Issoire weather in December
In December, Issoire sees average daytime highs of 6°C and overnight lows near 0°C, with 57 mm of precipitation across 11.4 wet days and about 8.6 hours of daylight. It is the 11th-warmest and 9th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 6°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 17% of the time in December, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 8 h 48 min at the start of December to 8 h 36 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, December is Issoire's 11th-clearest and 4th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Issoire's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 6°
- 11th warmest
- Overnight low
- 0°
- 3rd coldest
- Precipitation
- 57 mm
- 11.4 wet days
- Daylight
- 8 h 30 min
- 8:27 AM – 4:59 PM
- Cloud cover
- 72%
- 11th clearest
- Wind
- 10 km/h
- 4th windiest
- Solar energy
- 1.15 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 0.5
- out of 10
- Air quality
- Excellent
- PM10 15 µg/m³ · 2017
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in December
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 6°C through the month.
A typical December day in Issoire reaches about 6°C in the afternoon and slips back to 0°C overnight — a 6°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 0°C and 11°C. Set against its neighbours, December runs about 3°C cooler than November and on par with January.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| Avg low (°C) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 7 | 1 |
| 2 | 7 | 1 |
| 3 | 7 | 1 |
| 4 | 7 | 1 |
| 5 | 7 | 1 |
| 6 | 7 | 0 |
| 7 | 7 | 0 |
| 8 | 7 | 0 |
| 9 | 6 | 0 |
| 10 | 6 | 0 |
| 11 | 6 | 0 |
| 12 | 6 | 0 |
| 13 | 6 | 0 |
| 14 | 6 | 0 |
| 15 | 6 | 0 |
| 16 | 6 | 0 |
| 17 | 6 | 0 |
| 18 | 6 | 0 |
| 19 | 6 | 0 |
| 20 | 6 | 0 |
| 21 | 6 | 0 |
| 22 | 6 | 0 |
| 23 | 6 | 0 |
| 24 | 6 | 0 |
| 25 | 6 | 0 |
| 26 | 6 | 0 |
| 27 | 6 | 0 |
| 28 | 6 | 0 |
| 29 | 6 | 0 |
| 30 | 6 | 0 |
| 31 | 6 | 0 |
How December really feels in Issoire
Once humidity and wind are folded in, December averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 31 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
The story in December is cold — wind chill drags the overnight "feels like" below the raw low.
Issoire weather by month
How December compares with the rest of the year at a glance. December is the 11th-warmest and 9th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 6° / -1° | 57 | 11.7 | 5 | 8.9 | 0.3 |
| Feb | 7° / -1° | 46 | 10.4 | 4.7 | 10.1 | 0.8 |
| Mar | 11° / 1° | 49 | 10.3 | 2.4 | 11.6 | 2.7 |
| Apr | 14° / 4° | 74 | 13 | 1.5 | 13.2 | 3.7 |
| May | 18° / 7° | 83 | 13.5 | 0.2 | 14.7 | 5.1 |
| Jun | 22° / 11° | 71 | 11.5 | 0 | 15.4 | 6.3 |
| Jul | 24° / 13° | 65 | 10.3 | 0 | 15.1 | 7.0 |
| Aug | 24° / 12° | 70 | 10.2 | 0 | 13.9 | 7.1 |
| Sep | 20° / 9° | 72 | 9.5 | 0 | 12.3 | 6.3 |
| Oct | 15° / 6° | 70 | 10.7 | 0.4 | 10.7 | 4.5 |
| Nov | 9° / 2° | 72 | 12.2 | 2.1 | 9.3 | 1.8 |
| Dec | 6° / 0° | 57 | 11.4 | 4 | 8.6 | 0.5 |
Cloud cover in December
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 17% of the time in December.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 10% of December, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 73%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 26 | 27 | 27 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 29 | 29 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 25 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 27 | 27 | 27 |
| Cloudier (%) | 74 | 73 | 73 | 74 | 73 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 71 | 71 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 75 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 73 | 73 | 73 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 26 | 74 |
| 2 | 27 | 73 |
| 3 | 27 | 73 |
| 4 | 26 | 74 |
| 5 | 27 | 73 |
| 6 | 28 | 72 |
| 7 | 28 | 72 |
| 8 | 28 | 72 |
| 9 | 29 | 71 |
| 10 | 29 | 71 |
| 11 | 28 | 72 |
| 12 | 28 | 72 |
| 13 | 28 | 72 |
| 14 | 28 | 72 |
| 15 | 28 | 72 |
| 16 | 26 | 74 |
| 17 | 26 | 74 |
| 18 | 26 | 74 |
| 19 | 26 | 74 |
| 20 | 26 | 74 |
| 21 | 26 | 74 |
| 22 | 26 | 74 |
| 23 | 25 | 75 |
| 24 | 26 | 74 |
| 25 | 26 | 74 |
| 26 | 26 | 74 |
| 27 | 26 | 74 |
| 28 | 26 | 74 |
| 29 | 27 | 73 |
| 30 | 27 | 73 |
| 31 | 27 | 73 |
Chance of precipitation in December
Issoire gets around 57 mm of rain and snow over 11.4 wet days in December. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 37% and peaks near 40% on the wettest days, and about 4 days bring snow.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 40 | 40 | 40 | 39 | 39 | 38 | 38 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 36 | 36 | 36 | 36 | 36 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 36 | 36 | 36 | 36 | 36 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 |
| Snow chance (%) | 12 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 |
| Rain chance (%) | Snow chance (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 40 | 12 |
| 2 | 40 | 13 |
| 3 | 40 | 13 |
| 4 | 39 | 13 |
| 5 | 39 | 13 |
| 6 | 38 | 13 |
| 7 | 38 | 12 |
| 8 | 37 | 13 |
| 9 | 37 | 13 |
| 10 | 37 | 13 |
| 11 | 36 | 13 |
| 12 | 36 | 13 |
| 13 | 36 | 13 |
| 14 | 36 | 13 |
| 15 | 36 | 13 |
| 16 | 35 | 13 |
| 17 | 35 | 13 |
| 18 | 35 | 13 |
| 19 | 35 | 13 |
| 20 | 36 | 13 |
| 21 | 36 | 14 |
| 22 | 36 | 14 |
| 23 | 36 | 14 |
| 24 | 36 | 14 |
| 25 | 37 | 13 |
| 26 | 37 | 13 |
| 27 | 37 | 13 |
| 28 | 37 | 13 |
| 29 | 37 | 13 |
| 30 | 37 | 13 |
| 31 | 37 | 13 |
Humidity in December
Most of December feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, December lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
| 29 | 100 |
| 30 | 100 |
| 31 | 100 |
Wind in December
Winds average 10 km/h in December.
Across December, daily wind ranges from about 10 km/h on the calmest days to 10 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10 | calm |
| 2 | 10 | calm |
| 3 | 10 | calm |
| 4 | 10 | calm |
| 5 | 10 | calm |
| 6 | 10 | calm |
| 7 | 10 | calm |
| 8 | 10 | calm |
| 9 | 10 | calm |
| 10 | 10 | calm |
| 11 | 10 | calm |
| 12 | 10 | calm |
| 13 | 10 | calm |
| 14 | 10 | calm |
| 15 | 10 | calm |
| 16 | 10 | calm |
| 17 | 10 | calm |
| 18 | 10 | calm |
| 19 | 10 | calm |
| 20 | 10 | calm |
| 21 | 10 | calm |
| 22 | 10 | calm |
| 23 | 10 | calm |
| 24 | 10 | calm |
| 25 | 10 | calm |
| 26 | 10 | calm |
| 27 | 10 | calm |
| 28 | 10 | calm |
| 29 | 10 | calm |
| 30 | 10 | calm |
| 31 | 10 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in December
Daylight runs from about 8 h 48 min at the start of December to 8 h 36 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 12 minutes over December. Sunrise moves from 8:14 AM to 8:34 AM, and sunset from 5:00 PM to 5:07 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 8.8 | 8.7 | 8.7 | 8.7 | 8.7 | 8.7 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.6 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 8:14 | 8:15 | 8:16 | 8:17 | 8:18 | 8:19 | 8:20 | 8:21 | 8:22 | 8:23 | 8:24 | 8:24 | 8:25 | 8:26 | 8:27 | 8:27 | 8:28 | 8:29 | 8:29 | 8:30 | 8:30 | 8:31 | 8:31 | 8:32 | 8:32 | 8:32 | 8:33 | 8:33 | 8:33 | 8:33 | 8:34 |
| Sunset (PM) | 5:00 | 5:00 | 4:59 | 4:59 | 4:59 | 4:59 | 4:58 | 4:58 | 4:58 | 4:58 | 4:58 | 4:58 | 4:58 | 4:59 | 4:59 | 4:59 | 4:59 | 4:59 | 5:00 | 5:00 | 5:01 | 5:01 | 5:02 | 5:02 | 5:03 | 5:03 | 5:04 | 5:05 | 5:05 | 5:06 | 5:07 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8.8 | 8:14 | 5:00 |
| 2 | 8.7 | 8:15 | 5:00 |
| 3 | 8.7 | 8:16 | 4:59 |
| 4 | 8.7 | 8:17 | 4:59 |
| 5 | 8.7 | 8:18 | 4:59 |
| 6 | 8.7 | 8:19 | 4:59 |
| 7 | 8.6 | 8:20 | 4:58 |
| 8 | 8.6 | 8:21 | 4:58 |
| 9 | 8.6 | 8:22 | 4:58 |
| 10 | 8.6 | 8:23 | 4:58 |
| 11 | 8.6 | 8:24 | 4:58 |
| 12 | 8.6 | 8:24 | 4:58 |
| 13 | 8.6 | 8:25 | 4:58 |
| 14 | 8.5 | 8:26 | 4:59 |
| 15 | 8.5 | 8:27 | 4:59 |
| 16 | 8.5 | 8:27 | 4:59 |
| 17 | 8.5 | 8:28 | 4:59 |
| 18 | 8.5 | 8:29 | 4:59 |
| 19 | 8.5 | 8:29 | 5:00 |
| 20 | 8.5 | 8:30 | 5:00 |
| 21 | 8.5 | 8:30 | 5:01 |
| 22 | 8.5 | 8:31 | 5:01 |
| 23 | 8.5 | 8:31 | 5:02 |
| 24 | 8.5 | 8:32 | 5:02 |
| 25 | 8.5 | 8:32 | 5:03 |
| 26 | 8.5 | 8:32 | 5:03 |
| 27 | 8.5 | 8:33 | 5:04 |
| 28 | 8.5 | 8:33 | 5:05 |
| 29 | 8.5 | 8:33 | 5:05 |
| 30 | 8.5 | 8:33 | 5:06 |
| 31 | 8.6 | 8:34 | 5:07 |
Solar energy in December
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in December, about 1.15 kWh/m² — the year's lowest.
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 1.15 kWh/m² to a high of 6.07 kWh/m² in July across the year — December's 1.15 kWh/m² sits near the bottom.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.2 |
| Level | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1.3 | Dim |
| 2 | 1.2 | Dim |
| 3 | 1.2 | Dim |
| 4 | 1.2 | Dim |
| 5 | 1.2 | Dim |
| 6 | 1.2 | Dim |
| 7 | 1.2 | Dim |
| 8 | 1.2 | Dim |
| 9 | 1.2 | Dim |
| 10 | 1.2 | Dim |
| 11 | 1.2 | Dim |
| 12 | 1.2 | Dim |
| 13 | 1.2 | Dim |
| 14 | 1.1 | Dim |
| 15 | 1.1 | Dim |
| 16 | 1.1 | Dim |
| 17 | 1.1 | Dim |
| 18 | 1.1 | Dim |
| 19 | 1.1 | Dim |
| 20 | 1.1 | Dim |
| 21 | 1.1 | Dim |
| 22 | 1.1 | Dim |
| 23 | 1.1 | Dim |
| 24 | 1.1 | Dim |
| 25 | 1.1 | Dim |
| 26 | 1.1 | Dim |
| 27 | 1.1 | Dim |
| 28 | 1.1 | Dim |
| 29 | 1.1 | Dim |
| 30 | 1.1 | Dim |
| 31 | 1.2 | Dim |
Is December a good time to visit Issoire?
Our two travel scores rate December for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
December is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Issoire.
What to pack for Issoire in December
From December's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In December, Issoire sees daytime highs around 6°C and nights near 0°C. Pack a warm layer. Worth having: a heavy coat and rain gear. About 11 days see rain.
UV index in Issoire in December
Clear-sky midday UV in December peaks around 1. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Issoire peaks around July 15 at about 9 (very high) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 20 at about 1 (low).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 8 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 1 |
| Level | Low | Moderate | Moderate | High | High | Very high | Very high | High | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 1 | Low |
| Feb | 2 | Moderate |
| Mar | 4 | Moderate |
| Apr | 6 | High |
| May | 7 | High |
| Jun | 7 | Very high |
| Jul | 9 | Very high |
| Aug | 7 | High |
| Sep | 5 | Moderate |
| Oct | 3 | Moderate |
| Nov | 2 | Low |
| Dec | 1 | Low |
Where is Issoire?
Issoire sits at 45.5°N, 3.2°E, 393 m above sea level, in France. The nearest listed city is Cournon-d'Auvergne, 22 km away.
Topography around Issoire
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Issoire.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Issoire has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 205 m around an average of 413 m above sea level; within 16 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 797 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,612 m.
The land around Issoire is covered by cropland (34%), trees (23%) and artificial surfaces (21%) within 3 km, trees (35%), grassland (32%) and cropland (29%) within 16 km, and grassland (45%) and trees (44%) within 80 km.
France travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type C / E
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 77% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $48,986
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.6 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 100%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 1.3
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 5.1
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- English
- Moderate
- EF EPI 539
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Issoire (45.5442°, 3.249°, elevation 393 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).