 69 mm of rain across 7.4 wet days and about 12.3 hours of daylight. It is the 4th-warmest and 8th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs ease over the month, from about 22°C in the first days to 18°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 49% of the time in September, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 13 h 06 min at the start of September to 11 h 36 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, September is Gap's 3rd-clearest and 10th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Gap's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 20°
- 4th warmest
- Overnight low
- 8°
- 9th coldest
- Rainfall
- 69 mm
- 7.4 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 h 18 min
- 6:21 AM – 6:39 PM
- Cloud cover
- 44%
- 3rd clearest
- Wind
- 6 km/h
- 10th windiest
- Solar energy
- 4.56 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 6.9
- out of 10
- Air quality
- Moderate
- PM2.5 10.6 µg/m³ · 2019
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in September
Highs ease over the month, from about 22°C in the first days to 18°C by the end.
A typical September day in Gap reaches about 20°C in the afternoon and slips back to 8°C overnight — a 11°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 15°C and 24°C. Set against its neighbours, September runs about 4°C cooler than August and about 5°C warmer than October.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 |
| Avg low (°C) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 22 | 10 |
| 2 | 22 | 10 |
| 3 | 22 | 10 |
| 4 | 22 | 10 |
| 5 | 22 | 10 |
| 6 | 22 | 10 |
| 7 | 21 | 9 |
| 8 | 21 | 9 |
| 9 | 21 | 9 |
| 10 | 21 | 9 |
| 11 | 21 | 9 |
| 12 | 21 | 9 |
| 13 | 20 | 9 |
| 14 | 20 | 9 |
| 15 | 20 | 9 |
| 16 | 20 | 8 |
| 17 | 20 | 8 |
| 18 | 20 | 8 |
| 19 | 19 | 8 |
| 20 | 19 | 8 |
| 21 | 19 | 8 |
| 22 | 19 | 8 |
| 23 | 19 | 8 |
| 24 | 19 | 7 |
| 25 | 18 | 7 |
| 26 | 18 | 7 |
| 27 | 18 | 7 |
| 28 | 18 | 7 |
| 29 | 18 | 7 |
| 30 | 18 | 7 |
How September really feels in Gap
Once humidity and wind are folded in, September averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
September sits comfortably in between — no days that feel dangerously hot or drop to a hard freeze once humidity and wind are folded in.
Gap weather by month
How September compares with the rest of the year at a glance. September is the 4th-warmest and 8th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 5° / -5° | 79 | 9.3 | 6.5 | 9 | 0.0 |
| Feb | 6° / -4° | 57 | 7.6 | 5.4 | 10.1 | 0.6 |
| Mar | 10° / -1° | 70 | 8.8 | 3 | 11.6 | 2.6 |
| Apr | 13° / 2° | 86 | 11.2 | 2.1 | 13.2 | 3.7 |
| May | 17° / 6° | 90 | 11.7 | 0.2 | 14.6 | 5.4 |
| Jun | 21° / 10° | 63 | 8.8 | 0 | 15.3 | 6.9 |
| Jul | 24° / 12° | 39 | 6.6 | 0 | 15 | 8.0 |
| Aug | 24° / 11° | 44 | 5.8 | 0 | 13.9 | 8.0 |
| Sep | 20° / 8° | 69 | 7.4 | 0 | 12.3 | 6.9 |
| Oct | 15° / 5° | 100 | 9.1 | 0.4 | 10.7 | 4.8 |
| Nov | 9° / -0° | 119 | 10.8 | 2.9 | 9.4 | 2.0 |
| Dec | 6° / -3° | 90 | 9.7 | 5.4 | 8.7 | 0.3 |
Cloud cover in September
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 49% of the time in September.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 17% of September, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 34%. Skies tend to cloud over as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 74 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 70 | 70 | 69 | 69 | 67 | 67 | 66 | 66 | 64 | 64 | 63 | 63 | 63 | 62 | 61 | 61 | 61 | 60 | 59 | 59 | 59 | 57 | 57 |
| Cloudier (%) | 26 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 30 | 30 | 31 | 31 | 33 | 33 | 34 | 34 | 36 | 36 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 43 | 43 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 74 | 26 |
| 2 | 73 | 27 |
| 3 | 73 | 27 |
| 4 | 73 | 27 |
| 5 | 72 | 28 |
| 6 | 72 | 28 |
| 7 | 72 | 28 |
| 8 | 70 | 30 |
| 9 | 70 | 30 |
| 10 | 69 | 31 |
| 11 | 69 | 31 |
| 12 | 67 | 33 |
| 13 | 67 | 33 |
| 14 | 66 | 34 |
| 15 | 66 | 34 |
| 16 | 64 | 36 |
| 17 | 64 | 36 |
| 18 | 63 | 37 |
| 19 | 63 | 37 |
| 20 | 63 | 37 |
| 21 | 62 | 38 |
| 22 | 61 | 39 |
| 23 | 61 | 39 |
| 24 | 61 | 39 |
| 25 | 60 | 40 |
| 26 | 59 | 41 |
| 27 | 59 | 41 |
| 28 | 59 | 41 |
| 29 | 57 | 43 |
| 30 | 57 | 43 |
Chance of precipitation in September
Gap gets around 69 mm of rain over 7.4 wet days in September. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 24% and peaks near 28% on the wettest days. The odds climb toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 19 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 21 | 21 | 22 | 22 | 23 | 23 | 24 | 24 | 25 | 25 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 28 | 28 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 19 |
| 2 | 19 |
| 3 | 20 |
| 4 | 20 |
| 5 | 21 |
| 6 | 21 |
| 7 | 22 |
| 8 | 22 |
| 9 | 23 |
| 10 | 23 |
| 11 | 24 |
| 12 | 24 |
| 13 | 25 |
| 14 | 25 |
| 15 | 26 |
| 16 | 26 |
| 17 | 26 |
| 18 | 26 |
| 19 | 26 |
| 20 | 26 |
| 21 | 26 |
| 22 | 26 |
| 23 | 27 |
| 24 | 27 |
| 25 | 27 |
| 26 | 27 |
| 27 | 27 |
| 28 | 27 |
| 29 | 28 |
| 30 | 28 |
Humidity in September
Most of September feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, September lands in the dry band about 98% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 95 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Comfortable (%) | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 95 | 5 |
| 2 | 96 | 4 |
| 3 | 96 | 4 |
| 4 | 96 | 4 |
| 5 | 96 | 4 |
| 6 | 96 | 4 |
| 7 | 96 | 4 |
| 8 | 97 | 3 |
| 9 | 97 | 3 |
| 10 | 97 | 3 |
| 11 | 98 | 2 |
| 12 | 98 | 2 |
| 13 | 98 | 2 |
| 14 | 99 | 1 |
| 15 | 99 | 1 |
| 16 | 99 | 1 |
| 17 | 99 | 1 |
| 18 | 100 | 0 |
| 19 | 100 | 0 |
| 20 | 100 | 0 |
| 21 | 100 | 0 |
| 22 | 100 | 0 |
| 23 | 100 | 0 |
| 24 | 100 | 0 |
| 25 | 100 | 0 |
| 26 | 100 | 0 |
| 27 | 100 | 0 |
| 28 | 100 | 0 |
| 29 | 100 | 0 |
| 30 | 100 | 0 |
Wind in September
Winds average 6 km/h in September.
Across September, daily wind ranges from about 6 km/h on the calmest days to 6 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6 | calm |
| 2 | 6 | calm |
| 3 | 6 | calm |
| 4 | 6 | calm |
| 5 | 6 | calm |
| 6 | 6 | calm |
| 7 | 6 | calm |
| 8 | 6 | calm |
| 9 | 6 | calm |
| 10 | 6 | calm |
| 11 | 6 | calm |
| 12 | 6 | calm |
| 13 | 6 | calm |
| 14 | 6 | calm |
| 15 | 6 | calm |
| 16 | 6 | calm |
| 17 | 6 | calm |
| 18 | 6 | calm |
| 19 | 6 | calm |
| 20 | 6 | calm |
| 21 | 6 | calm |
| 22 | 6 | calm |
| 23 | 6 | calm |
| 24 | 6 | calm |
| 25 | 6 | calm |
| 26 | 6 | calm |
| 27 | 6 | calm |
| 28 | 6 | calm |
| 29 | 6 | calm |
| 30 | 6 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in September
Daylight runs from about 13 h 06 min at the start of September to 11 h 36 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 90 minutes over September. Sunrise moves from 6:03 AM to 6:38 AM, and sunset from 7:08 PM to 6:12 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 13.1 | 13.0 | 13.0 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.2 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.6 | 11.6 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:03 | 6:04 | 6:05 | 6:06 | 6:08 | 6:09 | 6:10 | 6:11 | 6:12 | 6:14 | 6:15 | 6:16 | 6:17 | 6:18 | 6:20 | 6:21 | 6:22 | 6:23 | 6:25 | 6:26 | 6:27 | 6:28 | 6:29 | 6:31 | 6:32 | 6:33 | 6:34 | 6:36 | 6:37 | 6:38 |
| Sunset (PM) | 7:08 | 7:06 | 7:04 | 7:02 | 7:00 | 6:59 | 6:57 | 6:55 | 6:53 | 6:51 | 6:49 | 6:47 | 6:45 | 6:43 | 6:41 | 6:39 | 6:37 | 6:35 | 6:33 | 6:31 | 6:29 | 6:27 | 6:25 | 6:23 | 6:22 | 6:20 | 6:18 | 6:16 | 6:14 | 6:12 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 13.1 | 6:03 | 7:08 |
| 2 | 13.0 | 6:04 | 7:06 |
| 3 | 13.0 | 6:05 | 7:04 |
| 4 | 12.9 | 6:06 | 7:02 |
| 5 | 12.9 | 6:08 | 7:00 |
| 6 | 12.8 | 6:09 | 6:59 |
| 7 | 12.8 | 6:10 | 6:57 |
| 8 | 12.7 | 6:11 | 6:55 |
| 9 | 12.7 | 6:12 | 6:53 |
| 10 | 12.6 | 6:14 | 6:51 |
| 11 | 12.6 | 6:15 | 6:49 |
| 12 | 12.5 | 6:16 | 6:47 |
| 13 | 12.5 | 6:17 | 6:45 |
| 14 | 12.4 | 6:18 | 6:43 |
| 15 | 12.4 | 6:20 | 6:41 |
| 16 | 12.3 | 6:21 | 6:39 |
| 17 | 12.3 | 6:22 | 6:37 |
| 18 | 12.2 | 6:23 | 6:35 |
| 19 | 12.1 | 6:25 | 6:33 |
| 20 | 12.1 | 6:26 | 6:31 |
| 21 | 12.0 | 6:27 | 6:29 |
| 22 | 12.0 | 6:28 | 6:27 |
| 23 | 11.9 | 6:29 | 6:25 |
| 24 | 11.9 | 6:31 | 6:23 |
| 25 | 11.8 | 6:32 | 6:22 |
| 26 | 11.8 | 6:33 | 6:20 |
| 27 | 11.7 | 6:34 | 6:18 |
| 28 | 11.7 | 6:36 | 6:16 |
| 29 | 11.6 | 6:37 | 6:14 |
| 30 | 11.6 | 6:38 | 6:12 |
Solar energy in September
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in September, about 4.56 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 1.5 kWh/m² to a high of 6.95 kWh/m² in July across the year — September's 4.56 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 5.4 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.1 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.8 | 3.8 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 2 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 3 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 4 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 5 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 6 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 7 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 9 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 10 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 11 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 12 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 13 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 14 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 15 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 16 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 17 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 18 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 19 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 20 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 21 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 22 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 23 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 24 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 25 | 4.0 | Bright |
| 26 | 4.0 | Moderate |
| 27 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 28 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 29 | 3.8 | Moderate |
| 30 | 3.8 | Moderate |
Is September a good time to visit Gap?
Our two travel scores rate September for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
September is a reasonable time to visit Gap for sightseeing.
What to pack for Gap in September
From September's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In September, Gap sees daytime highs around 20°C and nights near 8°C. Worth packing: sun protection. About 7 days see rain.
UV index in Gap in September
Clear-sky midday UV in September peaks around 5 — enough to warrant sun protection. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Gap peaks around July 16 at about 9 (very high) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 22 at about 1 (low).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 8 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 1 |
| Level | Low | Moderate | Moderate | High | High | Very high | Very high | Very high | High | Moderate | Low | Low |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 1 | Low |
| Feb | 3 | Moderate |
| Mar | 5 | Moderate |
| Apr | 7 | High |
| May | 7 | High |
| Jun | 8 | Very high |
| Jul | 9 | Very high |
| Aug | 7 | Very high |
| Sep | 5 | High |
| Oct | 4 | Moderate |
| Nov | 2 | Low |
| Dec | 1 | Low |
Where is Gap?
Gap sits at 44.6°N, 6.1°E, 741 m above sea level, in France. The nearest listed city is Digne-les-Bains, 53 km away.
Topography around Gap
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Gap.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Gap has significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 450 m around an average of 843 m above sea level; within 16 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,079 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 3,777 m.
The land around Gap is covered by trees (47%), grassland (25%) and artificial surfaces (21%) within 3 km, trees (55%) and grassland (34%) within 16 km, and trees (59%) and grassland (28%) within 80 km.
France travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type C / E
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 77% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $48,986
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.6 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 100%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 1.3
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 5.1
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- English
- Moderate
- EF EPI 539
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Gap (44.5586°, 6.0787°, elevation 741 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).